RESUMO
Eprinomectin, a veterinary drug within the family of avermectins, is widely used in the agricultural sector to combat a variety of parasites, mainly nematodes. However, only 10% of the drug is metabolized in the organism, so large quantities of the drug are released into the environment through urine and/or feces. Soil is the first and main environmental compartment to be contaminated by it, and nontargeted organisms can be affected. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity (through the evaluation of germination, root development, and germination speed) and genotoxicity (through an assessment of the induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations) of eprinomectin. For the analyses, Allium cepa seeds were germinated in soil contaminated with a range of concentrations of eprinomectin: from 0.5 to 62.5 µg/g for the genotoxicity test and from 0.5 to 128.0 µg/g for the phytotoxicity test. The results showed that seed germination was not affected, but root development was affected at concentrations of 0.5 µg/g, 1.0 µg/g, 4.0 µg/g, 8.0 µg/g, 64.0 µg/g, and 128.0 µg/g, and germination speed was significantly changed at concentrations of 1.0 µg/g, 4.0 µg/g, 16.0 µg/g, 32.0 µg/g, and 64.0 µg/g. Significant differences in the mitotic index and genotoxicity index were observed only at concentrations of 2.5 µg/g and 12.5 µg/g, respectively. Only the 0.5 µg/g concentration did not show significant induction of micronuclei in the meristematic cells, but the damage observed at other concentrations did not persist in F1 cells. According to the results, eprinomectin is both phytotoxic and genotoxic, so the release of eprinomectin into the environment should be minimized.
Assuntos
Cebolas , Drogas Veterinárias , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologia , Dano ao DNA , Meristema , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Solo , Raízes de PlantasRESUMO
The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Antimicrobial consumption in animals is threefold that of humans and has enabled large-scale animal protein production. The consequences for the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals have received comparatively less attention than in humans. We analyzed 901 point prevalence surveys of pathogens in developing countries to map resistance in animals. China and India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, with new hotspots emerging in Brazil and Kenya. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials showing resistance above 50% increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs. Escalating resistance in animals is anticipated to have important consequences for animal health and, eventually, for human health.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Gado/microbiologia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Brasil , Campylobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Galinhas/microbiologia , China , Países em Desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Índia , Quênia , Prevalência , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologiaRESUMO
Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of animal protein, requiring the large-scale use of veterinary drugs. The administration of antimicrobials and antiparasitics is a common practice. However, there is a lack of information on how these drugs impact the environment. Antimicrobials are capable of altering the soil microbial population and are responsible for the development of multidrug-resistant microbial strains. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the fate and transport of these compounds in the environment, and one parameter used for this purpose is the soil-water partition coefficient. In this work, an assessment was made of the soil sorption behaviors of 18 drugs from seven different families, including antimicrobials (sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, amphenicols, and macrolides) and antiparasitic drugs (milbemycin, avermectins, and benzimidazoles). Seven subtropical soils of different textural classes were tested. The Freundlich sorption coefficients, expressed as µg1-1/n (cm3)1/n g-1, were in the following ranges: 0.45 to 19 (sulfonamides), 72 to 2410 (fluoroquinolones), 9 to 58 (thiabendazole), 0.03 to 0.48 (florfenicol), 105 to 424 (moxidectin), 14 to 184 (avermectins), and 1.5 to 74 (macrolides). The results showed that the drugs belonging to the same family, with chemical structures in common, presented similar behaviors regarding sorption and desorption, for the different soils tested and are generally in agreement with soils from temperate regions. The data set obtained in this work give an overview of the fate of the veterinary drugs in Brazilian subtropical soils with different textures and composition and can be very helpful for exposure risk assessments.
Assuntos
Poluentes do Solo/análise , Solo/química , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologia , Adsorção , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Brasil , Fluoroquinolonas , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Sulfonamidas , TiabendazolRESUMO
Aquaculture has become an important source of fish available for human consumption. In order to achieve greater productivity, intensive fish cultivation systems are employed, which can cause greater susceptibility to diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Antimicrobial substances are compounds used in livestock production with the objectives of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and treatment or prevention of diseases. It is well recognized that the issues of antimicrobial use in food animals are of global concern about its impact on food safety. This paper present an overview of the aquaculture production in the whole world, raising the particularities in Brazil, highlighting the importance of the use of veterinary drugs in this system of animal food production, and address the potential risks arising from their indiscriminate use and their impacts on aquaculture production as they affect human health and the environment. The manuscript also discusses the analytical methods commonly used in the determination of veterinary drug residues in fish, with special issue for fluroquinolones residues and with emphasis on employment of LC-MS/MS analytical technique.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Aquicultura/métodos , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologia , Animais , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Peixes , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: This paper constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of biological resources used in ethnoveterinary practices (EVPs) in southern Europe, a territory with a clear lack of information on the subject. AIM OF THE STUDY: To catalogue, analyze, and disseminate the knowledge of plant and animal use in ethnoveterinary practices in the province of Granada. Data have been analyzed to highlight the similarities between ethnoveterinary practices and human ethnopharmacology for the same study area. METHODOLOGY: Information was gathered through open and semi-structured interviews with local people, mainly elderly shepherds and farmers, in the western part of the province. The primary data have been supplemented with information on EVPs from previous ethnobotanical works for the province. Data were gathered using the same field methods. RESULTS: A total of 88 ethnoveterinary uses are documented for the treatment of 24 animal conditions. Of these, 82 uses involve 60 different plant species. Over three-quarters of these plants are also used for some human conditions in the same study area. Moreover, 6 animal species were catalogued for 6 other ethnoveterinary uses; four of these species were also used for similar conditions in humans. Ritual and health-prevention practices are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: EVPs in southern Spain involve a high number of species and conditions and are strongly linked to folk tradition (i.e. how local people understand certain conditions and their treatment, sometimes in a ritual manner). Unfortunately, some evidence of their slow disappearance has been found.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Etnofarmacologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Organoterapia/veterinária , Fitoterapia/veterinária , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologia , Medicina Veterinária , Animais , Comportamento Ritualístico , Características Culturais , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Plantas Medicinais , EspanhaRESUMO
The most challenging obstacles to testing products for their anthelmintic activity are: (1) establishing a suitable nematode in vitro assay that can evaluate potential product use against a parasitic nematode of interest and (2) preparation of extracts that can be redissolved in solvents that are miscible in the test medium and are at concentrations well tolerated by the nematode system used for screening. The use of parasitic nematodes as a screening system is hindered by the difficulty of keeping them alive for long periods outside their host and by the need to keep infected animals as sources of eggs or adults when needed. This method uses the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a system to screen products for their potential anthelmintic effect against small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes, including Haemonchus contortus. This modified method uses only liquid axenic medium, instead of agar plates inoculated with Escherichia coli, and two selective sieves to obtain adult nematodes. During screening, the use of either balanced salt solution (M-9) or distilled water resulted in averages of 99.7 (± 0.73)% and 96.36 (± 2.37)% motile adults, respectively. Adult worms tolerated DMSO, ethanol, methanol, and Tween 80 at 1% and 2%, while Labrasol (a bioenhancer with low toxicity to mammals) and Tween 20 were toxic to C. elegans at 1% and were avoided as solvents. The high availability, ease of culture, and rapid proliferation of C. elegans make it a useful screening system to test plant extracts and other phytochemical compounds to investigate their potential anthelmintic activity against parasitic nematodes.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/química , Caenorhabditis elegans , Extratos Vegetais/química , Solventes , Drogas Veterinárias/químicaRESUMO
The present study evaluated in vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes isolates from healthy cattle and soil samples against three antifungal agents and three topical veterinarian drugs. Itraconazole and terbinafine showed a higher in vitro fungicidal activity than fluconazole. The veterinarian drugs LEPECID and iodine 5% were more active in vitro than the UNGUENTO spray. All drugs showed fungicidal activity against Microsporum gypseum, and they may be considered as efficient agents for the topical treatment of dermatophytoses in cattle.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Bovinos/microbiologia , Microsporum/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbiologia do Solo , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Itraconazol/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microsporum/isolamento & purificação , Naftalenos/farmacologia , TerbinafinaRESUMO
The pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin, a second-generation fluoroquinolone, were investigated in six cats after single intravenous and repeat oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.i.d. Ciprofloxacin serum concentration was analyzed by microbiological assay using Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 as microorganism test. Serum ciprofloxacin disposition was best fitted to a bicompartmental and a monocompartmental open models with first-order elimination after intravenous and oral dosing respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (t(1/2(d)), 0.22 +/- 0.23 h) and wide as reflected by the steady-state volume of distribution of 3.85 +/- 1.34 L/kg. Furthermore, elimination was rapid with a plasma clearance of 0.64 +/- 0.28 L/h.kg and a t(1/2(el)) of 4.53 +/- 0.74 h. After repeat oral administration, absorption was rapid with a half-life of 0.23 +/- 0.22 h and T(max) of 1.30 +/- 0.67 h. However bioavailability was low (33 +/- 12%), the peak plasma concentration at steady-state was 1.26 +/- 0.67 microg/mL. Drug accumulation was not significant after seven oral administrations. When efficacy predictors were estimated ciprofloxacin showed a good profile against gram-negative bacteria when administered either intravenously or orally, although its efficacy against gram-positive microorganisms is lower.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacocinética , Gatos/metabolismo , Ciprofloxacina/farmacocinética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Área Sob a Curva , Química Farmacêutica , Ciprofloxacina/administração & dosagem , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Feminino , Injeções Intravenosas/veterinária , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Drogas Veterinárias/administração & dosagem , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacocinética , Drogas Veterinárias/farmacologiaRESUMO
The chirality of drugs, with particular reference to agents used in veterinary medicine, is reviewed. Basic concepts of chirality and aspects of the methodology for the separation of enantiomers are considered. Chiral compounds are in common use in animals and their pharmacological actions and side-effects (pharmacodynamics) and absorption into and fate within the body (pharmacokinetics) are of fundamental importance; pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of enantiomeric pairs commonly differ and this has major implications for their effective and safe therapeutic use. As examples of the particular significance of chirality in veterinary medicine, the following drug classes are reviewed; benzimidazole anthelmintics, cloprostenol, verapamil, ketamine, halogenated hydrocarbon anaesthetics and 2-arylpropionic acid anti-inflammatory drugs. The implications of chirality for drug product development and approval by registration authorities are discussed.