Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Sociedades Médicas , Criança , Humanos , Ecocardiografia/normas , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Pediatria/normas , Pediatria/métodos , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Estados Unidos , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe the development and initial results of an examination and certification process assessing competence in critical care echocardiography. DESIGN: A test writing committee of content experts from eight professional societies invested in critical care echocardiography was convened, with the Executive Director representing the National Board of Echocardiography. Using an examination content outline, the writing committee was assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise. The examination items underwent extensive review, editing, and discussion in several face-to-face meetings supervised by National Board of Medical Examiners editors and psychometricians. A separate certification committee was tasked with establishing criteria required to achieve National Board of Echocardiography certification in critical care echocardiography through detailed review of required supporting material submitted by candidates seeking to fulfill these criteria. SETTING: The writing committee met twice a year in person at the National Board of Medical Examiner office in Philadelphia, PA. SUBJECTS: Physicians enrolled in the examination of Special Competence in Critical Care Electrocardiography (CCEeXAM). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 524 physicians sat for the examination, and 426 (81.3%) achieved a passing score. Of the examinees, 41% were anesthesiology trained, 33.2% had pulmonary/critical care background, and the majority had graduated training within the 10 years (91.6%). Most candidates work full-time at an academic hospital (46.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The CCEeXAM is designed to assess a knowledge base that is shared with echocardiologists in addition to that which is unique to critical care. The National Board of Echocardiography certification establishes that the physician has achieved the ability to independently perform and interpret critical care echocardiography at a standard recognized by critical care professional societies encompassing a wide spectrum of backgrounds. The interest shown and the success achieved on the CCEeXAM by practitioners of critical care echocardiography support the standards set by the National Board of Echocardiography for testamur status and certification in this imaging specialty area.
Assuntos
Certificação/normas , Competência Clínica/normas , Cuidados Críticos/normas , Ecocardiografia/normas , Medicina Interna/normas , Avaliação Educacional , Humanos , Conselhos de Especialidade ProfissionalRESUMO
Aortic stenosis (AS) is common and increasing in prevalence as the population ages. Using computed tomography (CT) to quantify aortic valve calcification (AVC) it has been reported that men have greater degrees of calcification than women among subjects with severe AS. These data, however, were derived in largely Caucasian populations and have not been verified in non-Caucasian subjects. This retrospective study identified 137 patients with severe AS who underwent valve replacement and had CT scans within 6 months prior to surgery. AVC scores were compared between men and women, both in the entire sample and in racial subgroups. 52% of subjects were male and 62.8% were non-Caucasian. Mean AVC score for the entire cohort was 3062.08±2097.87 with a range of 428-13,089. Gender differences in aortic valve calcification were found to be statistically significant with an average AVC score of 3646±2422 in men and 2433±1453 in women (p=0.001). On multivariate analysis, gender remained significantly associated with AVC score both in the entire sample (p=0.014) and in the non-Caucasian subgroup (p=0.008). Mean AVA was significantly greater in males than females but this difference disappeared when AVA was indexed to BSA (p=0.719). AVA was not different between racial groups (p=0.369). In this research we observed that among subjects with severe AS men have higher AVC scores than women regardless of racial background. This is consistent with previous studies in predominantly Caucasian populations.
Assuntos
Estenose da Valva Aórtica/patologia , Valva Aórtica/patologia , Calcinose/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/epidemiologia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/etnologia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Calcinose/complicações , Calcinose/etnologia , Comorbidade , Ecocardiografia/normas , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Caracteres Sexuais , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Abstract Background: New echocardiographic techniques are used in the diagnosis and prognosis of many heart diseases. However, reference values in different populations are still needed for several of these new indexes. We studied these new echocardiographic parameters in a group of Brazilians with no known cardiovascular disease. Objective: To study values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included healthy individuals who underwent three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) strain (e) analysis. Left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) function were analyzed by 3DE and STE, and right ventricular (RV) function by STE. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Seventy-seven subjects (46.7% men; 40.4 ± 10.4 years) were included. Maximum, minimum and pre-atrial contraction (pre-A) LA volumes (ml/m2) were 21.2 ± 5.5, 7.8 ± 2.5, and 11.0 ± 3.1, respectively. Peak positive global LA e (LAScd), peak negative global LA e and total global LA e (LASr) were 17.4 ± 5.2%, -13.2 ± 2.0% and 30.5 ± 5.9%, respectively. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (ml/m2) measured 57 ± 12 and 24 ± 6, and 3D LV ejection fraction measured 58 ± 6%. Global LV longitudinal, circumferential and radial e were -19 ± 2%, -19 ± 3%, and 46 ± 12%, respectively. LV torsion measured 1.6 ± 0.70 /cm. Global longitudinal RV e (RV-GLS) and RV free wall strain were -22 ± 3% and -24 ± 5%. Minimum LA and pre-A volumes, LV apical rotation, torsion and RV-GLS increased with age, while total and passive LA emptying fractions, LAScd, LASr, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased with age. Conclusion: Values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age are presented.
Resumo Fundamentos: Novas técnicas ecocardiográficas são utilizadas no diagnóstico e prognóstico de diversas cardiopatias. No entanto, muitos desses novos índices ainda carecem de valores de referência em diferentes populações. Estudamos esses novos parâmetros ecocardiográficos em um grupo de brasileiros sem doença cardiovascular conhecida. Objetivo: Estudar valores dos novos índices ecocardiográficos em brasileiros sem doença cardiovascular conhecida e sua correlação com a idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto por indivíduos saudáveis que realizaram ecocardiograma tridimensional (E3D) e ecocardiograma bidimensional com análise de deformação (e) por speckle tracking (EST). Foram analisadas as funções atrial esquerda (AE) e ventricular esquerda (VE) por E3D e EST, e a função ventricular direita (VD) por EST. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significantes. Resultados: Foram incluídos setenta e sete indivíduos (46,7% homens; 40,4 ± 10,4 anos). Os volumes AE máximo, mínimo e pré-contração atrial (pré-A) (ml/m2) foram 21,2 ± 5,5, 7,8 ± 2,5 e 11,0 ± 3,1, respectivamente. O pico da e global positiva do AE (LAScd), pico da e global negativa do AE e e global total do AE (LASr) foram 17,4±5,2%, -13,2 ± 2,0% e 30,5 ± 5,9%, respectivamente. Os volumes diastólico final e sistólico final do VE (ml/m2) mediram 57 ± 12 e 24 ± 6 e a fração de ejeção tridimensional do VE mediu 58 ± 6%. A e longitudinal, circunferencial e radial global do VE foi de -19 ± 2%, -19 ± 3% e 46 ± 12%, respectivamente. A torção do VE mediu 1,6 ± 0,7(0)/cm. A e longitudinal global do VD (SLG-VD) e a deformação da parede livre do VD foram de -22 ± 3% e -24 ± 5%. Os volumes mínimo e pré-A do AE, rotação apical do VE, torção e SLG-VD aumentaram com a idade, enquanto as frações de esvaziamento total e passivo do LA, LAScd, LASr, volumes diastólico final e sistólico final do VE diminuíram com a idade. Conclusão: Apresentam-se os valores para os novos índices ecocardiográficos em brasileiros sem doença cardiovascular conhecida e sua correlação com a idade.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Ecocardiografia/normas , Função do Átrio Esquerdo , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Função Ventricular Direita , Ecocardiografia Tridimensional/normas , Valores de Referência , Brasil , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Fatores Sexuais , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Etários , Ecocardiografia Tridimensional/métodos , Voluntários SaudáveisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: New echocardiographic techniques are used in the diagnosis and prognosis of many heart diseases. However, reference values in different populations are still needed for several of these new indexes. We studied these new echocardiographic parameters in a group of Brazilians with no known cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To study values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included healthy individuals who underwent three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) strain (e) analysis. Left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) function were analyzed by 3DE and STE, and right ventricular (RV) function by STE. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Seventy-seven subjects (46.7% men; 40.4 ± 10.4 years) were included. Maximum, minimum and pre-atrial contraction (pre-A) LA volumes (ml/m2) were 21.2 ± 5.5, 7.8 ± 2.5, and 11.0 ± 3.1, respectively. Peak positive global LA e (LAScd), peak negative global LA e and total global LA e (LASr) were 17.4 ± 5.2%, -13.2 ± 2.0% and 30.5 ± 5.9%, respectively. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (ml/m2) measured 57 ± 12 and 24 ± 6, and 3D LV ejection fraction measured 58 ± 6%. Global LV longitudinal, circumferential and radial e were -19 ± 2%, -19 ± 3%, and 46 ± 12%, respectively. LV torsion measured 1.6 ± 0.70 /cm. Global longitudinal RV e (RV-GLS) and RV free wall strain were -22 ± 3% and -24 ± 5%. Minimum LA and pre-A volumes, LV apical rotation, torsion and RV-GLS increased with age, while total and passive LA emptying fractions, LAScd, LASr, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased with age. CONCLUSION: Values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age are presented.
Assuntos
Função do Átrio Esquerdo , Ecocardiografia Tridimensional/normas , Ecocardiografia/normas , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Função Ventricular Direita , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Ecocardiografia Tridimensional/métodos , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the appropriateness and diagnostic yield of initial outpatient transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) between a community pediatric cardiology practice and an academic children's hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Initial outpatient pediatric TTE ordered by pediatric cardiologists between January and March 2014 at a community practice (Packard Children's Health Alliance [PCHA]; n = 238) and an academic tertiary center (Lucile Packard Children's Hospital [LPCH]; n = 76) were evaluated based on appropriate use criteria (AUC) released in December 2014. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of "rarely appropriate" indications and abnormal TTE findings. RESULTS: Of 314 TTEs, 165 (52.5%) were classified as "appropriate," 40 (12.7%) were classified as "may be appropriate," 100 (31.9%) were classified as "rarely appropriate," and 9 (2.9%) were unclassifiable. The proportion of abnormal findings did not differ between the 2 practice settings (5.3% for LPCH vs 7.6% for PCHA; P = .61). TTEs performed at PCHA were significantly more likely to be "rarely appropriate" (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.28-5.15; P = .008). Children aged <1 year (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.03-3.50; P = .04) and ordering providers with <10 years since the completion of their fellowship (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.20-3.87; P = .01) were associated with "rarely appropriate" indications. "Appropriate" TTEs were associated with abnormal findings (OR, 8.69; 95% CI, 1.77-42.68; P = .008). CONCLUSION: The community practice was independently associated with greater inappropriate ordering of initial outpatient pediatric TTEs compared with the academic practice. The assessment of practice patterns following AUC release should account for physician and practice-related factors that could influence differences in TTE ordering patterns.
Assuntos
Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Comunitários de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Ecocardiografia/normas , Procedimentos Desnecessários/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ecocardiografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Complementary examinations are "inadequate" whenever the likelihood of benefits from their indication is lower than the negative results. The low benefit is a result of poor performance in detecting relevant changes that lead to improved behavior. However, inadequate examinations are prevalent and little is known about patients' notions of the usefulness of such indications. The aim of this study was to describe relevant findings in inappropriate echocardiograms and to assess the level of agreement between patients and cardiologists regarding their usefulness. Adults without known cardiovascular disease who were referred for echocardiogram by inappropriate criteria according to the American College of Cardiology were selected. Relevant findings were defined by any change in the degree of moderate to severe, according to the American Society of Echocardiography. We tested the level of agreement between the patients who underwent echocardiographic examination and the physicians who requested the exam through a standard questionnaire. Five hundred patients were included, with average age of 52±17 years (47% males). Only 17 patients had any relevant changes (3.4%, 95%CI=2 to 5.4%). The most frequent alterations included valve changes in 8 and diastolic dysfunction grade II in 6 patients. Eighty-seven examinations were performed to determine the level of agreement between patients and cardiologists. For the question "Is this test really necessary?", 92% of patients responded positively, compared with 5% of cardiologists (Kappa negative 0.04; P=0.01). The frequency of relevant findings was low in inadequate echocardiograms and patients and cardiologists had a different perception regarding its usefulness.
Assuntos
Atitude , Cardiologistas/estatística & dados numéricos , Ecocardiografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico , Procedimentos Desnecessários/psicologia , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Cardiologistas/psicologia , Ecocardiografia/normas , Escolaridade , Feminino , Cardiopatias/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Characterize the degree of diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular filling patterns according to the 2016 ASE Guidelines applied in a population of patients taken to echocardiography in a reference center in the city of Medellín between February and June 2017. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was performed in patients undergoing echocardiography. Patients with atrial fibrillation, pacemaker implantation, AV block, mitral ring calcification, any degree of mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency were excluded. An initial descriptive explora tory analysis was carried out by frequencies and percentages for the categorical variables and measures of central tendency (mean or median according to the normal distribution of the data) for the quantitative variables. Subsequently, it is compared with the different degrees of diastolic dysfunction with respect to age by t-Student test and with respect to categorical variables by ï£2. RESULTS: A total of 610 patients were recruited, of which 75 were withdrawn from the sample by the exclusion criteria, 530 patients were included of which 198 (37%) were classified as grade I diastolic dysfunction, 63 (11.7%) grade II, 29 (5.4%) grade III, 38 (7.1%) undetermined and 207 (39%) without diastolic dysfunction. The age of the patients stratified in any degree of diastolic dysfunction was significantly higher in comparison with patients without diastolic dysfunction (p < 0.001). Hypertension was the most important associated comorbidity in patients with diastolic dysfunction grade I (in 54%), grade II (in 50%), while coronary disease was the most frequent concomitant in the presence of diastolic dysfunction grade III (in 48%). The E/e' ratio greater than 14 was present in 35% of cases with grade II diastolic dysfunction and in 72% of cases with grade III diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Diastolic dysfunction is a very frequent finding (323/530, 61%). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity associated in grades I, II of diastolic dysfunction, while coronary disease with grade III. The increase in the E/e' > 14 ratio as an indicator of increased population pressure was present in 35% of patients with grade II diastolic dysfunction and in 72% of patients with grade III dysfunction. Diastolic function was classified as undetermined in 7.1% of the total patient population. The ASE/EACVI Guidelines allowed the classification in different degrees of diastolic dysfunction in the majority of patients evaluated (94%). Other methods of diagnostic evaluation are necessary to adequately classify the group of patients with indeterminate diastolic function.
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el grado de disfunción diastólica y patrones de llenado del ventrículo izquierdo según las Guías ASE/EACVI 2016 aplicadas en una población de pacientes llevados a ecocardiografía en un centro de referencia de la ciudad de Medellín entre febrero y junio de 2017. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en pacientes llevados a ecocardiografía. Fueron excluidos pacientes con fibrilación auricular, implante de marcapasos, bloqueo AV, calcificación del anillo mitral, cualquier grado de estenosis mitral, insuficiencia mitral severa y válvula mitral protésica. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio inicial de tipo descriptivo mediante frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categóricas y medidas de tendencia central (media o mediana según la distribución normal de los datos) para variables cuantitativas. Posteriormente, se compararon los diferentes grados de disfunción diastólica respecto a la edad mediante prueba t-Student y respecto a variables categóricas mediante ï£2. RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron un total de 610 pacientes, de los cuales 75 fueron retirados de la muestra por cumplir criterios de exclusión, se incluyeron 535 pacientes de los cuales 198 (37%) se estratificaron como disfunción diastólica grado I, 63 (11,7%) grado II, 29 (5,4%) grado III, 38 (7,1%) indeterminado y 207 (38,6%) sin disfunción diastólica. La edad de los pacientes estratificados en cualquier grado de disfunción diastólica fue significativamente mayor en comparación con los pacientes sin disfunción diastólica (p < 0,001). La hipertensión arterial fue la comorbilidad asociada más importante en los pacientes con disfunción diastólica grado I (en 54%), grado II (en 50%), mientras que la enfermedad coronaria fue la más frecuente comorbilidad encontrada en la presencia de disfunción diastólica grado III (en 48%). La relación E/e' mayor a 14 estuvo presente en el 35% de los casos con disfunción diastólica grado II y en el 72% de los casos con disfunción diastólica grado III. CONCLUSIÓN: La disfunción diastólica es un hallazgo muy frecuente (323/530, 61%). La hipertensión arterial fue la comorbilidad más frecuentemente asociada en los grados I, II de disfunción diastólica, mientras que la enfermedad coronaria con el grado III. El aumento de la relación E/e´ >14 como parámetro indicativo de aumento de la presión de llenado estuvo presente en el 35% de los pacientes con disfunción diastólica grado II y en el 72% de los pacientes con disfunción grado III. La función diastólica se clasificó como indeterminada en el 7,1% de la población total de pacientes. Las Guías ASE/EACVI permitieron la clasificación en diferentes grados de disfunción diastólica en la mayoría de los pacientes evaluados (94%). Otros métodos de evaluación diagnóstica serán necesarios para clasificar adecuadamente al grupo de pacientes con función diastólica indeterminada.