RESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da insensibilização inadequada durante o abate de suínos na cor, pH e perdas de água da carne. Após eletrocussão dos animais em um abatedouro-frigorífico sob SIF da região da Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, parâmetros de insensibilização foram avaliados em 3.347 suínos abatidos. Os parâmetros avaliados foram ausência de reflexos palpebrais, reflexo de orelhas, gritos, pedalagem nos membros anteriores e respiração arrítmica. Após o completo abate e 16 horas de estocagem das carcaças em câmara fria a 2°C, fragmentos transversais do músculo Longissimus dorsi foram obtidos de animais selecionados de forma randomizada e insensibilizados de forma adequada (n=12) e inadequada (n=12). As amostras de carne foram avaliadas quanto ao pH, Capacidade de Retenção de Água (CRA). Do total de 3.347 suínos abatidos, 272 (8,13%) apresentaram pelo menos algum sinal de insensibilização inadequada. Observou-se que as 24 amostras de carne tiveram pH médio de 6,06, perda média de 24,74% de água e escore médio de 3,64 na escala de cor avaliada. O pH médio da carne obtida de animais inadequadamente insensibilizados (6,11) foi maior (p<0,05) que o pH médio de animais adequadamente insensibilizados (6,01). Quanto menor o pH da carne menor era o seu escore de cor e CRA (p<0,05). Portanto, a carne obtida de suínos mal insensibilizados possui maior pH, o que resulta em carne mais escura e com baixa CRA.(AU)
The objective of study was to evaluate the influence of inadequate sttuning during the swine slaughter in color, pH, and water loss of meat. After electric sttuning of animals in a slaugtherhouse under SIF of the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, stunning parameters were evaluated in 3,347 slaughtered swines. The parameters evaluated were the absence of eyelid reflexes, ear reflexes, screams, pedaling in the forelimbs and arrhythmic breathing. After the full 16 hours of slaughter and storage of carcases in a cold chamber at 2°C, transverse fragments Longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained from randomly selected animals and properly (n=12) and improperly (n=12) sttuninged animals. The meat samples were evaluated for pH, Water Holding Capacity (WHC). Of the 3,347 slaughtered swines, 272 (8.13%) showed at least some sign of inadequate sttuning. It was observed that the 24 meat samples had mean pH of 6.06, mean loss water of 24.74% and mean score of 3.64 evaluated in color scale. The mean pH of meat obtained from animals improperly sttuninged (6.11) was greater (p<0.05) than the mean pH of animal properly sttuninged (6.01). The lower pH of meat causes lower color score and WHC (p<0.05). Therefore, the meat obtained from improperly sttuninged swine has a higher pH, which results in darker meat and low WHC.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos , Eletrochoque/métodos , Eletrochoque/veterinária , Carne/análise , Acidez , Abate de Animais/métodosRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da insensibilização inadequada durante o abate de suínos na cor, pH e perdas de água da carne. Após eletrocussão dos animais em um abatedouro-frigorífico sob SIF da região da Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, parâmetros de insensibilização foram avaliados em 3.347 suínos abatidos. Os parâmetros avaliados foram ausência de reflexos palpebrais, reflexo de orelhas, gritos, pedalagem nos membros anteriores e respiração arrítmica. Após o completo abate e 16 horas de estocagem das carcaças em câmara fria a 2°C, fragmentos transversais do músculo Longissimus dorsi foram obtidos de animais selecionados de forma randomizada e insensibilizados de forma adequada (n=12) e inadequada (n=12). As amostras de carne foram avaliadas quanto ao pH, Capacidade de Retenção de Água (CRA). Do total de 3.347 suínos abatidos, 272 (8,13%) apresentaram pelo menos algum sinal de insensibilização inadequada. Observou-se que as 24 amostras de carne tiveram pH médio de 6,06, perda média de 24,74% de água e escore médio de 3,64 na escala de cor avaliada. O pH médio da carne obtida de animais inadequadamente insensibilizados (6,11) foi maior (p<0,05) que o pH médio de animais adequadamente insensibilizados (6,01). Quanto menor o pH da carne menor era o seu escore de cor e CRA (p<0,05). Portanto, a carne obtida de suínos mal insensibilizados possui maior pH, o que resulta em carne mais escura e com baixa CRA.
The objective of study was to evaluate the influence of inadequate sttuning during the swine slaughter in color, pH, and water loss of meat. After electric sttuning of animals in a slaugtherhouse under SIF of the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, stunning parameters were evaluated in 3,347 slaughtered swines. The parameters evaluated were the absence of eyelid reflexes, ear reflexes, screams, pedaling in the forelimbs and arrhythmic breathing. After the full 16 hours of slaughter and storage of carcases in a cold chamber at 2°C, transverse fragments Longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained from randomly selected animals and properly (n=12) and improperly (n=12) sttuninged animals. The meat samples were evaluated for pH, Water Holding Capacity (WHC). Of the 3,347 slaughtered swines, 272 (8.13%) showed at least some sign of inadequate sttuning. It was observed that the 24 meat samples had mean pH of 6.06, mean loss water of 24.74% and mean score of 3.64 evaluated in color scale. The mean pH of meat obtained from animals improperly sttuninged (6.11) was greater (p<0.05) than the mean pH of animal properly sttuninged (6.01). The lower pH of meat causes lower color score and WHC (p<0.05). Therefore, the meat obtained from improperly sttuninged swine has a higher pH, which results in darker meat and low WHC.
Assuntos
Animais , Acidez , Carne/análise , Eletrochoque/métodos , Eletrochoque/veterinária , Suínos , Abate de Animais/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: As queimaduras elétricas correspondem de 5 a 15% dos casos de acidentes com queimaduras. A maioria está associada a acidentes do trabalho, nos quais predominam as lesões com alta voltagem (acima de 1.000 Volts), em pacientes do sexo masculino. As taxas de mortalidade variam de 2 a 15%, nos mais diversos centros de queimados. O objetivo é revisar padronização das etapas cirúrgicas na fase aguda de desbridamento (primeiros 15 dias) pela comparação de dosagem de creatofosfoquinase, hidratação venosa e fotografias para a aplicação de uma rotina de etapas cirúrgicas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, prospectivo, realizado em um hospital público da cidade de Fortaleza, CE, entre julho de 2013 a dezembro de 2015. A população foi composta por adultos jovens, entre 15 e 50 anos, de ambos os sexos, vítimas de queimaduras por choque elétrico, com lesão de terceiro grau, no mínimo muscular. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 12 procedimentos cirúrgicos de amputações nos 15 pacientes do estudo (60%). Seis pacientes não sofreram amputação (40%). Um paciente sofreu três procedimentos de amputação no mesmo membro (pododáctilo, pé e coxa esquerdos) e outro, duas amputações em membros superiores distintos. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento na fase aguda do choque elétrico deve incluir uma imediata e adequada reposição líquida venosa, associada com procedimentos cirúrgicos de desbridamentos e de amputações, o mais precoce possível, em etapas com intervalos de 48 a 72 horas.
INTRODUCTION: Electrical burns are responsible for 5% to 15% of cases of burn accidents. The majority is associated with workplace accidents, in which high-voltage injuries (>1,000 V) predominate in male patients. The mortality rates vary from 2% to 15% in different burn centers. The objective is to review the standardization of surgical steps in the acute phase of debridement (the first 15 days) by comparison of creatine phosphokinase levels, intravenous hydration, and photographs to implement routine surgical stages. METHODS: This was a quantitative, prospective study performed in a public hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, between July 2013 and December 2015. The population was composed of young adults between 15 and 50 years, of both sexes, who experienced electrical burns, with third-degree injuries and muscle involvement. RESULTS: Of the 15 patients in the study, 9 (60%) patients underwent 13 surgical amputation procedures and 6 (40%) patients did not undergo amputation. One patient underwent three amputation procedures in the same limb (toe, foot, and thigh) and another patient underwent two amputations in the upper limbs. CONCLUSION: Treatment in the acute phase of electrical shock must include immediate and adequate intravenous fluid replacement, along with surgical procedures of debridement and amputations, as early as possible, in steps with intervals of 48 to 72 hours.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , História do Século XXI , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Ferimentos e Lesões , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica , Estudos Prospectivos , Desbridamento , Eletrochoque , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Hidratação , Amputação Cirúrgica , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferimentos e Lesões/cirurgia , Ferimentos e Lesões/complicações , Ferimentos e Lesões/terapia , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/cirurgia , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/complicações , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/mortalidade , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/terapia , Desbridamento/métodos , Desbridamento/normas , Eletrochoque/métodos , Eletrochoque/estatística & dados numéricos , Hidratação/métodos , Amputação Cirúrgica/métodos , Amputação Cirúrgica/mortalidade , Amputação Cirúrgica/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Homer1a is a protein that regulates metabotropic glutamate receptors involved in neural plasticity processes. Recently, we demonstrated that Homer1a mRNA is enhanced after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Here, we investigated whether a single acute seizure triggered by means of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection or maximal electroshock (MES) stimulation (2 different seizure models) would alter Homer1a expression in the hippocampus. METHODS: Male Wistar rats subjected to the PTZ or MES model were analyzed 2h, 8h, 24h, and 7days after seizure induction. Homer1a, mGluR1, and mGluR5 mRNA expression levels in hippocampal extracts were analyzed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Quantitative PCR revealed Homer1a overexpression at 2h after MES-induced tonic-clonic seizures compared to control, but the overexpression did not remain elevated after 8h. Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, in contrast, were not able to change Homer1a mRNA expression. No differences were observed at these time points after seizures for mGluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA expression in any of the models. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data indicate that the levels of Homer1a mRNA were transiently increased only after MES-induced tonic-clonic seizures (and not after PTZ-induced seizures). We suggest that Homer1a expression may be dependent on seizure intensity or on specific brain circuit activation. We suggest that Homer1a may contribute to counteract hyperexcitability processes.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Convulsivantes/farmacologia , Eletrochoque/métodos , Pentilenotetrazol/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Convulsões/metabolismo , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas de Arcabouço Homer , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Convulsões/etiologiaRESUMO
This work evaluates the central nervous effects in ICR strain mice of 2-ethylthio-7-methyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine (MH4b1), a compound obtained by an efficient one-step reaction of S,S-diethyl 4-methylbenzoylimidodithiocarbonate with 5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole, in order to assess its neuro-pharmacological profile. The tests applied were: maximal electroshock seizure (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizures, forced swimming, plus maze, marble burying, sleeping time, rota-rod and catalepsy. In addition, MH4b1 binding to the benzodiazepine site of the GABA-A receptor and MH4b1 inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) subtypes A and B were evaluated. MH4b1 showed anticonvulsant effects in a dose dependent manner (30-300 mg/kg, p.o.) against MES and inhibition of MAO-B (IC50: 24.5 µM) without activity at the benzodiazepine site. These data suggest that MH4b1 has anticonvulsant properties related to MAO-B inhibition.
Este trabalho avalia o efeito do 2-etiltio-7-metil-4-(4-metilfenil)pirazol[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazina (MH4b1) no sistema nervoso central de camundongos ICR. O MH4b1 foi obtido por a reação de 4-metilbenzoilimidoditiocarbonato de S,S-dietil e 5-amino-3-metil-1H-pirazol em uma única etapa. O perfil neurofarmacológico foi realizado por testes de convulsão induzida por eletrochoque (MES) e pentilenotetrazol (PTZ) e por testes de nado forçado, labirinto em cruz, esconder as esferas, sono barbitúrico, rota-rod e catalepsia. Também foi avaliada a união do MH4b1 ao o local de ligação de benzodiazepínicos do receptor GABA-A e a capacidade inibitória do MH4b1 sobre a monoaminoxidase (MAO) A e B. O MH4b1 mostrou efeito anticonvulsivante dependente da dose (30-300 mg) no teste do MES e apresentou atividade inibitória da MAO-B (CI50: 24.5 µM) sem interagir com o local de ligação de benzodiazepínicos do receptor. Os resultados sugerem que o MH4b1 tem atividade anticonvulsivante relacionada com a inibição da MAO-B.
Assuntos
Camundongos , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Convulsivantes/agonistas , Triazinas/farmacocinética , Eletrochoque/métodos , Monoaminoxidase/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiac dysfunction is one of the possible causes of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Therefore, it was the objective of this study to evaluate the cardiac and electrocardiographic parameters after seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) in Wistar rats. METHODS: Electroshock seizures were induced in Wistar rats through a pair of ear-clip electrodes (10 mA at a frequency of 60 Hz applied for one second). In vivo electrocardiography (ECG) was performed in awake animals for analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac rhythm. Ex vivo the Langendorff technique was used to analyze cardiac function and observe the incidence and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias. RESULTS: Convulsive seizures triggered by MES induced profound abnormalities in cardiac rhythm with serious electrocardiographic changes including ST-elevation, bundle branch block, atrioventricular nodal escape rhythm and premature ventricular contractions. ECG analysis demonstrated a consistent period of postictal bradyarrhythmia resulting in a transiently irregular cardiac rhythm with highly variable and prolonged QRS complexes and RR, PR, QT and QTc intervals. HRV evaluation revealed an increase in the high-frequency range of the power, suggesting an imbalance in the autonomic control of the heart with a postictal enhancement of parasympathetic tone. In addition, we observed in isolated heart a decrease in systolic tone and an increase in the coronary flow, heart rate and incidence/duration of ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmias. CONCLUSION: The present study supports a relationship betweem seizures, cardiac dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias. This relationship may partially account for the occurrence of SUDEP.
Assuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/etiologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Eletrochoque/efeitos adversos , Convulsões/complicações , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Animais , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Eletrochoque/métodos , Masculino , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
It is well known that an emotionally arousing experience usually results in a robust and persistent memory trace. The present study explored the potential mechanisms involved in the influence of stress on the consolidation of a contextual fear memory in animals subjected to a weak fear training protocol, and whether pretreatment with intra-basolateral amygdala or systemic administration of midazolam (MDZ) prevents the potential stress-induced influence on fear memory formation. A previous restraint session facilitated fear retention, this effect was not due to a sensitized effect of restraint on the footshock experience. MDZ, both systemically or intra-basolateral amygdala infusion prior to the restraint, attenuated the stress-induced promoting influence on fear memory formation. In addition, stress exposure activated the ERK1/2 pathway in basolateral amygdala (BLA) after the weak training procedure but not after the immediate footshock protocol. Similar to our behavioral findings, MDZ attenuated stress-induced elevation of phospho-ERK2 (p-ERK2) in BLA following the acquisition session. Given that the activation of ERK1/2 pathway is essential for associative learning, we propose that stress-induced facilitation of p-ERK2 in BLA is an important mechanism for the promoting influence of stress on the consolidation of contextual fear memory.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacologia , Condicionamento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Medo/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Midazolam/farmacologia , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Tonsila do Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Animais , Condicionamento Psicológico/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Eletrochoque/métodos , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Medo/fisiologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The authors describe the frequency and characteristics of Cotard syndrome among neurological and psychiatric inpatients at a tertiary referral center. All inpatients from the National Institute of Neurology of Mexico (March 2007-May 2009) requiring neuropsychiatric consultation were reviewed. Among 1,321 inpatient consultations, 63.7% had neurological disease and one (0.11%) had viral encephalitis and Cotard syndrome. Of inpatients, 36.2% had pure psychiatric disorders and three (0.62%) had Cotard syndrome, associated with psychotic depression, depersonalization, and penile retraction (koro syndrome). This review discusses potential mechanisms for Cotard syndrome, including the role of a perceptual-emotional dissociation in self-misattribution in the deliré des negations.
Assuntos
Delusões/complicações , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/complicações , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Delusões/diagnóstico , Delusões/terapia , Eletrochoque/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Observação , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In rats, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity was found to be increased in the hippocampus immediately after training and retrieval of a contextual fear conditioning paradigm (step-down inhibitory avoidance [IA] task). In the present study we investigated whether PLA(2) is also activated in the cerebral cortex of rats in association with contextual fear learning and retrieval. We observed that IA training induces a rapid (immediately after training) and long-lasting (3 h after training) activation of PLA(2) in both frontal and parietal cortices. However, immediately after retrieval (measured 24 h after training), PLA(2) activity was increased just in the parietal cortex. These findings suggest that PLA(2) activity is differentially required in the frontal and parietal cortices for the mechanisms of contextual learning and retrieval. Because reduced brain PLA(2) activity has been reported in Alzheimer disease, our results suggest that stimulation of PLA(2) activity may offer new treatment strategies for this disease.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem da Esquiva/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/enzimologia , Condicionamento Psicológico/fisiologia , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Fosfolipases A2/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Córtex Cerebral/anatomia & histologia , Eletrochoque/métodos , Ativação Enzimática/fisiologia , Medo , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) improves motor function in Parkinson's disease. In rats, ECS stimulates the expression of various factors some of which have been proposed to exert neuroprotective actions. We have investigated the effects of ECS on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected rats. Three weeks after a unilateral administration of 6-OHDA, 85-95% nigral dopaminergic neurons are lost. Chronic ECS prevented this cell loss, protect the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by FloroGold retrograde labeling) and reduce motor impairment in 6-OHDA-treated animals. Injection of 6-OHDA caused loss of expression of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the substantia nigra. Chronic ECS completely prevented this loss of GDNF expression in 6-OHDA-treated animals. We also found that protected dopaminergic neurons co-express GDNF receptor proteins. These results strongly suggest that endogenous changes in GDNF expression may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism of ECS against 6-OHDA induced toxicity.