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Finger millet (ragi) is the main food grain for many people, especially in the arid and semiarid regions of developing countries in Asia and Africa. The grains contain an exceptionally higher amount of Ca (>300 mg/100 g) when compared to other major cereals. For sustainable production of ragi in the current scenario of climate change, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of Trichoderma harzianum (TRI) on ragi performance. The performance of photosynthetic pigment pool, photosynthetic apparatus, and root dynamics of three varieties of ragi (PRM-1, PRM-701, and PRM-801) in response to four treatments viz., C (soil), S+ TRI (soil + Trichoderma), farmyard manure (soil+ FYM), and FYM+TRI (Soil + FYM + Trichoderma) were studied. Results have shown a significant increase in the photosynthetic pigment pool and optimized functional and structural integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to the combination of farmyard manure (FYM) with TRI. Higher yield parameters viz., φ(Po) and φ(Eo), δ(Ro), efficiency ψ(Eo), performance indices - PIabs and PItotal, and enhanced root canopy and biomass were observed in all three varieties. Improved electron transport from PSII to PSI, root canopy and biomass, may also suitably favor biological carbon sequestration to retain soil health and plant productivity in case grown in association with FYM and TRI.

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BACKGROUND: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) is a major weed in global cropping systems. It has evolved resistance to glyphosate due to single Pro-106-Ser (P106S) or double Thr-102-Ile + Pro-106-Ser (TIPS) EPSPS target site mutations. Here, experiments were conducted to evaluate the single effect of soybean competition and its combined effect with a glyphosate field dose (1080 g ae ha-1 ) on the growth and fitness of plants carrying these glyphosate resistance endowing target site mutations. RESULTS: TIPS E. indica plants are highly glyphosate-resistant but the double mutation endows a substantial fitness cost. The TIPS fitness penalty increased under the effect of soybean competition resulting in a cost of 95%, 95% and 96% in terms of, respectively, vegetative growth, seed mass and seed number investment. Glyphosate treatment of these glyphosate-resistant TIPS plants showed an increase in growth relative to those without glyphosate. Conversely, for the P106S moderate glyphosate resistance mutation, glyphosate treatment alone reduced survival rate, vegetative growth, aboveground biomass (34%), seed mass (48%) and number (52%) of P106S plants relative to the glyphosate nontreated plants. However, under the combined effects of both soybean competition and the field-recommended glyphosate dose, vegetative growth, aboveground biomass, seed mass and number of P106S and TIPS plants were substantially limited (by ≤99%). CONCLUSION: The ecological environment imposed by intense competition from a soybean crop sets a significant constraint for the landscape-level increase of both the E. indica single and double glyphosate resistance mutations in the agroecosystem and highlights the key role of crop competition in limiting the population growth of weeds, whether they are herbicide-resistant or susceptible. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The degree of weed interference in an agricultural crop is influenced by edaphoclimatic characteristics, the management used in the environment and the period of coexistence between the weeds and the crop of interest. This study aimed to determine periods of weed interference in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata-Fabaceae) var. BRS Potengi in the semiarid of northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Treatments consisted of periods of control and coexistence of cowpea with weeds under irrigated cultivation (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 77 days after crop emergence). At the end of each period of coexistence and harvest time, weeds were quantified and identified, and dry matter was determined. Stem diameter, number of pods per plant, and grain yield were obtained for cowpea. The main weeds found were Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica (Poaceae), and Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae). The period before interference (PBI) occurred up to 9 days after emergence, the total period of interference prevention (TPIP) occurred up to 23days after emergence, and critical period of interference prevention (CPIP) was observed between 9 and 23days after emergence. Weed interference during the entire cowpea cycle reduced yield by 37% when compared to the control treatment.

O grau de interferência de plantas daninhas em uma cultura agrícola é influenciado pelas características edafoclimáticas, pelo manejo utilizado no ambiente e pelo período de convivência entre as plantas daninhas e a cultura de interesse. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas em feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata-Fabaceae) var. BRS Potengi no semiárido do norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram em períodos de controle e convivência do feijão-caupi com plantas daninhas sob cultivo irrigado (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 e 77 dias após a emergência da cultura). Ao final de cada período de convivência e época de colheita, as plantas daninhas foram quantificadas e identificadas, e a matéria seca foi determinada. O diâmetro do caule, número de vagens por planta e produtividade de grãos foram obtidos para o feijão-caupi. As principais plantas daninhas encontradas foram Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica (Poaceae) e Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae). O Período Anterior à Interferência (PAI) ocorreu até 9 dias após a emergência, o Período Total de Prevenção à interferência (PTPI) ocorreu até 23 dias após a emergência e o Período Crítico de Prevenção à Interferência (PCPI) foi observado entre 9 e 23 dias após a emergência. A interferência de plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo do feijão-caupi reduziu a produtividade em 37% quando comparado ao tratamento controle.

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The occurrence of multiple herbicide resistant weeds has increased considerably in glyphosate-resistant soybean fields in Brazil; however, the mechanisms governing this resistance have not been studied. In its study, the target-site and nontarget-site mechanisms were characterized in an Eleusine indica population (R-15) with multiple resistance to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, glyphosate, imazamox, and paraquat. Absorption and translocation rates of 14C-diclofop-methyl14C-imazamox and 14C-glyphosate of the R-15 population were similar to those of a susceptible (S-15) population; however, the R-15 population translocated ∼38% less 14C-paraquat to the rest of plant and roots than the S-15 population. Furthermore, the R-15 plants metabolized (by P450 cytochrome) 55% and 88% more diclofop-methyl (conjugate) and imazamox (imazamox-OH and conjugate), respectively, than the S-15 plants. In addition, the Pro-106-Ser mutation was found in the EPSPS gene of this population. This report describes the first characterization of the resistance mechanisms in a multiple herbicide resistant weed from Brazil.

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In this study, finger millet straw (FMS) was utilized for the production of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Bacillus megaterium strain CAM12. Ultrasound-assisted alkaline (NaOH) pretreatment of FMS under optimized conditions followed by enzymatic saccharification resulted in the maximum delignification (72%), hydrolysis yield (84%), glucose yield (86%) and xylose yield (61%). The effects of different pH, temperature, incubation period, inoculum concentration, agitation speed and FMS enzymatic hydrolysates concentration were investigated to improve the PHB production. Under optimized conditions, strain CAM12 used the FMS hydrolysates as the sole carbon source for their growth and produced 8.31 g L-1 of PHB. The extracted polymer on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were confirmed to be PHB. These results suggest the potential of combined ultrasound and alkaline pretreated FMS hydrolysates as a promising feedstock for PHB production.

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Azospirillum brasilense is a plant growth-promoting bacterium that colonizes the roots of a large number of plants, including C3 and C4 grasses. Malate has been used as a preferred source of carbon for the enrichment and isolation Azospirillum spp., but the genes involved in their transport and utilization are not yet characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of the two types of dicarboxylate transporters (DctP and DctA) of A. brasilense in their ability to colonize and promote growth of the roots of a C4 grass. We found that DctP protein was distinctly upregulated in A. brasilense grown with malate as sole carbon source. Inactivation of dctP in A. brasilense led to a drastic reduction in its ability to grow on dicarboxylates and form cell aggregates. Inactivation of dctA, however, showed a marginal reduction in growth and flocculation. The growth and nitrogen fixation of a dctP and dctA double mutant of A. brasilense were severely compromised. We have shown here that DctPQM and DctA transporters play a major and a minor role in the transport of C4-dicarboxylates in A. brasilense, respectively. Studies on inoculation of the seedlings of a C4 grass, Eleusine corcana, with A. brasilense and its dicarboxylate transport mutants revealed that dicarboxylate transporters are required by A. brasilense for an efficient colonization of plant roots and their growth.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sowing depth and amount of sugarcane straw on the soil on the emergence of Chloris polydactyla (‘capim-branco) and Eleusine indica (Indian goosegrass) and to determine the efficacy of herbicides applied pre-emergence in the control of these species under different straw amount and rainfall regime conditions. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. In the first experiment, the effects of six sowing depths (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 cm) and six sugarcane straw amounts (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 t ha –1) were assessed on the emergence of Indian goosegrass and ‘capim-branco in a 6 x 6 factorial arrangement. In the second experiment, the efficacy in the control of these species was evaluated for one control without herbicide and five treatments (indaziflam, metribuzin, tebuthiuron, indaziflam + metribuzin, and indaziflam + tebuthiuron) applied pre-emergence over four straw amounts (0, 1, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a 6 x 4 factorial arrangement. This experiment was evaluated under two rainfall regimes in separate experiments (simulation of 20 mm of rainfall 1 or 10 days after herbicide application). The ‘capim-branco showed a marked reduction in emergence beginning at 2 t ha-1 of straw and a 2 cm sowing depth. For the Indian goosegrass, the decline in emergence mainly occurred beginning at 4 t ha-1 of straw and a 4 cm sowing depth. Only some of the Indian goosegrass plants emerged at the greater sowing depths (8 and 10 cm) and straw amounts (8 and 10 t ha-1), whereas no emergence of the ‘capimbranco was observed under these conditions. The treatments with sowing at a 1 cm depth and with 0, 1, 2, and 4 t ha-1 of straw provided the highest emergence percentage for the species. Application of the herbicide indaziflam alone was the only ineffective treatment for the control of the weeds regardless of the amount of straw and the water regime used...(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da profundidade de semeadura e da quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar sobre o solo na emergência de Chloris polydactyla (capim-branco) e Eleusine indica (capim pé-de-galinha), assim como determinar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência no controle dessas espécies, sob diferentes quantidades de palha e regimes de precipitação pluvial. Os experimentos foram realizados no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas seis profundidades de semeadura (0,5; 1; 2; 4; 8 e 10 cm) e seis quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar (0; 1; 2; 4; 8 e 10 t ha-1) na emergência de capim pé-de-galinha e capim-branco, em esquema fatorial 6 x 6. No segundo experimento foi avaliada a eficácia de cinco tratamentos no controle dessas espécies: indaziflam, metribuzin, tebuthiuron, indaziflam + metribuzin e indaziflam + tebuthiuron e uma testemunha sem herbicida, aplicados em pré-emergência sobre quatro quantidades de palha (0; 1; 2 e 4 t ha-1), em esquema fatorial 6 x 4. Este experimento foi avaliado sob dois regimes pluviais em experimentos separados (simulação de chuva de 20 mm a 1 ou 10 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas). O capim-branco apresentou redução acentuada da emergência a partir de 2 t ha-1 de palha e 2 cm de profundidade de semeadura. Para o capim pé-de-galinha a queda na emergência ocorreu principalmente a partir de 4 t ha-1 de palha e 4 cm de profundidade de semeadura. Apenas algumas plantas do capim pé-de-galinha emergiram nas maiores profundidades de semeadura (8 e 10 cm) e quantidades de palha (8 e 10 t ha-1). Não houve emergência do capim-branco nessas condições. Os tratamentos com semeadura a 1 cm de profundidade e com 0, 1, 2 e 4 t ha-1 foram os que proporcionaram a maior porcentagem de emergência das espécies...(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sowing depth and amount of sugarcane straw on the soil on the emergence of Chloris polydactyla (‘capim-branco’) and Eleusine indica (Indian goosegrass) and to determine the efficacy of herbicides applied pre-emergence in the control of these species under different straw amount and rainfall regime conditions. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. In the first experiment, the effects of six sowing depths (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 cm) and six sugarcane straw amounts (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 t ha –1) were assessed on the emergence of Indian goosegrass and ‘capim-branco’ in a 6 x 6 factorial arrangement. In the second experiment, the efficacy in the control of these species was evaluated for one control without herbicide and five treatments (indaziflam, metribuzin, tebuthiuron, indaziflam + metribuzin, and indaziflam + tebuthiuron) applied pre-emergence over four straw amounts (0, 1, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a 6 x 4 factorial arrangement. This experiment was evaluated under two rainfall regimes in separate experiments (simulation of 20 mm of rainfall 1 or 10 days after herbicide application). The ‘capim-branco’ showed a marked reduction in emergence beginning at 2 t ha-1 of straw and a 2 cm sowing depth. For the Indian goosegrass, the decline in emergence mainly occurred beginning at 4 t ha-1 of straw and a 4 cm sowing depth. Only some of the Indian goosegrass plants emerged at the greater sowing depths (8 and 10 cm) and straw amounts (8 and 10 t ha-1), whereas no emergence of the ‘capimbranco’ was observed under these conditions. The treatments with sowing at a 1 cm depth and with 0, 1, 2, and 4 t ha-1 of straw provided the highest emergence percentage for the species. Application of the herbicide indaziflam alone was the only ineffective treatment for the control of the weeds regardless of the amount of straw and the water regime used...

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da profundidade de semeadura e da quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar sobre o solo na emergência de Chloris polydactyla (capim-branco) e Eleusine indica (capim pé-de-galinha), assim como determinar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência no controle dessas espécies, sob diferentes quantidades de palha e regimes de precipitação pluvial. Os experimentos foram realizados no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas seis profundidades de semeadura (0,5; 1; 2; 4; 8 e 10 cm) e seis quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar (0; 1; 2; 4; 8 e 10 t ha-1) na emergência de capim pé-de-galinha e capim-branco, em esquema fatorial 6 x 6. No segundo experimento foi avaliada a eficácia de cinco tratamentos no controle dessas espécies: indaziflam, metribuzin, tebuthiuron, indaziflam + metribuzin e indaziflam + tebuthiuron e uma testemunha sem herbicida, aplicados em pré-emergência sobre quatro quantidades de palha (0; 1; 2 e 4 t ha-1), em esquema fatorial 6 x 4. Este experimento foi avaliado sob dois regimes pluviais em experimentos separados (simulação de chuva de 20 mm a 1 ou 10 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas). O capim-branco apresentou redução acentuada da emergência a partir de 2 t ha-1 de palha e 2 cm de profundidade de semeadura. Para o capim pé-de-galinha a queda na emergência ocorreu principalmente a partir de 4 t ha-1 de palha e 4 cm de profundidade de semeadura. Apenas algumas plantas do capim pé-de-galinha emergiram nas maiores profundidades de semeadura (8 e 10 cm) e quantidades de palha (8 e 10 t ha-1). Não houve emergência do capim-branco nessas condições. Os tratamentos com semeadura a 1 cm de profundidade e com 0, 1, 2 e 4 t ha-1 foram os que proporcionaram a maior porcentagem de emergência das espécies...

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Background Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), a nutritious neglected staple cereal in Africa and South Asia is largely uncharacterized. This study analysed 82 published SSR markers for finger millet across 10 diverse accessions to compile an informative set for genetic characterisation. Extensive optimization compared single samples with bulked leaf or bulked DNA samples for capturing within accession genetic diversity. The markers were evaluated to determine (1) how efficiently they amplified target loci during high-throughput genotyping with a generic PCR protocol, (2) ease of scoring PCR products and (3) polymorphism and ability to discern genetic diversity within the tested finger millet germplasm. Results Across 88 samples, the 52 markers that worked well amplified 274 alleles, ranging from 2 to 14 per locus with a mean of 4.89. Major allele frequency ranged from 0.18 to 0.93 with a mean of 0.57. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.13 to 0.88 with a mean of 0.5 and availability varied between 64 and 100% with a mean of 92.8%. Heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 1.0, with a mean of 0.26. Discussion Five individual samples from an accession captured the largest number of alleles per locus compared to the four different bulked sampling strategies but this difference was not significant. The identified set comprised 20 markers: UGEP24, UGEP53, UGEP84, UGEP27, UGEP98, UGEP95, UGEP64, UGEP33, UGEP67, UGEP106, UGEP110, UGEP57, UGEP96, UGEP66, UGEP46, UGEP79, UGEP20, UGEP12, UGEP73 and UGEP5 and was since used to assess East African finger millet genetic diversity in two separate studies.

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Currently, the use of herbicides is essential in a practical and common in agricultural areas, but efficiency of these herbicides can be compromised when applied on plants that thrive in water deficit conditions, due to low uptake and translocation of the product. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of control ACCase inhibiting herbicides applied post-emergence in plants of Eleusine indica under different soil water contents. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications, consisting of a 9x4 factorial, with the combination of three soil water potentials (-0.03, -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) three herbicides (fluazifop-p -butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxydim + oil) and four doses (0, 25, 50, and 100 % of the recommended dose). Herbicide application was made in plants in vegetative stage 2-3 tillers. The soil water potential was initiated in the development stage of two leaves, and the water was supplemented until the soil reaches the potential of - 0.01 MPa, when it came to minimum pre-determined for each water management. The physiological parameters evaluated were: photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration leaf temperature and plant dry mass. The visual assessments of phytotoxicity were performed at 7 and 14 days after application. The herbicides behaved in different ways according to the used water management. In severe water stress conditions (soil moisture at 8%) only fluazifop-p-butyl herbicide achieved satisfactory control (>90%) in E. indica plants.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a eficiência de controle de herbicidas inibidores da ACCase aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de Eleusine indica submetidas a diferentes teores de água no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições, constituído de um fatorial 9X4, sendo a combinação de três manejos hídricos (-0,03; -0,07 e -1,5 MPa) com três herbicidas (fluazifop-p-butil, haloxyfop-methyl e sethoxydim + óleo mineral Assist) e quatro doses destes (100, 50, 25 e 0% da dose recomendada). A aplicação dos herbicidas foi efetuada nas plantas em estádio vegetativo de 2-3 perfilhos. Os manejos hídricos foram iniciados no estádio de desenvolvimento de duas folhas, repondo-se a água até o solo atingir o potencial de -0,01 MPa, quando este chegasse à tensão pré-determinada para cada manejo hídrico. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: taxa fotossintética, condutância estomática, transpiração, temperatura da folha e matéria seca das plantas. As avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade foram realizadas aos 7 e 14 dias após a aplicação. Os herbicidas comportaram-se de maneiras distintas de acordo com o manejo hídrico utilizado. Em condições de estresse hídrico severo apenas o herbicida fluazifop-p-butyl atingiu controle satisfatório (>90%) em plantas de E. indica submetidas à estresse hídrico severo (8% de umidade no solo).

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