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North and South America were the last continents to be explored and settled by modern humans at the end of the Pleistocene. Genetic data, derived from contemporary populations and ancient individuals, show that the first Americans originated from Asia and after several population splits moved south of the continental ice sheets that covered Canada sometime between ~17.5 and ~14.6 thousand years (ka) ago. Archaeological evidence shows that geographically dispersed populations lived successfully, using biface, blade, and osseous technologies, in multiple places in North and South America between ~15.5 and ~14 ka ago. Regional archaeological complexes emerged by at least ~13 ka ago in North America and ~12.9 ka ago in South America. Current genetic and archaeological data do not support an earlier (pre-17.5 ka ago) occupation of the Americas.

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Human settlement of the Caribbean represents the only example in the Americas of peoples colonizing islands that were not visible from surrounding mainland areas or other islands. Unfortunately, many interpretive models have relied on radiocarbon determinations that do not meet standard criteria for reporting because they lack critical information or sufficient provenience, often leading to specious interpretations. We have collated 2484 radiocarbon determinations, assigned them to classes based on chronometric hygiene criteria, and constructed Bayesian colonization models of the acceptable determinations to examine patterns of initial settlement. Colonization estimates for 26 islands indicate that (i) the region was settled in two major population dispersals that likely originated from South America; (ii) colonists reached islands in the northern Antilles before the southern islands; and (iii) the results support the southward route hypothesis and refute the "stepping-stone model."

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Resumo O objetivo do artigo é analisar as migrações internacionais do Brasil no período 2005-2010, com ênfase especial na imigração de retorno de brasileiros e seus efeitos indiretos, tendo como fonte o Censo Demográfico de 2010. Num primeiro momento, são examinadas as informações de imigração internacional, com base nos quesitos de última etapa e data fixa, assim como as emigrações para o exterior, a partir do novo quesito introduzido no último censo. Num segundo momento, são estimados os efeitos indiretos da imigração de retorno internacional para o Brasil. Entre os resultados, observou-se que o volume de imigrantes e emigrantes é relativamente pequeno, em relação ao tamanho da população brasileira, e a diferença entre as migrações internacionais de última etapa levaria a uma conclusão equivocada, de pequeno saldo negativo no quinquênio 2005-2010. Porém, ao se considerarem os imigrantes cuja última etapa migratória é interna e que em 2005 residiam no exterior, o saldo migratório torna-se positivo. Pode-se afirmar que as migrações internacionais no período 2005-2010 não impactaram, de maneira significativa, o tamanho e a composição da população brasileira. Dos 361,8 mil imigrantes internacionais de última etapa do período 2005-2010, 68,8% eram brasileiros natos. Quando se levam em conta seus efeitos indiretos, conclui-se que a migração de retorno no Brasil, no período, explica 75,5% dos seus fluxos imigratórios.

Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze international migration in Brazil during the period 2005-2010, with special emphasis on return immigration of Brazilians and their indirect effects, based on information from the 2010 Demographic Census, international migration, based on the last stage and fixed dates, as well as emigration abroad, based on the new item introduced in the last census. At a later stage, indirect effects of international return immigration to Brazil are estimated. Among the results, we highlight the following: the volume of immigrants and emigrants is relatively small, in relation to the size of the Brazilian population; the difference between the last-stage international migrations would lead to a mistaken conclusion, of a slight negative balance in the period 2005-2010. However, when considering immigrants whose last migratory stage is internal and resided in a different country in 2005, the migratory balance becomes slightly positive. It can be affirmed that international migrations in the period 2005-2010 did not have a significant impact on the size and composition of the Brazilian population. Of the 361,800 international immigrants from the last stage of the period 2005-2010, 68.8% were Brazilian born. When taking into account its indirect effects, it can be concluded that return migration in Brazil, in the period, explains 75.5% of its immigration flows.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las migraciones internacionales de Brasil en el período 2005-2010, con especial énfasis en la inmigración de retorno de brasileños y en sus efectos indirectos, a partir de las informaciones del Censo Demográfico de 2010. En un primer momento, se examinan las informaciones de la inmigración internacional, sobre la base de los requisitos de última etapa y fecha fija, así como las emigraciones hacia el exterior, a partir del nuevo requisito introducido en el último censo. En un segundo momento, se estiman los efectos indirectos de la inmigración internacional de retorno a Brasil. Entre los resultados, se destaca que el volumen de inmigrantes y emigrantes es relativamente pequeño en relación con el tamaño de la población brasileña, y que la diferencia entre las migraciones internacionales de última etapa llevaría a una conclusión equivocada, de leve saldo negativo en el quinquenio 2005-2010. Sin embargo, al considerar a los inmigrantes cuya última etapa migratoria es interna y que en 2005 residían en el exterior, el saldo migratorio se vuelve levemente positivo. Se puede afirmar que las migraciones internacionales en el período 2005-2010 no impactaron de manera significativa en el tamaño y la composición de la población brasileña: de los 361.800 inmigrantes internacionales de última etapa del período 2005-2010, 68,8% eran brasileños natos. Si se tienen en cuenta sus efectos indirectos, se concluye que la migración de retorno en Brasil en el período explica el 75,5% de sus flujos inmigratorios.

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Introducción: La llegada a Cuba en el siglo XIX de los culíes contratados para realizar los trabajos agrícolas, conllevó la llegada de médicos chinos, practicantes de la medicina herbolaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar la vida y obra de dos médicos inmigrantes chinos del siglo XIX desde sus historias, quienes alcanzaron notoriedad en su época por sus comportamientos profesional y humano en la práctica de la Medicina, lejanos uno del otro en la Isla. Material y Métodos: Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones periódicas indexadas en las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico; libros, artículos periodísticos y publicaciones periódicas de la época que se encuentran como fondos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí. Se consultaron como fuentes básicas Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García y Portel Vilá. Desarrollo: Se obtuvo que los médicos herbolarios Siam y Juan Chambombiá permitieron lograr salvar a enfermos desahuciados en esa época, y ganar por ello notoriedad; mostraron cualidades humanas de desinterés y ayuda a los humildes. Las disputas referidas a la paternidad de la frase A ese no lo salva ni el médico chino, que ha quedado en el hablar popular cubano, finalmente fue conferida a Juan Chambombiá. Conclusiones: Siam y Chambombiá se caracterizaron por ser hombres cultos, dedicados a la profesión médica con desinterés y humanismo. Ambos sufrieron persecución e incomprensiones; prejuicios y celos, consecuencia del éxito en el tratamiento a pacientes incurables. Sus huellas han quedado en Cuba por sus comportamientos profesionales y humanos(AU)

Introduction: The arrival of coolies to Cuba in the 19th century, hired to carry out plantation labor, involved the arrival of Chinese doctors who were practicing members of the herbalist medicine. Objective:To characterize the life and work of two Chinese immigrant doctors of the XIX century who became well-known in their epoch because of their human and professional behaviors in the medical practice, even living away from each other in the island. Material and Methods:A bibliographic review of the periodical publications index-linked in SciELO database, and Google Scholar is presented. Books, journalistic articles, and periodical publications of the epoch that are part of the stock of José Martí National Library were reviewed. Basic sources such as Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García, and Portel Vilá were also consulted. Development:It was known that the herbalist doctors Siam and Juan Chambombiá could cure sick people who were given up all hope of saving in that epoch, thus becoming well-known doctors; they both showed human qualities of lack of interest, and help to the humbles. The arguments referred to the authorship of the phrase: Not even the Chinese doctor can save him, which has remained in the Cuban collection of proverbs, was finally conferred to Juan Chambombiá. Conclusions:Siam and Chambombiá were characterized by being cultured men, dedicated to the medical profession with unselfishness and humanism. Both of them suffered for persecutions, and lack of understanding; prejudices, and jealousy as a consequence of their success in the treatment to incurable patients. Their traces have remained in Cuba because of their professional and human behaviors(AU)

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O cenário atual de intensa mobilidade do capital tem sido acompanhado por um crescente deslocamento internacional de população. As transformações sociais vivenciadas nas últimas décadas tornaram mais complexo o fenômeno da imigração e emigração internacionais, que se realizam sob "novas lógicas", em especial pela ampliação do mercado mundial e a dispersão da indústria e de bens e serviços. É nesse contexto que o presente artigo reflete sobre a imigração brasileira na França após 1980, considerando as diferentes modalidades migratórias que compõem esse fluxo, as quais se redefinem na lógica da inserção do Brasil na rota das migrações internacionais. O caráter multifacetado da emigração de brasileiros e brasileiras para a França revela que, além dos históricos vínculos entre os países, as novas lógicas das migrações, no cenário geopolítico mundial do século XXI, anunciam diversificados fluxos de brasileiros e brasileiras em direção à França. A pesquisa de campo realizada na França, em 2012, com 82 imigrantes brasileiros evidenciou que há uma diversidade de perfis de migrantes e de modalidades migratórias. Essas modalidades foram engendradas a partir da leitura dos projetos migratórios e reconstruídas por meio do material obtido com as entrevistas semidirigidas realizadas com os imigrantes...

Abstract The current scenario of intense capital mobility has been accompanied by a growing international population displacement. Social changes experienced in recent decades become more complex the phenomenon of international migration, which takes place under "new logic", particularly the expansion of the world market, the industry and dispersion of goods and services. In this context, this article reflects on the Brazilian immigration in France after 1980, considering the different migratory modalities that make up this flow. These modalities are redefined in Brazil's insertion logic on the route of international migration. The multifaceted character of emigration of Brazilians to France reveals that, beyond the historical links between countries, the new logic of migration on the world geopolitical scenario of this century, shows the diversified flows of Brazilians toward France. The field research was conducted in France in 2012, with eighty two Brazilians immigrants, showed that there is a diversity of migrants and migratory modalities profiles. These migratory modalities were engendered from the of the migratory projects and rebuilt through with semi-structured interviews conducted with immigrants...

Resumen El escenario actual de la intensa movilidad del capital ha sido acompañado por un creciente desplazamiento de la población internacional. Los cambios sociales experimentados en las últimas décadas se hacen más complejos el fenómeno de la migración internacional, que tiene lugar en una "nueva lógica", sobre todo la expansión del mercado mundial, la industria y la dispersión de los bienes y servicios. En este contexto, este artículo reflexiona sobre la inmigración brasileña en Francia después de 1980, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes modalidades migratorias que conforman este flujo. Tales modalidades se redefinen en la lógica de inserción de Brasil en la ruta de la migración internacional. El carácter multifacético de la emigración de los brasileños a Francia revela que, más allá de los vínculos históricos entre los países, la nueva lógica de la migración en la escena geopolítica mundial de ese siglo, indica una diversificación de flujos de brasileños y brasileñas hacia Francia. La investigación de campo, fué realizada en Francia en 2012, con ochenta y dos inmigrantes brasileños y brasileñas mostró que existe una diversidad de los migrantes y de los perfiles de modalidades migratorias. Estas modalidades migratorias fueron engendradas a partir de los proyectos de inmigración y reconstruidos con las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a los inmigrantes...

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The analysis of fertility in colonizing populations is of great interest, since its individuals experience a major environmental change, and fertility rates can reflect the level of adaptation of the population to its new conditions. Using Northrop's genealogical compilations, this paper examines the fertility pattern of California's early Spanish-Mexican colonists between 1742 and 1876, their fitness levels and their trend across time throughout the colonizing period. A total of 197 women from 599 compiled families who had completed their reproductive period and had at least one child were analysed. The correlations among variables were also analysed in order to infer the relationship between longevity and fertility, and the influence of fertility determinants. The results show a natural fertility pattern, with a very young age at marriage and birth of first child (17.2 and 19.1 years respectively), and also a young age at last childbirth (38.8 years). The population's fitness showed greater values than for contemporary European populations, with 8 of 9.2 children surviving to adulthood, in comparison with 55% of newborns in Finland for the same period, suggesting a good adaptation of the population to their new environmental conditions. No relationship between fertility and lifespan was observed, as has been reported by other authors and in opposition to classical theories. A temporal trend in the number of children, consisting of three different phases, was observed, in accordance with the stability of living conditions in the region.

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O presente trabalho se insere no âmbito da história social da imigração para São Paulo, focalizando especificamente o período comumente classificado como a retomada da imigração, no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando as entradas se dividem basicamente em dois momentos: 1947-1951, com o apoio da Organização Internacional das Migrações (OIR); e 1952-1980, com o apoio do Comitê Intergovernamental para as Migrações Europeias (Cime). O estudo enfoca a nacionalidade polonesa no quadro da imigração dos chamados "deslocados de guerra", provenientes dos campos de refugiados da Alemanha e da Áustria. Com base na documentação do Memorial do Imigrante, sistematizada em um banco de dados, e nos artigos publicados na Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), procura-se contextualizar a discussão do período, sobre a necessidade e conveniência ou não da entrada desses imigrantes deslocados que foram introduzidos graças a acordos entre o Brasil e a OIR, além de traçar o perfil desses imigrantes, que formavam o maior grupo entre as nacionalidades entradas no período. O foco na imigração polonesa do pós-guerra ressalta a especificidade desse fluxo, cujo perfil se diferencia das levas anteriores num contexto marcado, preferencialmente, pela proteção ao trabalhador nacional e ao migrante interno...

This paper deals with the social history of the immigration to São Paulo. It focuses specifically on the period that is usually known as the resumption of immigration after World War II, when the arrivals of immigrants were divided basically into two periods: 1947-1951, with backing from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and from 1952 to 1980, with the support of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM). This paper focuses on the so-called "displaced persons" of Polish nationality, one among many groups of different nationalities who were freed from the refugee camps in Germany and Austria. This study was supported by documentation from the Immigrant Memorial, which has been systemized into a database, and is based on articles published in the Journal of Immigration and Colonization (JIC). The aim of this study is to contextualize the discussion on the need and convenience of the arrival of these displaced Polish immigrants, who were taken in through agreements between Brazil and the IRO at that time. This paper also outlines the profile of these immigrants, characterized as the largest group among the nationalities that arrived in Brazil during that period. The focus on post-war Polish immigration indicates the specific character of this group, whose profile differed from previous waves of immigrants to Brazil in a context strongly marked by movements to protect Brazilian workers and internal migrants...

El presente artículo se inserta en el ámbito de la historia social de la inmigración hacia São Paulo, enfocando específicamente el periodo que se suele clasificar como la retomada de la inmigración, en la pos Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando las entradas se dividen básicamente en dos periodos: 1947-1951, con el apoyo de la Organización Internacional de las Migraciones (OIR) y 1952-1980, con el apoyo del Comité Intergubernamental para las Migraciones Europeas (CIME). Enfoca la nacionalidad polonesa en el marco de la inmigración de los chamados "desplazados de guerra", constituidos por personas provenientes de distintas ciudades en los campos de refugiados de Alemania y Austria. Apoyado en la documentación del Memorial del Inmigrante, sistematizada en un banco de datos, y en los artículos publicados en la Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), tiene el objetivo de contextualizar la discusión del periodo, sobre la necesidad y la conveniencia del ingreso de dichos inmigrantes desplazados que fueron introducidos gracias a acuerdos entre Brasil y la OIR, además de trazar el perfil de estos inmigrantes, que se caracterizaban como el mayor grupo entre las nacionalidades que ingresaron en el mencionado periodo. El enfoque en la inmigración polonesa de la posguerra destaca la especificidad de este flujo, cuyo perfil se diferencia de los flujos anteriores en un contexto marcado preferentemente por la protección al trabajador nacional y al migrante interno...

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The scope of this paper is to reflect upon the emergence and organization of territorial and administrative arrangements, qualified here as inspection gateway centers, for the control and screening of migrants at the moment of entry into Brazil. Between the reuse of existing forms (deposits, warehouses) in the first half of the nineteenth century and the invention of a new form (the inspection gateway center), in the late nineteenth century, long debates mobilizing various actors (in the political, economic, and medical world) revolved around various questions. What is the most appropriate spatial and architectural form for temporary shelter? How to enhance the waiting time to carry out administrative and health controls, making it possible to define the desirable immigrant?

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O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre o surgimento e organização de dispositivos territoriais e administrativos, qualificados aqui de territórios da espera, para o controle e a triagem dos emigrantes no momento da sua entrada no Brasil. Entre a reutilização de formas existentes (depósitos, armazéns), na primeira metade do século XIX, e a invenção de uma forma nova (a hospedaria), no final daquele século, longos debates mobilizando vários atores (do mundo político, econômico e medical) se instalaram em torno das seguintes questões: qual a forma espacial e arquitetônica mais adequada para o acolhimento provisório? Como valorizar o tempo de espera para proceder aos controles administrativo e sanitário, permitindo definir o imigrante desejável?.

The scope of this paper is to reflect upon the emergence and organization of territorial and administrative arrangements, qualified here as inspection gateway centers, for the control and screening of migrants at the moment of entry into Brazil. Between the reuse of existing forms (deposits, warehouses) in the first half of the nineteenth century and the invention of a new form (the inspection gateway center), in the late nineteenth century, long debates mobilizing various actors (in the political, economic, and medical world) revolved around various questions. What is the most appropriate spatial and architectural form for temporary shelter? How to enhance the waiting time to carry out administrative and health controls, making it possible to define the desirable immigrant?.

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