RESUMO
What strategies help ethnic minority adolescents to cope with racism? The present study addressed this question by testing the role of ethnic identity, social support, and anger expression and suppression as moderators of the discrimination-adjustment link among 269 Mexican-origin adolescents (Mage = 14.1 years), 12-17 years old from the Midwestern U.S. Results from multilevel moderation analyses indicated that ethnic identity, social support, and anger suppression, respectively, significantly attenuated the relations between discrimination and adjustment problems, whereas outward anger expression exacerbated these relations. Moderation effects differed according to the level of analysis. By identifying effective coping strategies in the discrimination-adjustment link at specific levels of analysis, the present findings can guide future intervention efforts for Latino youth.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Ira/fisiologia , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Hispânico ou Latino , Racismo , Ajustamento Social , Identificação Social , Apoio Social , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
Models of the etiology of adolescent antisocial behavior suggest that externalizing problems may reflect a susceptibility to crime exposure and a diminished capacity for emotion introspection. In this study, adolescents of Mexican origin completed a neuroimaging task that involved rating their subjective feelings of sadness in response to emotional facial expressions or a nonemotional aspect of each face. At lower levels of neural activity during sadness introspection in posterior cingulate and left temporoparietal junction, and in left amygdala, brain regions involved in mentalizing and emotion, respectively, a stronger positive association between community crime exposure and externalizing problems was found. The specification of emotion introspection as a psychological process showing neural variation may help inform targeted interventions to positively affect adolescent behavior.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Crime/psicologia , Emoções , Emoções Manifestas , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo , Mapeamento Encefálico , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Humanos , Controle Interno-Externo , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Neuroimagem , Percepção SocialRESUMO
This research had two goals: (1) it tested hypotheses of the State-Trait Model of anger, and (2) it explored characteristics that may distinguish individuals with high trait anger who recognize problems with their anger from those who do not recognize anger problems. Regarding the first goal, findings supported three hypotheses tested. In particular, compared to those low in trait anger, individuals with high trait anger reported: (a) more intense anger (intensity hypothesis), p < .001, effect size (η(2)) = .109; (b) more thoughts involving pejorative labeling/denigration, p < .001, η(2) = .280, thoughts of revenge, p < .001, η(2) = .170, more outward, negative anger expression (anger-out), p < .001, η(2) = .229, and more physically aggressive expression, p < .001, η(2) = .046-.123, (aggression hypothesis); and (c) more anger suppression (anger-in), p < .001, η(2) = .231, and fewer thoughts of self-control, p < .001, η(2) = .088, and behavioral efforts to control angry feelings (anger control-in), p < .001, η(2) = .116, and behavior (anger control-out), p < .001, η(2) = .260 (reduced positive coping hypothesis). For the second goal we employed two types of individuals, both with high trait anger: those who identified anger as a personal problem and wanted help, and those who did not identify anger as a personal issue. As a result, compared to those who did not report anger problems, those who reported anger problems demonstrated a higher overall propensity to experience anger (i.e., higher trait anger), p < .01, η(2) = .028, greater anger suppression and harboring grudges (anger-in), p < .001, η(2) = .035, fewer thoughts of self-control, p < .05, η(2) = .015, and attempts to control their angry feelings (anger-control-in), p < .05, η(2) = .016, and behavior (anger-control-out), p < .001, η(2) = .054. Gender was not associated with trait anger or anger problem recognition. Findings were discussed in terms of State-Trait Theory and implications for anger interventions.
Assuntos
Agressão/fisiologia , Ira/fisiologia , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Personalidade/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fatores Sexuais , Pensamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Expressed emotion, burden and quality of life of relatives received attention because of the increasing interest in predicting and preventing relapse in psychotic patients; but they have subsequently acquired interest of their own as important aspects of families' psychological well-being. The study explores whether the psychological distress and illness perception of a sample of relatives of Mexican patients with psychosis can predict their levels of expressed emotion, burden and quality of life above patients' clinical and functional status. Sixty-five patient-relative dyads were interviewed. Relatives self-reported on expressed emotion, burden, quality of life, psychological distress and illness perception. Patients' clinical and functional status was rated by an interviewer. Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were used for statistical analyses. Patients' functional status and relatives' psychological distress were significantly associated with expressed emotion, burden and quality of life. Patients' clinical status and relatives' illness perception were most strongly related to expressed emotion and burden. Relatives' psychological distress and illness perception dimensions predicted both burden and quality of life, over and above patients' clinical and functional status. Results underscore the relatives' need of support to overcome their own distress and concerns about the illness, for the psychological well-being of both patients and relatives.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Família/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/enfermagem , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/enfermagem , Adulto , Cuidadores/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
It is well established that schizophrenia is associated with difficulties in recognizing facial emotional expressions, but few studies have reported the presence of this deficit among their unaffected relatives. This study attempts to add new evidence of familial association on an emotional expression processing test. The study evaluated the performance of 93 paranoid schizophrenia patients, 110 first-degree relatives of probands from multiplex schizophrenia families, and 109 nonpsychiatric controls on a facial emotional recognition test using a computer morphing technique to present the dynamic expressions. The task entailed the recognition of a set of facial expressions depicting the six basic emotions presented in 21 successive frames of increasing intensity. The findings indicated that schizophrenia patients were consistently impaired for the recognition of the six basic facial expressions. In contrast, their unaffected relatives showed a selective impairment for the recognition of disgust and fearful expressions. Familial association of selective facial emotional expressions processing deficit may further implicate promising new endophenotypes that can advance the understanding of affective deficits in schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Saúde da Família , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Reconhecimento Psicológico/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/complicações , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Para que un comercial que promueve conductas prosociales o de autocuidadosea efectivo, existen variables que intervienen sobre el proceso de cambioconductual. Para mejorar las estrategias de publicidad y mercadeo es importante analizar dichas variables y así lograr diseñar un comercial efectivo.Para la Psicología del Consumidor algunas de estas variables son: larespuesta emocional, la memoria y la actitud. En este estudio se evaluó larelación entre estas variables y el tipo de contexto en el que se presenta elcomercial. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la recordación de 6 comerciales televisivos, la cual se explica desde las características intrínsecas de cada mensaje publicitario como estímulos independientes, sobre los cuales no se encontró influencia de los contextos de presentación. La actitud frente al mensaje de los comerciales presentó la misma tendencia encontrada en la memoria y fue significativo el nivel de correlación entre las variables memoria y actitud. Por su parte las medidas fisiológicas mostraron diferencias significativas en activación autónoma frente a los diferentes contextos, demostrando que diferentes programas generan en el televidente una condici ón emocional diferencial; sin embargo, no se encontró un efecto claro de los distintos niveles de activación entre contextos sobre las medidas fisiol ógicas generadas por cada comercial.
For a commercial promoting pro-social or self-care behaviors to be effectivethere are variables acting on the process of behavioral change that need to be considered. To improve publicity and marketing strategies is importantto analyze such variables to make an effective commercial. In ConsumerPsychology the variables to be considered are: emotional response, memory, and attitude. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between these variables and the context in which the commercial is presented.There were significant differences between the recall of 6 commercials intelevision, which can be explained by the intrinsic characteristics of eachmessage acting as independent stimulus; they were no influenced by thecontext of the presentation. The attitude toward the message in the commercials had the same tendency as that found in the memory; it was also significant at the level of the correlation between memory and attitude. The physiological measures showed significant differences in the autonomicactivation in response to the different contexts, showing that differentprograms produce a differential emotional condition in the viewer; however, there was no clear effect of the levels of activation between contexts on the physiological measures produced by each commercial.
Assuntos
Atitude , Adaptação Fisiológica , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologiaAssuntos
Emoções Manifestas , Corpo Humano , Cinésica , Comunicação não Verbal , Publicações , Autoria , Beleza , China/etnologia , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , História do Século XIX , Características Humanas , Comunicação não Verbal/fisiologia , Comunicação não Verbal/psicologia , Publicações/economia , Publicações/história , Publicações/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Arte , Colonialismo , Emoções Manifestas , Identidade de Gênero , Casamento , Religião , Arte/história , Colonialismo/história , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Relações Extramatrimoniais/etnologia , Relações Extramatrimoniais/história , Relações Extramatrimoniais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Extramatrimoniais/psicologia , Saúde da Família/etnologia , Relações Familiares/etnologia , Relações Familiares/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XVII , Relações Interpessoais , Casamento/etnologia , Casamento/história , Casamento/legislação & jurisprudência , Casamento/psicologia , México/etnologia , Grupos Minoritários/educação , Grupos Minoritários/história , Grupos Minoritários/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Paternalismo , Religião/história , Santos/história , Predomínio Social , Cônjuges/educação , Cônjuges/etnologia , Cônjuges/história , Cônjuges/legislação & jurisprudência , Cônjuges/psicologiaRESUMO
O estudo, através da abordagem exploratório-descritiva e interpretativa, mostra a forma como as mulheres enfrentam a fase de climatério. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na zona norte de Santa Maria, RS, tendo como ponto de capataçäo da clientela a Unidade de Saúde Kennedy (U.S.K.), local onde o Curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria desenvolve seu projeto de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensao desde 1993. O referencial teórico-metodológico do estudo está alicerçado na teoria do estresse, de Lazarus e Folkmann (1984), a qual forneceu as seguintes categorias de análise: climatério como evento irrelevante, benigno/positivo e estressante. Quando estressante, direcionou as subcategorias: perda/prejuízo, ameaça e desafio. Estas conduziram, ainda, às estratégias de açao centradas no problema e/ou na emoçäo. Para a análise das informaçöes, foi utilizado o processo de análise de Saupe (1992), o qual identificou os pólos de significado universais, particulares e omissos, evidenciando o período de climatério, para a amostra estudada, como um evento estressante e que representa muito mais perda/prejuízo e ameaça do que desafio. Ante este significado, as estratégias que utilizam para lidar com seus incômodos estao alicerçadas em atitudes simples, as quais retratam os recursos reduzidos de que dispoem. Com os resultados, propöe-se uma assistência mais abrangente à mulher em fase de climatério, no qual ela tenha oportunidade de conhecer os reais determinantes desse período para, assim, mobilizar, conforme suas possibilidades, estratégias de açäo efetivas, na busca por uma melhor qualidade de vida.