RESUMO
Microcirculation influences peripheral vascular resistance and therefore contributes to arterial blood pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between serum markers of inflammation and microcirculatory parameters observed by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) in patients with resistant (RH, 58 [50-63] years, n = 25) or mild-to-moderate hypertension (MMH, 56 [47-64] years, n = 25) compared to normotensive patients (control group (CG), 33 [27-52] years, n = 25). C-reactive protein (CRP), endothelin, adiponectin, I-CAM and V-CAM levels were obtained by laboratory analysis. Functional capillary density (FCD; the number of capillaries with flowing red blood cells by unit tissue area), capillary diameters, maximum red blood cell velocity (RBCVmax) during the reactive hyperemia response/RBCVbaseline after 1 min of arterial occlusion at the finger base and time to reach RBCVmax were determined by NVC. A sub-analysis was also conducted on hypertensive patients not taking statins, with controlled/uncontrolled blood pressure. The RH group showed lower RBCV and RBCVmax values and longer TRBCVmax compared to MMH and CG patients, with worse values in those with uncontrolled blood pressure. FCD and diameters showed no significant differences among the three groups, with higher CRP values in the RH and MMH groups. An increase in endothelin was observed only in patients not taking statins in both hypertensive groups. Patients with severe hypertension and uncontrolled blood pressure levels presented more pronounced microvascular dysfunction, as well as higher serum values for CRP and endothelin (without statin treatment), suggesting that the use of statins decreases endothelin release.
Assuntos
Hipertensão/sangue , Microcirculação/fisiologia , Adiponectina/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Endotelinas/sangue , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/sangue , Masculino , Angioscopia Microscópica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Unhas/irrigação sanguínea , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We examined the variation in plasma levels of endothelin (ET), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, in acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in a rabbit model. Seventy rabbits were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Open-chest surgery (OCS) was performed for all rabbits. Group A (N = 20) received sham-surgery, group B (N = 25) was the reperfusion group, and group C (N = 25) was the infarction group. At 12 h after chest clo-sure, plasma ET levels in groups B and C were clearly increased, while CGRP levels were clearly decreased, particularly in group B. At 24 h after chest closure, ET levels were higher than before OCS, while there was no significant difference between groups B and C. ET in group B was decreased, while that in group C was increased at 12 h. No significant difference in CGRP was observed between 12 and 24 h after chest closure. NO levels in groups B and C at 12 h after chest closure were significantly decreased compared to those before OCS. NO levels in group B at 24, 48, and 72 h were significantly lower than those at 12 h, while those of group C were not significantly changed after 12 h. Dynamic monitoring and comparison of plasma levels of ET, CGRP, NO, and MDA as well as SOD activity revealed that appropriate intervention of these factors may reduce reperfusion injury.
Assuntos
Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/sangue , Endotelinas/sangue , Malondialdeído/sangue , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/sangue , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/patologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Coelhos , Superóxido Dismutase/sangueRESUMO
Introduction The presence of noise in our society has attracted the attention of health professionals, including speech-language pathologists, who have been charged along with educators with developing hearing conservation programs in schools. Objective To describe the results of three strategies for awareness and hearing preservation in first to fourth grades in public elementary schools. Methods The level of environmental noise in classrooms was assessed, and 638 elementary school students from first to fourth grades, 5 to 10 years of age, were audiologically evaluated. After the evaluations, educational activities were presented to children and educators. Results The noise level in the classroom ranged from 71.8 to 94.8 A-weighted decibels. The environment of the classroom was found to promote sound reverberation, which hinders communication. Thirty-two students (5.1%) presented hearing alterations. Conclusion The application of strategies for a hearing conservation program at the school showed that noise is present in the room, and hearing loss, sometimes silent, affects schoolchildren. Students and teachers were aware that hearing problems can be prevented. Avoiding exposure to noise and improving the acoustics in classrooms are essential. .
Assuntos
Animais , Endotelinas/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/metabolismo , Pulmão/irrigação sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , VasodilataçãoRESUMO
The participation of endothelins (ETs) in a model of neutrophil-dependent lung injury induced by intrabronchial instillation of rabbit antibodies to ovalbumin followed by i.v. injection of the antigens (Arthus reaction) was investigated. Hemorrhagic lesions were evaluated by measuring the extravasations of hemoglobin in lung parenchyma. From 5 min to 24 h after the Arthus reaction (AR), endothelin (ir-ET) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. BALF levels of ir-ET were not different between control and AR animals for the first 90 min after the antigen challenge but increased from 2 to 24 h after induction of AR. ET levels in the plasma did not change from the respective controls over the same 24 h period. Increased ir-ET in BALF was not affected by pretreatment with L-NAME (30 mg/kg, i.v.). A PAF antagonist (BN52021; 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.v.) increased ET content in BALF and decreased the intensity of the AR. Thiorphan (2 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited the AR-induced hemorrhagic lesions in lungs. An ET(A) receptor antagonist, BQ-123 (1 mg/kg, i.v.) potentiated, whereas the ET(B) antagonist, BQ-788 (1 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited the lung hemorrhage. It is concluded that ETs are released during and play a role in the lung AR.
Assuntos
Reação de Arthus/imunologia , Endotelinas/metabolismo , Hemorragia/imunologia , Pneumopatias/imunologia , Pneumonia/imunologia , Animais , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo , Reação de Arthus/sangue , Reação de Arthus/etiologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor de Endotelina A , Antagonistas do Receptor de Endotelina B , Endotelinas/análise , Endotelinas/sangue , Fibrinolíticos/farmacologia , Ginkgolídeos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hemorragia/etiologia , Hemorragia/metabolismo , Lactonas/farmacologia , Pneumopatias/etiologia , Pneumopatias/metabolismo , Masculino , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Ovalbumina , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Pneumonia/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarAssuntos
Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/complicações , Antioxidantes/análise , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Ácido Ascórbico/sangue , Ácido Ascórbico/fisiologia , Vitamina E/sangue , beta Caroteno/sangue , Peróxidos Lipídicos/sangue , Endotelinas/sangue , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Peroxidação de LipídeosRESUMO
The endothelins (ET-1, 2 and 3) constitute a family of 21 amino acid peptides with potent biological activities. ET-1 is one of the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictors so far identified and its increased concentration in plasma appears to be closely related to the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension as well as to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA patients exhibit repetitive episodes of apnea and hypopnea that result in hypoxia and consecutive arousals. These patients are chronically sleep deprived, which may aggravate the hypertensive features, since literature data show that sleep deprivation results in hypertension both in humans and in animals. Based on the reported relationship between ET-1, hypertension and sleep deprivation consequences, the purpose of the present study was to determine plasma ET concentrations in paradoxical sleep-deprived animals. Male Wistar rats, 3 to 4 months old (N = 10 per group), were deprived of sleep for 24 and 96 h by the platform technique and plasma ET-(1/2) was measured by radioimmunoassay. Analysis of plasma revealed that 96 h of sleep deprivation induced a significant increase in ET-(1/2) release (6.58 fmol/ml) compared to control (5.07 fmol/ml). These data show that sleep deprivation altered plasma ET-(1/2) concentrations, suggesting that such an increase may participate in the genesis of arterial hypertension and cardiorespiratory changes observed after sleep deprivation.
Assuntos
Endotelinas/sangue , Hipertensão/etiologia , Privação do Sono/sangue , Análise de Variância , Animais , Hipertensão/sangue , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Privação do Sono/complicaçõesRESUMO
To determine the role of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 in cardiopulmonary bypass in neonates, we measured plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in infants before and after cardiopulmonary bypass for arterial switch procedures and studied the effects of endothelin-1 on coronary tone and contractility in normal and reperfused neonatal pig hearts. Endothelin-1 blood concentrations (picograms per milliliter, mean +/- standard error) were significantly higher in neonates with arterial transposition and in umbilical venous blood (22.9 +/- 2.3 and 19.2 +/- 2.9, respectively) than in older children with atrial septal defects (13.2 +/- 1.6) or in healthy adults (10.7 +/- 2.5). After cardiopulmonary bypass, endothelin-1 concentrations increased 29% in neonates undergoing arterial switch procedure and 28% in children undergoing atrial septal defect repair (p < 0.05 versus before bypass). In isolated, blood-perfused neonatal pig hearts, endothelin-1 had dose-related coronary constrictor and inotropic effects between 25 and 100 pmol. Endothelin-1 concentrations that did not increase coronary perfusion pressure (5 to 10 pmol) caused significant coronary constriction in the presence of norepinephrine (10 nmol/L). During reperfusion after 30 minutes of global normothermic ischemia, the coronary vasoconstrictor effects of both endothelin-1 alone and endothelin-1 plus norepinephrine were significantly enhanced. Nitroglycerin reversed vasoconstriction produced by endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 plus norepinephrine both before and after ischemia-reperfusion. We conclude that endothelin-1 concentrations are significantly elevated in neonates and are further increased after cardiopulmonary bypass. Coronary vasoconstriction caused by endothelin-1 is enhanced by ischemia-reperfusion and by norepinephrine present in concentrations typically observed after neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass. Nitroglycerin reverses coronary vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 and may therefore be beneficial in the postoperative management of neonates after cardiac operations.
Assuntos
Vasos Coronários/fisiologia , Endotelinas/fisiologia , Coração/fisiopatologia , Nitroglicerina/farmacologia , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Animais , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Pré-Escolar , Endotelinas/sangue , Endotelinas/farmacologia , Feminino , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Isquemia Miocárdica/metabolismo , Reperfusão Miocárdica , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , SuínosAssuntos
Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Animais , Arginina/farmacologia , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Cães , Endotelinas/sangue , Endotelinas/farmacologia , Endotelinas/fisiologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Ratos , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Adulto , Cães , Ratos , Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Arginina/farmacologia , Fatores de Tempo , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Endotelinas/fisiologia , Endotelinas/sangue , Endotelinas/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Pressão ArterialRESUMO
We investigated the role of endothelin-1 in the renal adaptation to alterations in sodium balance in premature infants. The postnatal course of urinary endothelin-1 excretion, an estimate of renal endothelin-1 production, was compared in premature infants receiving low or high sodium intake. Sodium supplementation was given in a dose of 3 to 5 mmol/kg per day and 1.5 to 2.5 mmol/kg per day at the postnatal ages of 8 to 21 and 22 to 35 days, respectively. Sodium balance and urinary endothelin-1 excretion were determined weekly up to the fifth week of life. Urinary endothelin-1 concentration (expressed in picomoles per liter) and urinary endothelin-1 excretion (expressed either in terms of picomoles per square meter per day or picomoles per millimole creatinine) were significantly lower in infants receiving a high sodium intake compared with those receiving low sodium intake (p < 0.001) in weeks 2 through 5. We conclude that in sodium-depleted premature infants with high urinary sodium excretion, an angiotensin II-mediated increase in renal endothelin-1 production occurs, which acts in concert with angiotensin II to restore sodium balance.