RESUMO
Poultry litter soil application contributes to sustainability of agricultural systems and is in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDG). Poultry litter recommended rates are based on crop nitrogen (N) needs, however, their application can be a potential source of antibiotics and trace elements overload. The aim of the study was to estimate the role of poultry litter application on soil contamination by fluoroquinolones [enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP)] and trace elements, based on N requirements for crops. Analytical and sampling techniques were used to estimate the loads from poultry litter application. Only CIP was found in poultry litter samples (283 ± 124 µg kg-1) and its load was estimated to be of 9.89 ± 4.33 g ha-1, for the poultry litter application (35 t ha-1). The estimated loads (g ha-1) of trace elements were: Cr 9.19 ± 3.26, Ni 12.3 ± 4.93, Pb 22.0 ± 8.26, Cu 229 ± 85.6, Mn 691 ± 259 and Zn 1,011 ± 378. These estimates were 900% higher than those recommended by the technical guidance, while N exceeded 600% the recommended application. In order to achieve UN-SDGs, local policies to disseminate knowledge and technologies are required for consolidating sustainable agricultural practices.
Assuntos
Fluoroquinolonas/análise , Esterco/análise , Nitrogênio , Aves Domésticas , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Oligoelementos/análise , Agricultura , Animais , Brasil , Ciprofloxacina/análise , Produtos Agrícolas , Enrofloxacina/análise , Fertilizantes , Solo/químicaRESUMO
Colorimetric nanosensors formed of polydiacetylene (PDA), triblock copolymer (L64 or F68), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), so-called nanoblends, were developed to detect enrofloxacin (ENRO) in aqueous media. The nanosensors show hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 234.2⯱â¯3.5 to 801.6⯱â¯17.8â¯nm for SDS concentrations of 13.0-21.0â¯mM, respectively. The lowest limit of detection was 0.054⯵M, which is five times smaller than the maximum limit allowed by the European Union. The response surfaces showed that both the SDS and ENRO concentrations influenced the colorimetric response (pâ¯<â¯0.05), and kinetic rate of colorimetric transition (RCT). SDS concentration between 11.0 and 14.0â¯mM in the nanoblend yielded the most sensitive nanosensors for detecting ENRO. When L64 was replaced by F68, the colorimetric response of the nanoblends was similar, but PDA/F68/SDS showed a slower RCT than PDA/L64/SDS. The developed nanosensor is a sensitive and simple device for the fast detection of ENRO.
Assuntos
Colorimetria , Enrofloxacina/análise , Polímero Poliacetilênico/química , Polímeros/química , Tensoativos/química , Antibacterianos/análise , Limite de Detecção , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/químicaRESUMO
Enrofloxacin is an antimicrobial for oral use, from the fluoroquinolones of second-generation class, and it is the first fluoroquinolone used in veterinary for the treatment of bacterial infections. The development of trustworthy analytical methods has extreme importance for the assurance of safety, quality and therapeutic efficiency of pharmaceuticals. Previous articles in the literature describe several analytical methods for evaluation of enrofloxacin, but they do not use spectrophotometry in the visible region, nor use a miniaturized method or ecologically correct. In this work an analytical method for quantification of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets for veterinary prescriptions was developed and validated by spectrophotometry in the visible region. This method used a spectrophotometer UV-Vis BMG LabTechSpectrostar Nano, solution of iron chloride 0.5% as complexing agent, microplates and the analyses were conducted at 430â¯nm. The validation was conducted following international guides and showed linearity between the concentrations of 100 and 200⯵g/â¯mL, selectivity, precision (intraday RSD 0.52%, interday RSD 0.44% and interanalyst RSD 0.56%), accuracy of 98.51% and robustness to time of analysis variation and wavelength. Therefore, the developed method approached the required parameters of validation and can be considered suitable for quantification of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets. The method also involves characteristics in green analytical chemistry for the current pharmaceutical analysis. This work contemplates a miniaturized, clean, innovator, fast and low cost method by spectrophotometry in the visible region for quantification of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Enrofloxacina/análise , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/métodos , Comprimidos/análise , Química Farmacêutica , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Background: A green analytical chemistry method was developed for quantification of enrofloxacin in tablets. The drug, a second-generation fluoroquinolone, was first introduced in veterinary medicine for the treatment of various bacterial species. Objective: This study proposed to develop, validate, and apply a reliable, low-cost, fast, and simple IR spectroscopy method for quantitative routine determination of enrofloxacin in tablets. Methods: The method was completely validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines, showing accuracy, precision, selectivity, robustness, and linearity. Results: It was linear over the concentration range of 1.0-3.0 mg with correlation coefficients >0.9999 and LOD and LOQ of 0.12 and 0.36 mg, respectively. Conclusions: Now that this IR method has met performance qualifications, it can be adopted and applied for the analysis of enrofloxacin tablets for production process control. The validated method can also be utilized to quantify enrofloxacin in tablets and thus is an environmentally friendly alternative for the routine analysis of enrofloxacin in quality control. Highlights: A new green method for the quantitative analysis of enrofloxacin by Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy was validated. It is a fast, clean and low-cost alternative for the evaluation of enrofloxacin tablets.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Enrofloxacina/análise , Química Verde/métodos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Limite de Detecção , ComprimidosRESUMO
Background: Diarrhea generates economic impacts due high morbidity and mortality losses, and results in delayed physical development and treatment costs. The therapy consists in using broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as drugs belongingto the quinolones group, as the enrofloxacin. It is currently available on the market a single dose enrofloxacin, whichreaches plasma peak concentration five hours after the injection, and in 30 minutes reaches the therapeutic concentrationsin plasma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in calves withdiarrhea treated with a single dose of a fast action response enrofloxacin.Materials, Methods & Results: For this study, 10 heifers with 1 day of life were classified according appearance of diarrhea clinical symptoms in two experimental groups: Sickness Group (SG) n = 5 and Healthy Group (HG) n = 5. For theSG, the adopted therapeutic protocol was a single dose (7.5 mg / kg / IM) of a fast action enrofloxacin and the GS animalswere not treated. During the first five weeks of life, the animals were clinically monitored (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectaltemperature and capillary refill time) and blood samples were collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis of albumin(ALB), total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO), and determination of the relations ALB:GLO and TP:fibrinogen. Besides,the growth measures were used to obtain the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, height, chest girth and rump width.From the diagnosis of diarrhea, the animals were monitored daily for 3 consecutive days by clinical examination and bloodcollection for hemogram. The statistical analyzes were performed by using version 9.0 SAS software. The ADG of weight,height, chest girth, rump width and concentrations of blood metabolites (ALB, TP, GLO, ALB:GLO, TP:Fibrinogen) didnot differ between the groups during the first five weeks of life. Frequencies of heart rate (HR)...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Enrofloxacina/administração & dosagem , Enrofloxacina/análise , Fibrinogênio , Rotavirus , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Antibacterianos , Testes Hematológicos/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Diarrhea generates economic impacts due high morbidity and mortality losses, and results in delayed physical development and treatment costs. The therapy consists in using broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as drugs belongingto the quinolones group, as the enrofloxacin. It is currently available on the market a single dose enrofloxacin, whichreaches plasma peak concentration five hours after the injection, and in 30 minutes reaches the therapeutic concentrationsin plasma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in calves withdiarrhea treated with a single dose of a fast action response enrofloxacin.Materials, Methods & Results: For this study, 10 heifers with 1 day of life were classified according appearance of diarrhea clinical symptoms in two experimental groups: Sickness Group (SG) n = 5 and Healthy Group (HG) n = 5. For theSG, the adopted therapeutic protocol was a single dose (7.5 mg / kg / IM) of a fast action enrofloxacin and the GS animalswere not treated. During the first five weeks of life, the animals were clinically monitored (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectaltemperature and capillary refill time) and blood samples were collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis of albumin(ALB), total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO), and determination of the relations ALB:GLO and TP:fibrinogen. Besides,the growth measures were used to obtain the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, height, chest girth and rump width.From the diagnosis of diarrhea, the animals were monitored daily for 3 consecutive days by clinical examination and bloodcollection for hemogram. The statistical analyzes were performed by using version 9.0 SAS software. The ADG of weight,height, chest girth, rump width and concentrations of blood metabolites (ALB, TP, GLO, ALB:GLO, TP:Fibrinogen) didnot differ between the groups during the first five weeks of life. Frequencies of heart rate (HR)...(AU)