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OBJECTIVE:: To investigate how dynamic neuromuscular control, postural sway, joint position sense, and incidence of ankle sprain are influenced by balance training in athletes compared with the control group in randomized clinical trials. DATA SOURCES:: The search strategy included MEDLINE, Physical Therapy Evidence Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were published by June of 2018. METHODS:: RCTs that evaluate the effectiveness of proprioception in these outcomes: dynamic neuromuscular control, postural sway, joint position, and the incidence of ankle sprains in athletes aged between 18 and 35 years. Two reviewers independently screened the searched records, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias. The treatment effect sizes were pooled in a meta-analysis using the RevMan 5.2 software. Internal validity was assessed through topics suggested by Cochrane Collaborations. RESULTS:: Of the 12 articles included ( n = 1817), eight were in the meta-analysis ( n = 1722). The balance training reduced the incidence of ankle sprains in 38% compared with the control group ( RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43-0.90). In relation to the dynamic neuromuscular control, the training showed increase in the distance of reach in the anterior (0.62 cm, 95% CI: 0.13-1.11), posterolateral (4.22 cm, 95% CI: 1.76-6.68), and posteromedial (3.65 cm, 95% CI: 1.03-6.26) through the Star Excursion Balance test. Furthermore, training seems to improve postural sway and joint position sense. CONCLUSION:: Balance training reduces the incidence of ankle sprains and increases dynamic neuromuscular control, postural sway, and the joint position sense in athletes.

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BACKGROUND: FIFA has surveyed match injuries in its tournaments since 1998. AIM: To analyse the incidence and characteristics of match injuries incurred during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in comparison to previous FIFA World Cups. METHODS: The chief physicians of the participating teams reported all newly incurred injuries of their players after the match on a standardised report form. 124 (97%) forms were returned. RESULTS: A total of 104 injuries were reported, equivalent to an incidence of 1.68 injuries per match (95% CI 1.36 to 2.00). 64 (63.4%) injuries were caused by contact with another player. Thigh (26; 25%) and head (19; 18%) were the most frequently injured body parts. The most frequent diagnosis was thigh strain (n=18). Five concussions and three fractures to the head were reported. While most thigh strains (15/17; 88.2%) occurred without contact, almost all head injuries (18/19; 94.7%) were caused by contact. 0.97 injuries per match (95% CI 0.72 to 1.22) were expected to result in absence from training or match. Eight injuries were classified as severe. The incidence of match injuries in the 2014 FIFA World Cup was significantly lower than the average of the four preceding FIFA World Cups, both for all injuries (2.34; 95% CI 2.15 to 2.53) and time-loss injuries (1.51; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.65). CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of injury during the FIFA World Cups decreased from 2002 to 2014 by 37%. A detailed analysis of the injury mechanism is recommended to further improve prevention strategies.

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A crioterapia é utilizada para tratamento de traumas no tornozelo/pé em atletas; entretanto, sua ação sobre o controle motor apresenta controvérsias. Este estudo objetivou verificar o efeito da crioterapia na resposta eletromiográfica dos músculos do tornozelo de atletas após inversão. A amostra foi composta por 20 voluntários: 10 universitários atletas de basquetebol e 10 universitários não atletas. Todos foram submetidos à inversão do tornozelo em plataforma para a análise do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos Gastrocnêmio Lateral (GL), Tibial Anterior (TA) e Fibular Longo (FL), pré e pós-crioterapia por imersão do tornozelo, a 4±2ºC, por 20 minutos. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de Shapiro Wilk, Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância em 5%. Considerou-se o pico de RMS, o RMS após 0,2 segundos e após 1,0 segundo da abertura da plataforma de inversão. Todos os dados foram normalizados pelo pico do RMS no momento pré-crioterapia. Evidenciou-se diminuição do pico do RMS e do RMS até 0,2 s para o TA nos atletas e nos músculos GL e FL dos não atletas. Após um segundo da abertura da plataforma houve menor recrutamento dos músculos GL, TA e FL para os não atletas. A comparação entre atletas e não atletas apontou, no RMS até 1 segundo, menor recrutamento para o GL dos atletas pré-crioterapia e TA pré e após o resfriamento. Conclui-se que a crioterapia diminuiu a resposta eletromiográfica do músculo TA de atletas e GL, TA e FL de não atletas...

Cryotherapy is often indicated in the treatment of ankle/foot injuries in athletes; however, there is some controversies regarding its action on motor control. The main objective was to evaluate the effects of cryotherapy on electromyographic response of the ankle muscles in athletes after inversion. The sample consisted of 20 volunteers: 10 university basketball athletes and 10 non-athletes. All athletes were submitted to ankle inversion for the analysis of the EMG signals of Lateral Gastrocnemius (LG), Tibilis Anterior (TA) and Fibular Longus (FL) muscles, before and immediately after ankle immersion in cold water at 4±2ºC, for 20 minutes. The peak Root Mean Square (RMS) values were analyzed between 0 to 0.2 seconds and between 0 to 1 second after a sudden inversion on a tilting platform. Data were normalized by the peak RMS measured before cold water immersion. The statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro Wilk, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. The results showed that the RMS values were lower in TA muscle of athletes, and up to 0.2 seconds in LG and FL muscles of non-athletes; up to 1 second, there was lower LG, TA and FL muscle recruitment in non-athletes. The comparison between athletes and non-athletes showed, in RMS up to 1 second, lower GL muscle recruitment in athletes submitted to pre cold water immersion and TA muscle pre and after cooling. Cryotherapy decreased the electromyographic response of TA muscle in athletes and of LG, TA and FL muscles in non-athletes...

La crioterapia es utilizada para tratamiento de traumas en el tobillo/pie en atletas; entre tanto, su acción sobre el control motor presenta controversias. Este estudio intentó verificar el efecto de la crioterapia en la respuesta electromiográfica de los músculos del tobillo de atletas después de inversión. La muestra fue compuesta por 20 voluntarios: 10 universitarios atletas de básquetbol y 10 universitarios no atletas. Todos fueron sometidos a inversión del tobillo en plataforma para el análisis de la señal electromiográfica de los músculos Gastrocnemio Lateral (GL), Tibial Anterior (TA) y Fibular Largo (FL), pre y post-crioterapia por inmersión del tobillo, a 4±2ºC, durante 20 minutos. El análisis estadístico utilizó el test de Shapiro Wilk, Wilcoxon y Mann-Whitney, con nivel de significación de 5%. Se consideró el pico de RMS, el RMS después de 0,2 segundos y después de 1,0 segundo de la apertura de la plataforma de inversión. Todos los datos fueron normalizados por el pico del RMS en el momento pre-crioterapia. Se evidenció disminución del pico del RMS y del RMS hasta 0,2 s para el TA en los atletas y en los músculos GL y FL de los no atletas. Después de un segundo de la apertura de la plataforma hubo menor reclutamiento de los músculos GL, TA y FL para los no atletas. La comparación entre atletas y no atletas señaló, en el RMS hasta 1 segundo, menor reclutamiento para el GL de los atletas pre-crioterapia y TA pre y después del enfriamiento. Se concluye que la crioterapia disminuyó la respuesta electromiográfica del músculo TA de atletas y GL, TA y FL de no atletas...

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the nature, spectrum and frequency of injuries among national netballers in Jamaica. METHODS: A retrospective study utilizing a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary information among netball players over a five-year period spanning two world cups. A 31-item questionnaire on player's profile, protective equipment, site of injury and associated factors of injury was completed by a study population recruited from players who had represented Jamaica at the senior level, under 21 or under 16 age groups between 2003 and 2007. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: Most of the injuries were confined to the ankle and knee, with the playing surface and poor landing technique the main reasons for the injuries. CONCLUSIONS: There are wide variations in training, players' fitness, levels of coaching and the standards of playing courts, all of which might have contributed to players' injuries.

OBJETIVOS: El propósito de este studio es identificar la natural, el espectro y la frecuencia de las heridas entre los voleibolistas nacionales de Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Por medio de un cuestionario, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre los jugadores de voleibol a fin de obtener la información necesaria, el cual cubrió un período de cinco años. Un cuestionario de 31 items sobre el perfil del jugador, el equipo de protección, el lugar de la herida y los factors asociados con la herida, fue respondido por una población de estudio, reclutada de jugadores que habían representado a Jamaica en la categoría de mayores, correspondiente a los grupos de menos de 21 años y menos de 16 años de edad. El análisis estadístico se realizó usando la versión 12 del SPSS. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las heridas estuvieron confinadas al tobillo y las rodillas, siendo la superficie del terreno de juego y la pobre técnica de aterrizaje, las razones principales de las heridas. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una amplia gama de variaciones en el entrenamiento, el estar en forma (fitness), los niveles de coaching, y las normas de las canchas de juego, todas las cuales pudieron haber contribuido a que los jugadores sufrieran heridas.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the nature, spectrum and frequency of injuries among national netballers in Jamaica. METHODS: A retrospective study utilizing a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary information among netball players over a five-year period spanning two world cups. A 31-item questionnaire on player's profile, protective equipment, site of injury and associated factors of injury was completed by a study population recruited from players who had represented Jamaica at the senior level, under 21 or under 16 age groups between 2003 and 2007. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: Most of the injuries were confined to the ankle and knee, with the playing surface and poor landing technique the main reasons for the injuries. CONCLUSIONS: There are wide variations in training, players' fitness, levels of coaching and the standards of playing courts, all of which might have contributed to players' injuries.

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OBJETIVO: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo apresentando a incidência, tipo e extensão das lesões ocorridas no pé e / ou tornozelo como resultado da prática esportiva recreacional. MÉTODOS: Foram atendidos 131 pacientes, destes 123 do sexo masculino e oito do feminino, com história de trauma e dor no pé e/ou tornozelo após a prática de esportes recreacionais. A média de idade dos pacientes masculinos foi de 24,53 anos. A avaliação foi realizada através de um protocolo de pesquisa, que continha as variáveis de idade, sexo, diagnóstico e o tipo de esporte recreativo. RESULTADOS: Os esportes foram classificados, segundo a American Medical Association, que os divide em: de contato e de não contato. 82,4% da amostra praticavam esportes de contacto, contra 17,6% dos de não contacto classificados. CONCLUSÕES: A entorse do tornozelo foi significativamente o tipo de lesão mais encontrada, principalmente as do grau I e II. O futebol foi o esporte responsável pela maior incidência das lesões e dentre as suas várias modalidades prevaleceu o futsal (35%). Nos esportes de não contacto o principal esporte em ocorrências foi a corrida. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: This is a retrospective study showing the incidence, type and extent of injuries occurring in the foot and/or ankle as a result of recreational sports practice. METHODS: We treated 131 patients, of which 123 were male and 8 female, with a history of trauma and pain in the foot and/or ankle after the practicing recreational sports. The average age of the male patients was 24.53 years. The evaluation was done through a research protocol, which contained the variables age, sex, diagnosis, and type of recreational sport. RESULTS: The sports were classified according to the American Medical Association, which divides them into contact and non-contact sports. 82.4% of the sample practiced contact sports, while 17.6% practicedsports classified as non-contact. CONCLUSIONS: The sprained ankle was the most frequent type of injury, especially those of grade I and II. Soccer was the sport responsible for the highest incidence of injuries and among its various forms the indoor soccer presented the highest frequency of injuries (35%). In the non-contact sports, the highest incidence was found in running. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

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BACKGROUND: While injuries in football (soccer) have been the subject of numerous publications, little information is available about the injury risk in futsal. OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the incidence and characteristics of injury in futsal players during top-level international tournaments. DESIGN: Prospective survey. METHODS: Player injuries during three consecutive Futsal World Cups were analysed using an established injury report system. The physicians of all participating teams reported all injuries after each match on a standardised injury report form. The average response rate was 93%. RESULTS: A total of 165 injuries were reported from 127 matches, which is equivalent to an incidence of 195.6 injuries per 1000 player hours (95% CI 165.8 to 225.6) or 130.4 injuries per 1000 player matches (95% CI 110.5 to 150.3). The majority of injuries were caused by contact with another player, and 36% of the injuries occurred during non-contact activities. Most injuries affected the lower extremity (70%), followed by head and neck (13%), upper extremity (10%) and trunk (7%). The most frequent diagnoses were contusion of the lower leg (11%), ankle sprain (10%) and groin strain (8%). On average, one time-loss injury in every two matches was reported. CONCLUSION: While the location and diagnosis of injuries were similar in the two types of football, fewer injuries in futsal than in football were caused by contact with another player and by foul play. More information on injury mechanisms in futsal is needed to develop specific injury preventive interventions.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Vários autores têm investigado a incidência de lesões no futebol. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos têm analisado as lesões no Futebol de Salão. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a incidência, circunstâncias e características das lesões registradas no Futebol de Salão durante o XV Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol de Salão Sub 20. MÉTODOS: Fisioterapeutas ou médicos de todas as seleções participantes do XV Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol de Salão Sub 20 responderam a um questionário para investigar a ocorrência de lesões durante as partidas. A taxa de resposta foi de 100 por cento. RESULTADOS: Um total de 32 lesões foi registrado durante as 23 partidas, com incidência de 1,39 lesão por partida ou 208,6 lesões por 1.000 horas/jogo. Aproximadamente 1 a 3 lesões por partida resultaram em afastamento de jogadores em partidas ou treinamentos. As lesões de contato eram predominantes em 65,62 por cento (21 das 32 lesões) e a maioria dessas lesões não resultou no afastamento dos jogadores. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo observou que a incidência das lesões durante o XV Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol de Salão Sub 20 foi semelhante à registrada em torneios de Futebol de Salão, mas superior aos achados em torneios de futebol, caracterizando a especificidade do esporte. Entretanto, circunstâncias e características são similares entre eles devido à semelhança de demanda do esporte.

INTRODUCTION: Several authors have investigated the incidence of injuries occurred in the outdoor soccer game. However, there are only few works analyzing injuries occurred in the indoor soccer game (futsal). The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence, circumstances, and characteristics of injuries recorded in the indoor soccer during the 15th Brazilian Sub20 Futsal Championship. METHODS: Physiotherapists and doctors of every team selection participating in the 15th Brazilian Sub20 Futsal Championship answered a questionnaire with the purpose to investigate the occurrence of injuries during the games. The answering rate was 100 percent. RESULTS: 32 total injuries were recorded along 23 games, with a 1.39 injury incidence per game, or 208.6 injuries per 1,000/game. Approximately 1 to 3 injuries per game resulted in removal of players from gaming or training. Contact injuries were predominant in 65.62 percent (21 out of 32 injuries), and most of these injuries did not result in removal of the players. CONCLUSIONS: The present study observed that the injury incidence during the 15th Brazilian Sub20 Futsal Championship was similar to the incidence during the Indoor Soccer tournaments, but higher than those found in the outdoor soccer tournaments, characterizing the specificity of the sports. Nevertheless, circumstances and characteristics are similar among them, mainly due to the similar demand of the sports.

INTRODUCCION: Varios autores han estado investigando la incidencia de lesiones en el fútbol. Sin embargo, pocos trabajos han estado analizando las lesiones en el fútbol de salón. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de analizar la incidencia, y las circunstancias, y características de las lesiones registradas en el fútbol de salón durante el XV Campeonato Brasileño de Fútbol de salón Sub 20. MÉTODOS: Médicos y/o fisioterapeutas del todos los participantes del XV Campeonato Brasileño de Fútbol de salón Sub 20 contestaron una encuesta para investigar la ocurrencia de lesiones durante las salidas. La tasa de respuesta fue de 100 por ciento. RESULTADOS: Un total de 32 lesiones fueron registradas durante los 23 partidos con una incidencia de 1.39 lesion para salida o 208.6 lesiones para 1.000 horas/juego. Aproximadamente 1 a 3 lesiones por partido provocaron la salida de jugadores en partidos o entrenamientos. Las lesiones por contacto eran predominantes en 65.62 por ciento (21 de las 32 lesiones), y la mayoría de esas lesiones no producía la salida de los jugadores. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio presente observó que la incidencia de las lesiones durante el XV Campeonato Brasileño de Fútbol de salón Sub 20 fue similar a la incidencia observada en los torneos de Fútbol de salón pero superior a los hallazgos en los torneos del fútbol, caracterizando la especificidad del deporte. Sin embargo, las circunstancias y características son similares entre ellos debido a la similitud de demanda del deporte.

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Foram estudados 50 jogadores de dois times profissionais e 47 jogadoras de três times amadores de futebol do Estado do Amazonas, todos da primeira divisão e sediados em Manaus. Foi determinada a ocorrência de entorse do joelho e lesões decorrentes, mediante uma entrevista sobre a história de entorse do joelho, além de avaliação subjetiva e exame físico, segundo o International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC 2000). Entre os jogadores, 16 (32 por cento) haviam referido entorse do joelho, sendo 14 (28 por cento) unilateral e 2 (4 por cento) bilateral. Entre as jogadoras, 11 (23 por cento) haviam referido entorse do joelho, sendo 9 (19 por cento) unilateral e 2 (4 por cento) bilateral. Dez (63 por cento) dos jogadores com entorse sofreram lesões ligamentares ou meniscais, dos quais 7 atletas submeteram-se à cirurgia, sendo 6 meniscectomias e 2 reconstruções do ligamento cruzado anterior. Não encontramos lesões do joelho entre as jogadoras de futebol examinadas. O tempo médio de afastamento dos atletas foi em torno de 3,5 meses em ambos os sexos, sendo que entre os jogadores o tempo médio de retorno foi quase 3 vezes maior naqueles que sofreram lesões ligamentares ou meniscais. A média da pontuação do IKDC subjetivo foi no sexo masculino de 95 pontos e de 96 pontos no sexo feminino.

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A prospective study was conducted during one year to evaluate injuries in Brazilian Junior tennis players during the national circuit, in 2001. Male and female athletes in the age categories under 12, under 14, under 16 and under 18 years, all members of The Brazilian Tennis Confederation, participated in the study. Two physiotherapists and/or one physician evaluated the athletes. A total of 280 medical examinations were performed in 151 tennis players who needed medical treatment during the tournaments. The 151 athletes had 1-6 medical treatments during the tournaments and the mean was 1.8 treatment per athlete. The overall incidence was 6.9 medical treatments for every 1,000 games played. Medical assistance tothe athletes was performed on court in 83 (29.6%) occasions, 185 (66.1%) at the medical department and in both in 12 (4.3%) occasions. Retirement of the match was reported in 9 (3.2%) lesions. The most frequent injuries were: muscle contractures (76 - 27.14%), muscle pain/fatigue (36-12.85%), muscle strain (35-12.52%), tendinopathies (20 - 7.14%), cramps (16 -5.71%), ankle sprain (12 -4.28%) and low back pain (10-3.57%). Muscle pathology was the major source of injuries causing the athlete to seek medical assistance. Preventative measures are important to reduce the number of injuries, which may include muscle stretching programs and adequate nutrition and hydration.

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