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BACKGROUND: Unusual and exhaustive physical exercise can lead to muscle lesions depending on the type of contraction, intensity, duration, age, and level of conditioning. Different therapies have been proposed to prevent or reduce exercise-induced muscle damage. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy on skeletal muscle strain in an experimental model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200 g) were used. The animals were randomized into groups of six animals. We performed tibialis muscle elongation using a previously described protocol. The animals were anesthetized and submitted to passive stretching of the anterior tibial muscle attached to a weight corresponding to 150% of the body mass of the animal for 20 min, rested for 3 min, and received a second traction for 20 min. The cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and IL-10, edema, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined in the tibialis anterior muscle. RESULTS: Plasma extravasation of groups treated with different doses of laser energy, lesion +1 J (2.61 ± 0.46), lesion +3 J (2.33 ± 0.13), lesion +6 J (2.92 ± 0.91), and lesion +9 J (2.80 ± 0.55), shows a significant reduction of extravasation when compared with the injury group (5.46 ± 1.09). Laser therapy was able to significantly reduce CRP and cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10). CONCLUSIONS: Laser photobiomodulation reduced skeletal muscle edema as well as cytokines and CRP, leading to a significant reduction in inflammatory markers.

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BACKGROUND: FIFA has surveyed match injuries in its tournaments since 1998. AIM: To analyse the incidence and characteristics of match injuries incurred during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in comparison to previous FIFA World Cups. METHODS: The chief physicians of the participating teams reported all newly incurred injuries of their players after the match on a standardised report form. 124 (97%) forms were returned. RESULTS: A total of 104 injuries were reported, equivalent to an incidence of 1.68 injuries per match (95% CI 1.36 to 2.00). 64 (63.4%) injuries were caused by contact with another player. Thigh (26; 25%) and head (19; 18%) were the most frequently injured body parts. The most frequent diagnosis was thigh strain (n=18). Five concussions and three fractures to the head were reported. While most thigh strains (15/17; 88.2%) occurred without contact, almost all head injuries (18/19; 94.7%) were caused by contact. 0.97 injuries per match (95% CI 0.72 to 1.22) were expected to result in absence from training or match. Eight injuries were classified as severe. The incidence of match injuries in the 2014 FIFA World Cup was significantly lower than the average of the four preceding FIFA World Cups, both for all injuries (2.34; 95% CI 2.15 to 2.53) and time-loss injuries (1.51; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.65). CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of injury during the FIFA World Cups decreased from 2002 to 2014 by 37%. A detailed analysis of the injury mechanism is recommended to further improve prevention strategies.

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The ankle is the joint most affected among the sports-related injuries. The current study investigated whether certain intrinsic factors could predict ankle sprains in active students. The 125 participants were submitted to a baseline assessment in a single session were then followed-up for 52 weeks regarding the occurrence of sprain. The baseline assessment were performed in both ankles and included the questionnaire Cumberland ankle instability tool - Portuguese, the foot lift test, dorsiflexion range of motion, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), the side recognition task, body mass index, and history of previous sprain. Two groups were used for analysis: one with those who suffered an ankle sprain and the other with those who did not suffer an ankle sprain. After Cox regression analysis, participants with history of previous sprain were twice as likely to suffer subsequent sprains [hazard ratio (HR) 2.21 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-4.57] and people with better performance on the SEBT in the postero-lateral (PL) direction were less likely to suffer a sprain (HR 0.96 and 95% CI 0.92-0.99). History of previous sprain was the strongest predictive factor and a weak performance on SEBT PL was also considered a predictive factor for ankle sprains.

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Our purpose was to determine the incidence and the etiology of hamstring strains in patients with previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autograft. Methods: Between January 2004 and January2006, 136 patients (46 woman and 90 men) underwent an ACL reconstruction using quadruple Semitendinosus - Gracilis autografts. Clinical hamstring strains were registered, including date of surgery and date and cause of injury. Results: 12 patients (8.8 percent) presented hamstring strains (6 woman and 6 men). The average time between surgery and strain was 42.9 days (12-129 days). 2 patients had recurrent strains. The total number of strains was 15. Etiology: 4 cases (27 percent) occurred during rehabilitation, 2 (13 percent) during swimming, 3 (20 percent) after slipping down, 3 (20 percent) during sport activities without the surgeon´s approval and the rest of the cases in different situations. Conclusion: Hamstring strains are common after ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autograft. The great variability of the causes and the timing of injury makes it difficult to recommend a protocol of rehabilitation to prevent hamstring strains.

Objetivo: Determinar incidencia y causas de desgarro muscular isquiotibial en pacientes post operados de reconstrucción de Ligamento Cruzado Anterior (LCA) con técnica de autoinjerto cuádruple de Semitendinoso-Gracilis (STG). Métodos: Entre Enero del 2004 y Enero del 2006, en 136 pacientes consecutivos (46 mujeres y 90 hombres) con reconstrucción de LCA con técnica STG, se registraron clínicamente los desgarros isquiotibiales, incluyendo fecha de la cirugía, causa y fecha del desgarro. Resultados: Del total de 136 pacientes, 12 (8,8 por ciento) presentaron desgarros de isquiotibiales, 6 hombres y 6 mujeres. El tiempo promedio desde la cirugía al desgarro fue de 42,9 días (12 a 129 días). Dos pacientes tuvieron recurrencia del desgarro. El total de desgarros fue de 15 episodios. Causas: durante distintas fases de la terapia física en 4 casos (27 por ciento), 2 nadando (13 por ciento), 3 tras resbalar mientras caminaba (20 por ciento), 3 realizando actividad física precozmente, no autorizada (20 por ciento), y el resto en situaciones diversas. Conclusión: Los desgarros isquiotibiales son frecuentes en cirugía de LCA con técnica de STG. La mayoría de los casos ocurrió durante la terapia física y no se encontró diferencia entre hombres y mujeres.

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Rectus abdominis muscle strains are common and debilitating injuries among competitive tennis players. Eccentric overload, followed by forced contraction of the non-dominant rectus abdominis during the cocking phase of the service motion is the accepted injury mechanism. A tennis-specific rehabilitation program emphasising eccentrics and plyometric strengthening of the abdominal wall muscles, contributes to the complete functional recovery in tennis players, and could help reduce recurrences.

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O presente trabalho consiste de uma revisão sobre a entorse em cães. O ligamento é destinado a prevenir movimento anormal da articulação, enquanto permite movimento funcional normal. A entorse podem ser definida como a injúria do ligamento resultante de uma força estressante que causa algum grau de dano ás fibras ligamentares ou aos anexos e os seu reconhecimento clínico é feito essencialmente com base nos dados do exame físico e radiográfico. O diagnostico diferencial deve incluir contusão, fraturas, infecção, desordens circulatórias, imunomediadas e do desenvolvimento. O tratamento irá diferir de acordo com o grau de dano ligamentar e envolve procedimentos conservadores ou cirúrgicos, acompanhados de fisioterapia

The present paper consist of the review about sprain in dogs. A ligament is designed to prevent abnormal motion of ajoint, while permitting normal functional motion. A sprain may be defined as an injury to a ligament resulting from overstress that causes some degree of damage to the ligaments fibers or their attachments the its clinical recognition of injury is made primarily on basis of physical and radiological data. Differential diagnosis should include contusive, strain, fracture, infection, circulatory disordens, immunemediadas and development. The treatment will go differ accordance degree of ligamentous damage the involve conservative or surgical procedure, follow of physiotherapy

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O presente trabalho consiste de uma revisão sobre a entorse em cães. O ligamento é destinado a prevenir movimento anormal da articulação, enquanto permite movimento funcional normal. A entorse podem ser definida como a injúria do ligamento resultante de uma força estressante que causa algum grau de dano ás fibras ligamentares ou aos anexos e os seu reconhecimento clínico é feito essencialmente com base nos dados do exame físico e radiográfico. O diagnostico diferencial deve incluir contusão, fraturas, infecção, desordens circulatórias, imunomediadas e do desenvolvimento. O tratamento irá diferir de acordo com o grau de dano ligamentar e envolve procedimentos conservadores ou cirúrgicos, acompanhados de fisioterapia(AU)

The present paper consist of the review about sprain in dogs. A ligament is designed to prevent abnormal motion of ajoint, while permitting normal functional motion. A sprain may be defined as an injury to a ligament resulting from overstress that causes some degree of damage to the ligaments fibers or their attachments the its clinical recognition of injury is made primarily on basis of physical and radiological data. Differential diagnosis should include contusive, strain, fracture, infection, circulatory disordens, immunemediadas and development. The treatment will go differ accordance degree of ligamentous damage the involve conservative or surgical procedure, follow of physiotherapy(AU)

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The case of a strain injury of the internal oblique abdominal muscle in a professional tennis player is presented. This uncommon lesion resulted from eccentric, unbalanced trunk rotation. Magnetic resonance imaging helped to confirm the diagnosis. Tennis specific core strengthening is crucial for rehabilitation and recurrence prevention.

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