RESUMO
Even people from frequently studied cultural contexts differ in how they conceptualize compassion, partly because of differences in how much they want to avoid feeling negative. To broaden this past work, we include participants from an understudied cultural context and start to examine the process through which culture shapes compassion. Based on ethnographic and empirical studies that include Ecuadorians, we predicted that Ecuadorians would want to avoid feeling negative less compared to U.S. Americans. Furthermore, we hypothesized that because of these differences in avoided negative affect, compared to U.S. Americans, for Ecuadorians, a compassionate response would contain more emotion sharing, which in turn would be associated with conceptualizing a compassionate face as one that mirrors sadness more and expresses happiness (e.g., a kind smile) less. Using a reverse correlation task, participants in the United States and Ecuador selected the stimuli that most resembled a compassionate face. They also reported how much they wanted to avoid feeling negative and described what a compassionate response would entail. As predicted, compared to U.S. Americans, Ecuadorians wanted to avoid feeling negative less, they conceptualized a compassionate response as one that focused more on emotion sharing, and visualized a compassionate face as one that contained more sadness and less happiness. Furthermore, exploratory analyses suggest that wanting to avoid feeling negative and conceptualizations of a compassionate response as emotion sharing partly sequentially explained the cultural differences in conceptualizations of a compassionate face. What people regard as compassionate differs across cultures, which has important implications for cross-cultural counseling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Afeto , Comparação Transcultural , Empatia , Humanos , Empatia/fisiologia , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Afeto/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem , Emoções/fisiologia , FelicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is an important life experience that requires uniquely tailored approach to health care. The socio-cultural care practices of indigenous pregnant women (IPW) are passed along the maternal line with respect to identity, worldview and nature. The cultural differences between non-indigenous healthcare professionals (HPs) and IPW could present a great challenge in women's health care. This article presents an analysis from a human rights and gender perspective of this potential cultural divide that could affect the health of the IPW in an Andean region of Ecuador with the objective of describing the health challenges of IPWs as rights holders through the experiences and perceptions of HP as guarantors of rights. METHODS: We conducted 15 in-depth interviews with HPs who care for IPW in Chimborazo, Pichincha provinces of Ecuador. We utilized a semi-structured interview guide including questions about the experiences and perceptions of HPs in delivering health care to IPW. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis in Spanish and translated for reporting. RESULTS: We found disagreements and discrepancies in the Ecuadorian health service that led to the ignorance of indigenous cultural values. Common characteristics among the indigenous population such as illiteracy, low income and the age of pregnancy are important challenges for the health system. The gender approach highlights the enormous challenges: machismo, gender stereotypes and communication problems that IPWs face in accessing quality healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the diverse perspectives of IPW, acknowledging their human rights particularly those related to gender, has the potential to lead to more comprehensive and respectful health care delivery in Ecuador. Further, recognizing there is a gender and power differential between the provider and the IPW can lead to improvements in the quality of health care delivery and reproductive, maternal and child health outcomes.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Povos Indígenas , Serviços de Saúde Materna , Gestantes/etnologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Adulto , Assistência à Saúde Culturalmente Competente , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Equidade de Gênero , Direitos Humanos , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Pesquisa Qualitativa , População RuralAssuntos
Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Transplante de Rim , Imigrantes Indocumentados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Guatemala/etnologia , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/etnologia , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Disgust is hypothesized to be an evolved emotion that functions to regulate the avoidance of pathogen-related stimuli and behaviors. Individuals with higher pathogen disgust sensitivity (PDS) are predicted to be exposed to and thus infected by fewer pathogens, though no studies have tested this directly. Furthermore, PDS is hypothesized to be locally calibrated to the types of pathogens normally encountered and the fitness-related costs and benefits of infection and avoidance. Market integration (the degree of production for and consumption from market-based economies) influences the relative costs/benefits of pathogen exposure and avoidance through sanitation, hygiene, and lifestyle changes, and is thus predicted to affect PDS. Here, we examine the function of PDS in disease avoidance, its environmental calibration, and its socioecological variation by examining associations among PDS, market-related lifestyle factors, and measures of bacterial, viral, and macroparasitic infection at the individual, household, and community levels. Data were collected among 75 participants (ages 5 to 59 y) from 28 households in three Ecuadorian Shuar communities characterized by subsistence-based lifestyles and high pathogen burden, but experiencing rapid market integration. As predicted, we found strong negative associations between PDS and biomarkers of immune response to viral/bacterial infection, and weaker associations between PDS and measures of macroparasite infection, apparently mediated by market integration-related differences. We provide support for the previously untested hypothesis that PDS is negatively associated with infection, and document variation in PDS indicative of calibration to local socioeconomic conditions. More broadly, findings highlight the importance of evolved psychological mechanisms in human health outcomes.
Assuntos
Asco , Infecções/parasitologia , Infecções/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Equador/etnologia , Humanos , Povos Indígenas , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/psicologia , Estilo de Vida , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Introduction: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. Objective: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. Methods: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study. Differences, Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman graphs, and percentage error (PE) were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using R. Results: APLS 1 tends to overestimate weight whereas APLS 2 underestimates it. The estimated weight bias was greater for the classical equation. The indigenous and "other" ethnic groups presented the highest differences with respect to measured weight. The differences between estimated weight and measured weight increased progressively with age. With APLS 1, the percentage of individuals with a PE > 10 % was greater than with APLS 2. Conclusions: APLS does not accurately estimate weight in the Ecuadorian pediatric population. The difference between estimated weight and measured weight is sensitive to ethnic and age differences.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en niños y niñas, la aplicación de intervenciones terapéuticas, lo que incluye la administración de medicamentos, se basa en el peso corporal. Objetivo: validar las ecuaciones propuestas por "Advanced Pediatric Life Support APLS" en 2011 (APLS 1) y 2001 (APLS 2) para estimar el peso de las niñas y niños ecuatorianos, considerando la diversidad étnica y los grupos de edad. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó 21.735 niñas y niños pertenecientes a tres grupos étnicos mestizo, indígena y otro (blancos, negros y mulatos) con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 12 años y que habían participado en el estudio ENSANUT-ECU. Se calcularon las diferencias, la correlación de Spearman, los gráficos de Bland-Altman y el porcentaje error (PE). Los datos se procesaron y analizaron usando R. Resultados: la APLS 1 tiende a sobrestimar el peso mientras que la APLS 2 lo subestima. El sesgo del peso estimado fue mayor para la ecuación clásica. Los grupos étnicos indígena y otro presentaron las diferencias más altas con respecto al peso medido. Las diferencias de peso estimado con respecto al medido aumentaron progresivamente con la edad. Con la APLS 1, el porcentaje de individuos con un PE > 10 % fue mayor que con la APLS 2. Conclusiones: la APLS no estima con exactitud el peso en la población pediátrica ecuatoriana. La diferencia entre el peso estimado y el peso medido es sensible a las diferencias étnicas y de edad.
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Peso Corporal/etnologia , Etnicidade , Suporte Vital Cardíaco Avançado , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
The relationship between parasites and glomerulonephritis (GN) is well documented in certain parasitoses, but not in cases of Strongyloides stercolaris (S. stercolaris) where there are few cases described being the majority GN of minimal changes. We report a case of hyperinfestation by S. stercolaris in a patient affected by a membranous GN treated with oral corticosteroids with fatal outcome for the patient. This case provides a double teaching: first about a rare association of strongyloid and membranous GN and second about the importance of establishing a diagnosis of suspected and appropriate treatment for certain infections or diseases with little clinical expression before starting any immunosuppressive treatment.
Assuntos
Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/complicações , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Prednisona/efeitos adversos , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase/complicações , Síndrome de Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica/etiologia , Animais , Criptococose/complicações , Diagnóstico Tardio , Quimioterapia Combinada , Equador/etnologia , Enterococcus faecium , Infecções por Escherichia coli/complicações , Evolução Fatal , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/tratamento farmacológico , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/urina , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/complicações , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/complicações , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Bacteriana/complicações , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Choque Séptico/etiologia , Espanha , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Estrongiloidíase/diagnósticoRESUMO
The healthy migrant effect and its impact on mental health has been reported in the general population of many countries. Information is limited about its impact on working populations. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of common mental disorders over a one-year follow-up period among a cohort of Colombian and Ecuadorian employees in Spain, taking into account the duration of residence and comparing with Spanish-born workers. Data was from the Longitudinal Studies on Immigrant Families Project (PELFI), a follow-up survey of immigrants and Spanish-born workers interviewed in 2015 and 2016. Mental health was assessed using the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORas) for common mental disorders by sociodemographic and employment characteristics were created. There were differences for immigrants with time of residence less than or equal to 15 years (time of residence 11-15 years: ORa = 0.06, 95% CI = (0.26-0.01); time of residence 1-10 years: ORa = 0.06, 95% CI = (0.36-0.01)). There was evidence of a healthy immigrant worker effect, as newer arrivals from Ecuador and Columbia to Spain had a lower incidence of common mental disorders than either the Spanish-born or immigrant workers who had lived in Spain for more than 15 years.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/etnologia , Saúde Mental/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/etnologia , Equador/etnologia , Emprego , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Quality of life and its relationship to oral health is an important consideration in the determinants of health of vulnerable groups. The aim of this study is to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and its related factors in native and immigrant population families from the Platform of Longitudinal Studies on Immigrant Families (PELFI) study in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 401 adults aged 18 years and older from Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, and Morocco. The OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and three summary variables were used (prevalence, extent, and severity). Sociodemographic and self-perceived health variables were included. Bivariate analyzes were carried out to summarize the variables of the OHIP-14 according to sociodemographic and health variables, and bivariate analyzes of the OHIP-14 dimensions was conducted by country of origin. Multivariate linear models were used to investigate predictors for the dimensions of the OHIP-14. Multivariate logistic models were used to estimate the association of OHRQoL with immigration status using crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (OR-95% CI). It was found that 14.8% of men and 23.8% of women reported negative impacts in terms of OHRQoL (statistically significant differences: p < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences according to the country of origin in the prevalence and severity outcomes of the OHIP-14 in women (p < 0.05), and severe outcomes were observed in Moroccan women. In women, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in OHRQoL were observed according to age and marital status. There were some differences between OHIP-14 summary outcomes according to the health variables. Some sociodemographic and health variables were predictors for the OHIP-14 and their dimensions with differences by sex. Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between OHRQoL and immigration status for Moroccan women. Differences in OHRQoL were found according to sociodemographic and health variables. Further research could clarify the predictors of OHRQoL through epidemiological surveillance and longitudinal studies.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Saúde Bucal , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Marrocos/etnologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Autoimagem , Espanha , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Current evidence suggests heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) among geographic areas and populations. Lower mortality rates have been reported in admixed populations compared to European origin populations. We aimed to describe and compare ALS mortality rates among ethnic groups using a population-based approach in a multiethnic country. Annual mortality cause registers were searched to determine ALS deaths from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses in Ecuador (INEC) from 1990 to 2016. Mid-year population was considered for each year. The time trend was assessed using a negative binomial regression. Rate ratio statistics were performed to compare the age and sex standardized rates based on the 2010 US population among ethnic groups. Overall, 570 ALS deaths were identified. ALS mortality showed an age-related profile with a peak between 55 and 70 years. After age-sex standardization on the 2010 US population, mortality rate was 0.33 (CI 0.30-0.36) per 100,000. The time trend showed an increase of ALS mortality (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in age-sex standardized mortality rates per 100,000 when admixed was compared to white (p = 0.231) and black (p = 0.125). Differences reached statistical significance between admixed and other ethnics (p = 0.015). Our population-based study supports the hypothesis that ALS occurrence is lower in predominant admixed populations from Latin America compared to European and Northern American populations. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of ancestral origin in ALS susceptibility.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/etnologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/mortalidade , Etnicidade , Vigilância da População , Idoso , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/diagnóstico , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade/etnologia , Mortalidade/tendências , Vigilância da População/métodosRESUMO
Introducción: La familia es un contexto de protección que salvaguarda el desarrollo del individuo. En este ámbito, para el niño, se comienza no solo el aprendizaje de modelos útiles para relacionarse con la sociedad sino que, en su lado deficitario, es el foco de necesidades que han de resolverse por otros medios. Los estilos parentales determinan e influyen en gran medida, las conductas pro sociales o desadaptativas, positivas o negativas, integrativas o disruptivas de los hijos. En este sentido, la necesidad de llamar la atención ha sido relacionada en la literatura con conductas tales como la realización de tatuajes. Objetivo: Desvelar la relación entre conductas autolesivas, llamada de atención y ciertos estilos parentales. Métodos: Se llevaron a cabo distintos análisis correlacionales (utilizando una r de Pearson) con una muestra de 881 estudiantes universitarios, entre los diferentes estilos parentales, las conductas autolesivas y la intención de realizarse un tatuaje. Resultados: Conductas parentales (como el control materno) correlacionan tanto con la realización de tatuajes como con ciertas conductas autolesivas. El amor parental de ambos progenitores, por el contrario, es un factor protector que correlaciona negativamente con este tipo de conductas de autolesión. El dato más claro reside en la correlación positiva entre la negligencia parental (la falta de atención) con las conductas autolesivas. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la llamada de atención es un factor inherente a las conductas autolesivas, aunque tan solo es uno de tantos factores(AU)
Introduction: Family is a context of protection that safeguards the development of the individual. In this area, for the child, learning of useful models begins which they will relate to society later on. It is also the focus of needs to solve by other means. The parental styles, therefore, largely determine and influence the prosocial or maladaptive behaviors, positive or negative, integrative or disruptive of children. In this sense, literature has related the need to draw attention been with behaviors such receiving tattoos. Objective: To show the relationship between self-injurious behavior, attention call and certain parental styles. Methods: We conducted various correlational analysis (using Pearson r) with a sample of 881 college students between the different parenting styles, self-injurious behavior and intent of receiving tattoo. Results: Parental behaviors (such as maternal control) correlate both with receiving tattoo and with certain self-injurious behaviors. Parental love (of both parents), on the other hand, is a protective factor since it correlates negatively with this type of self-harm behavior. The clearest information lies in the positive correlation between parental negligence (and therefore, lack of attention) with self-injurious behaviors. Conclusions: Our study concludes that drawing attention is an inherent factor in self-injurious behavior, although it is only one of many factors(AU)