RESUMO
The present study assessed the effects of daily supplementation with 33 mg/metabolic weight (MW) of γ-oryzanol on testicular degeneration induced by scrotal insulation in rams. Eight animals were divided into two groups: Control (subjected to scrotal insulation without treatment) and Gamma (subjected to scrotal insulation and γ-oryzanol treatment). The rams were subjected to scrotal insulation by covering the scrotum with a thermal bag for 72â¯h. Animals in the Gamma group received 33â¯mg/MW oral γ-oryzanol once-daily, beginning 7 days before insulation and continuing during insulation and for 20 days afterward, for a total treatment period of 30 days. Samples of semen and blood were collected during the experiment to perform biochemical evaluations of oxidative stress, seminal kinetics and morphology, and plasma testosterone concentrations. Ultrasound examinations of the testicular parenchyma and clinical evaluations of its consistency and the scrotal perimeter were also performed at weekly intervals. Testicular tissue was collected for biochemical analyses of oxidative stress parameters at the end of the experiment by orchiectomy. The results showed that testicular degeneration was induced by scrotal insulation, as was demonstrated by the reduced scrotal perimeter and increased in testicular flaccidity immediately after insulation. Moreover, a delayed increase in the number of hyperechoic points in the parenchyma and a delayed reduction in sperm motility were observed at 10 weeks after insulation by ultrasonography. Treatment with γ-oryzanol reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the testes, and increased the total antioxidant potential (assessed based on the ferric reducing ability (FRAP)) in week 10 and levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS). It also increased the number of intact spermatozoa in week 3, but increased the total number of sperm defects from week 5 onwards. Although γ-oryzanol protected the semen and testes by reducing the levels of the parameters of oxidative stress evaluated herein, the other parameters studied were not improved by the treatment. In addition, supplementation with γ-oryzanol led to more morphological abnormalities in the sperm. This study presented new information on the oral administration of γ-oryzanol to rams with testicular degeneration, and described potential therapies for this pathology, which currently has no established treatment and has important impacts on reproductive health.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Fenilpropionatos/uso terapêutico , Escroto/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovinos/fisiologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Escroto/patologia , Temperatura , Testículo/patologiaRESUMO
Intratesticular injection (ITI) of sodium chloride (NaCl) is efficient for chemical castration of young calves, but its effects on calves welfare are unknown. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of ITI of 20% NaCl on stress and inflammatory markers in calves less than 20 days old and to assess the efficiency of ITI of 30% NaCl in 5 months old calves. In Experiment 1, control calves were only restrained and compared to calves submitted to castration through surgery (SC) and ITI with 20% NaCl (n = 9/group). No differences were observed for the eye corner temperature measured by thermography from 60 s before to 60 s after the procedures (P > 0.05). In the SC group, acute serum cortisol levels increased at 30 and 60 min after the procedure, but increased levels in the ITI group occurred only at 30 min (P < 0.05). Chronic discomfort markers were measured at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after the procedures (D0, D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively). The serum levels of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme and cortisol did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Scrotal temperature was higher at D1 in the SC group than for the other groups, but lowest at D4 compared to the control (both P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, histological sections of testes were compared after ITI with either 30% NaCl or 30% calcium chloride (CaCl2), to intact calves (control). After 60 days, intact seminiferous tubules and mediastinum were observed after ITI with 30% NaCl, whereas coagulative necrosis, inflammatory infiltration and calcification occurred after ITI with 30% CaCl2. Efficient chemical castration through ITI of 20% NaCl in young calves was followed by slight stress and inflammatory responses compared to surgical castration. However, ITI of 30% NaCl was ineffective for chemical castration of 5 months old calves.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Solução Salina Hipertônica/administração & dosagem , Animais , Arildialquilfosfatase/sangue , Temperatura Corporal , Cloreto de Cálcio/farmacologia , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Orquiectomia/métodos , Solução Salina Hipertônica/farmacologia , Escroto/efeitos dos fármacos , Escroto/fisiologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismoRESUMO
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), popularly known as rosemary, is used for food flavoring and in folk medicine as an antispasmodic, analgesic, antirheumatic, diuretic, and antiepileptic agent. Few studies have shown the anti-inflammatory effects of rosemary essential oil (REO). This study evaluated the effects of REO on leukocyte migration through in vivo leukocyte migration and in vitro chemotaxis assay. REO was analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectometry, and the main components identified were camphor (27.59%), 1,8-cineole (15.74%), α-pinene (16.58%), and ß-myrcene (10.02%). In rats, administration of REO reduced the number of leukocytes that rolled, adhered, and migrated to the scrotal chamber after carrageenan injection. All doses of REO tested significantly inhibited leukocyte chemotaxis induced by casein. The effects of REO on leukocyte migration highlight an important mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of rosemary.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Inibição de Migração Celular , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Carragenina/toxicidade , Ensaios de Migração de Leucócitos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Endotélio/citologia , Endotélio/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio/imunologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Teste de Inibição de Aderência Leucocítica , Leucócitos/citologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Monoterpenos/análise , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Óleos Voláteis/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Rosmarinus/química , Escroto/citologia , Escroto/efeitos dos fármacos , Escroto/imunologiaRESUMO
Tamoxifen is a synthetic, nonsteroidal Type I antiestrogenic compound that competitively blocks estrogen receptors with a mixed antagonist-agonist effect. The manifestation of these different actions depends on each species, organ, tissue and cell type considered. Very little is known about the effect of antiestrogens in dogs. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of tamoxifen citrate on some testis, prostate, hormone, and semen parameters in seven Beagle dogs with uncomplicated spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia. Two dogs were normospermic, four were oligozoospermic, and one was azoospermic. The dogs were allocated to a control pre-treatment period, followed by a treatment period, and five post-treatment periods (the duration of each period was 4 weeks). During the treatment period, 2.5mg tamoxifen citrate was given p.o. daily for 28 days to all the dogs. Maximum scrotal width, testicular consistency, libido semen parameters, prostatic volume, serum testosterone concentrations, and side effects were assessed. Tamoxifen negatively affected testis size and libido (P<0.01), and decreased prostatic volume (P<0.01) and testosterone concentrations during treatment. Semen quality deteriorated to nadir values (P<0.01) approximately one spermatic cycle after treatment and returned to pre-treatment values on the second cycle after treatment in all the dogs, except one young oligoazoospermic dog, in which the sperm count was higher ( P<0.01 ) at that time. No side effects were observed and fertility was conserved at the end of the study. Tamoxifen acted more like an agonist than antagonist on the gonadal axis and, therefore, upon both the prostate and testis. Therefore, tamoxifen may have therapeutic applications in dogs.
Assuntos
Cães/fisiologia , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/farmacologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Animais , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Próstata/anatomia & histologia , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Hiperplasia Prostática/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperplasia Prostática/veterinária , Escroto/anatomia & histologia , Escroto/efeitos dos fármacos , Sêmen/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamoxifeno/efeitos adversos , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangue , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
The scrotal nerves in the rat were studied electrophysiologically to describe their topographic organization in the skin and in the dorsal roots, and to determine if the electrical properties of these afferents are under the influence of testosterone. There are 2 afferent nerve branches innervating this area, the proximal scrotal branch supplying the proximal half of the scrotum (PSb), and the distal scrotal branch supplying the distal half (DSb). Results showed that afferent axons from PSb enter the spinal cord through the L5 and L6 dorsal roots, and axons from DSb enter the cord through the L6 and S1 dorsal roots. Mechanical stimulation of the scrotal skin exposed 3 dermatome areas, the L5, L6, and S1, with L6 being the longest dermatome with intermingled terminals from PSb and DSb. Decreased levels of testosterone after castration increased the threshold to trigger the activity of scrotal afferents, and the exogenous administration of the hormone reverted it. This effect was similar in the dorsal penile nerve. The decrease in androgen levels produced a reduction in the skin sensory field to mechanical stimuli that was restored after the administration of the hormone. As the scrotal nerves are highly stimulated during copulation in parallel with the dorsal penile nerve, it is suggested that the sensory field of the scrotal skin could be closely related to the modifications in sexual behavior after testosterone manipulation.