RESUMO
Human expansions motivated by the spread of farming are one of the most important processes that shaped cultural geographies during the Holocene. The best known example of this phenomenon is the Neolithic expansion in Europe, but parallels in other parts of the globe have recently come into focus. Here, we examine the expansion of four archaeological cultures of widespread distribution in lowland South America, most of which originated in or around the Amazon basin and spread during the late Holocene with the practice of tropical forest agriculture. We analyze spatial gradients in radiocarbon dates of each culture through space-time regressions, allowing us to establish the most likely geographical origin, time and speed of expansion. To further assess the feasibility of demic diffusion as the process behind the archaeological expansions in question, we employ agent-based simulations with demographic parameters derived from the ethnography of tropical forest farmers. We find that, while some expansions can be realistically modeled as demographic processes, others are not easily explainable in the same manner, which is possibly due to different processes driving their dispersal (e.g. cultural diffusion) or problematic/incomplete archaeological data.
Assuntos
Evolução Cultural/história , Migração Humana/história , Modelos Teóricos , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Agricultura , Arqueologia , Simulação por Computador , História Antiga , Humanos , Idioma , América do SulRESUMO
Los derechos de las mujeres cubanas a través de la historia han ido evolucionando como resultado de una incansable lucha. Se realiza una revisión de esta problemática para valorar objetivamente dicha evolución y las barreras que aún existen para que las féminas ocupen cargos de dirección. Se establecen diferentes etapas para el análisis. Se precisaron los momentos de inicio de su derecho al voto, a la igualdad ante el matrimonio y al reclamo del divorcio, comprobándose que estos derechos conquistados por ellas fueron el fruto de grandes luchas por sus reivindicaciones políticas, sociales y culturales. Se expone que existen aún numerosos aspectos que constituyen barreras a la ocupación de cargos de dirección por parte de la mujer, entre ellos los conflictos entre lo laboral y lo doméstico, la necesidad de viajes y traslados al centro laboral diariamente, las responsabilidades familiares, los horarios excesivos y la poca flexibilidad en los mismos, así como el poco tiempo para dedicar a las actividades sociales y recreativas y al cuidado personal (AU).
The rights of Cuban women have evolved through the history as a result of an indefatigable fight. A review of this problem was carried out to objectively appraise that evolution and the barriers still existing for women to occupy managerial positions. Several stages are established to perform the analysis. It was confirmed the date women were given the right to vote, the equality of rights in the marriage and the right of asking for the divorce, stating that these rights conquered by them were the result of a long struggle for their political, social and cultural demands. It is exposed that there are still several aspects arising as barriers against women occupying direction posts, among them the conflicts between work tasks and house tasks, trips for working reasons, daily displacement to work, the excessive hours and the little flexibility in them, and also the few time for social and leisure time activities, and for personal care (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Direitos da Mulher/organização & administração , Governança em Saúde/organização & administração , Direitos da Mulher/normas , Direitos da Mulher/tendências , Artigo Histórico , Evolução Cultural/históriaRESUMO
Several archaeological studies in the Central Andes have pointed at the temporal coincidence of climatic fluctuations (both long- and short-term) and episodes of cultural transition and changes of socioeconomic structures throughout the pre-Columbian period. Although most scholars explain the connection between environmental and cultural changes by the impact of climatic alterations on the capacities of the ecosystems inhabited by pre-Columbian cultures, direct evidence for assumed demographic consequences is missing so far. In this study, we address directly the impact of climatic changes on the spatial population dynamics of the Central Andes. We use a large dataset of pre-Columbian mitochondrial DNA sequences from the northern Rio Grande de Nasca drainage (RGND) in southern Peru, dating from â¼840 BC to 1450 AD. Alternative demographic scenarios are tested using Bayesian serial coalescent simulations in an approximate Bayesian computational framework. Our results indicate migrations from the lower coastal valleys of southern Peru into the Andean highlands coincident with increasing climate variability at the end of the Nasca culture at â¼640 AD. We also find support for a back-migration from the highlands to the coast coincident with droughts in the southeastern Andean highlands and improvement of climatic conditions on the coast after the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku empires (â¼1200 AD), leading to a genetic homogenization in the RGND and probably southern Peru as a whole.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática/história , Evolução Cultural/história , Secas/história , Migração Humana/história , Dinâmica Populacional/história , Arqueologia/métodos , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Simulação por Computador , DNA Mitocondrial/isolamento & purificação , Haplótipos/genética , História do Século XV , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peru , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
As a defining characteristic of Mesoamerican civilization, the ballgame has a long and poorly understood history. Because the ballgame is associated with the rise of complex societies, understanding its origins also illuminates the evolution of socio-politically complex societies. Although initial evidence, in the form of ceramic figurines, dates to 1700 BCE, and the oldest known ballcourt dates to 1600 BCE, the ritual paraphernalia and ideology associated with the game appear around 1400 BCE, the start of the so-called Early Horizon, defined by the spread of Olmec-style symbols across Mesoamerica. Early Horizon evidence of ballgame paraphernalia both identical to and different from that of the Gulf Coast Olmec can be seen on figurines from coastal Chiapas and the central highlands of Mexico, respectively. The Mexican state of Oaxaca, however, has yielded little data on early involvement in the ballgame. The discovery of a ballplayer figurine in the Mixteca Alta region of Oaxaca demonstrates the early participation of this region in the iconography and ideology of the ballgame. In lieu of an actual ballcourt, the focus may have been on the symbolic component of ballplayers and their association with supernatural forces, as part of emerging leaders' legitimization strategies.