RESUMO
Resinous exudate obtained from the aerial parts of Adesmia boronioides Hook.f. were evaluated to determine anti-phytopathogenic effects. Briefly, resinous exudate was obtained by dipping fresh plant material in dichloromethane; chemical composition was determined by GC-MS; and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated against four phytopathogenic bacteria. Resinous exudate yield was 8.5% (resin/fresh plant), of which esquel-6-en-9-one (14.25%), esquel-7-en-9-one (5.86%), and veratric acid (2.59%) were the effective antibacterial compounds. Tested against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovora, Erwinia amylovora, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas syringae, MICs and MBCs ranged from 16 to 128 µg/mL and 32-256 µg/mL, respectively. These results provide initial evidence that resinous bush A. boronioides is a new and alternative source of substances with agricultural interest.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Erwinia amylovora/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pectobacterium carotovorum/efeitos dos fármacos , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Exsudatos de Plantas/química , Pseudomonas syringae/efeitos dos fármacos , Resinas Vegetais/química , Resinas Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
The fruit of Physalis peruviana is widely used in traditional Colombian medicine as an antidiabetic treatment. The aim of the study reported here was to identify the compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic activity using the α-amylase inhibition test. Bioguided fractionation of a dichloromethane extract of the sticky exudate that covers the fruit allowed the isolation and identification of three new sucrose esters, named as peruvioses C-E (1-3), along with the known peruvioses A (6), B (5) and F (4), the structures of which were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS experiments. These compounds proved to be responsible for the hypoglycemic activity observed in the extract. Peruviose D (2) showed the highest activity, with an inhibitory activity value of 84.8%. This is the first study to establish the potential of sucrose esters as α-amylase inhibitors and to explain the hypoglycemic effect that has traditionally been attributed to gooseberry fruit.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ésteres/química , Ésteres/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Physalis/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Sacarose/química , alfa-Amilases/antagonistas & inibidores , alfa-Amilases/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
Exudates released from plants, consist of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic molecules that have been used in traditional medicine from several years. They may vary among genera, species or within a genus and mainly include latex, sap, gums, resins, seed or root exudates. Plant exudates are known to possess several biological activities including, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing and anti-nociceptive. Exudates oozed out from plants have also been used as ingredients in medicines, food, perfumes and cosmetics. The present review provides brief overview about the exudates released from plants, their biological properties and beneficial effects for human beings. Due to the presence of various compounds, different methodologies and procedures have been employed for their collection and analyses. Literature studies suggest that plant exudates have extensive therapeutic potential for curing diseases with minimal toxic effects. This aspect could be taken into account in prospective studies regarding the search of new products derived from plant exudates with pharmaceutical value.
Assuntos
Fitoterapia/métodos , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Animais , Humanos , Fitoterapia/efeitos adversos , Exsudatos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Exsudatos de Plantas/toxicidade , Plantas Medicinais/toxicidade , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Microbial biofilms represent a challenge in the treatment of infections, due to the low efficacy of the antimicrobials. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles of Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO) in dental biofilm. Thirty-eight volunteers used an oral device in situ in situ including four bovine enamel specimens for 07 days. From the fifth day four solutions were applied randomly for each specimen: Physiological Saline Solution (0.85% NaCl) (C+), Chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX), M. alternifolia oil 0.3% (TTO), and a nanoparticle solution of 0.3% M. alternifolia oil (NPTTO). The nanoparticles of TTO were characterized for pH, IPD, medium size, zeta potential and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by viable microorganisms count and the structure of the biofilm by atomic force microscopy. The NPTTO presented pH 6.4, particle diameter of 197.9 ± 1 nm, polydispersion index of 0.242 ± 0.005, zeta potential of -7.12 mV and ±0:27 spherical shape. The C+ resulted in 100% of bacterial vitality, while CHX, TTO and NPTTO showed 34.2%, 51.4% and 25.8%, respectively. The AFM images showed biofilms with an average roughness of 350 nm for C+, 275 nm for CHX, 500 nm for TTO and 100 nm for NPTTO. The NPTTO demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity in the biofilm formed in situ and will possibly be used in future for the treatment/prevention of oral biofilms.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Melaleuca/química , Nanopartículas/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Adulto , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Bovinos , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Esmalte Dentário/microbiologia , Placa Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Placa Dentária/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamanho da Partícula , Projetos Piloto , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Óleo de Melaleuca/farmacologia , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are opportunistic microorganisms that can cause both local and disseminated infections. When in biofilm, these pathogens become highly resistant to antimicrobials used in clinical practice. Composed abundantly of polymeric substances, biofilms delay the diffusion of antimicrobials, preventing the drug from penetrating the deeper layers and having an effective action. Therefore, the search for new and alternative therapeutic options has become of fundamental importance. Natural products fall into these options, especially essential oils. However, these oils present problems, such as low miscibility in water (which decreases its bioavailability) and degradation by light and temperature. Thus, the objective of this work was to explore the action of free essential oil and nanoemulsions of Cymbopogon flexuosus on strains of RGM, in planktonic and sessile forms. In this work, standard strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum (ATCC 6841), Mycobacterium massiliense (ATCC 48898) and Mycobacterium abscessus (ATCC 19977) were used. The susceptibility of the microorganisms in planktonic form was obtained by conventional microdilution techniques and by cell viability curve. The analysis of the antibiofilm activity was performed by a semi-quantitative macrotechnique. The nanoemulsion exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values lower than those presented by the free essential oil, against strains in the planktonic state. However, both were efficient in destroying the already formed biofilm, whereas only the free oil inhibited the formation of mycobacterial biofilm. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of C. flexuosus essential oil, especially in its nanostructured form, which can be demonstrated against infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Cymbopogon/química , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brasil , Emulsões , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
In this communication the antibacterial activity of filifolinol (1), naringenin (2) 3-O-methylgalangin (3) and pinocembrin (4) isolated from the resinous exudates of Heliotropium filifolium and H. sinuatum, were evaluated by flow cytometry against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella tiphymurium. The results showed that filifolinol (1) and naringenin (2) were inactive in the range of concentrations used (10 to 1000 ug/mL). On the other hand, pinocembrin (4) produced a decrease in cell surface at 500 ug/mL and the total disappearance of both bacterial populations at 1000 ug/mL. Also, 3-O-methylgalangin (3) showed the total disappearance at 1000 ug/mL of both bacterial populations and a decrease at 200 μg/mL for S. typhimurium and at 500 μg/mL for S. aureus.
En esta comunicación, la actividad antibacteriana de filifolinol (1), naringenina (2), 3-O-methylgalangina (3) y pinocembrina (4) aislados de los exudados resinosos de Heliotropium filifolium y H. sinuatum, fueron evaluados por citometría de flujo frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Salmonella tiphymurium. Los resultados mostraron que filifolinol (1) y naringenina (2) fueron inactivos en el intervalo de concentraciones usadas (10 a 1000 μg / mL). Por otro lado, pinocembrina (4) produce una disminución de la superficie de las células a 500 ug/mL y la desaparición total de ambas poblaciones bacterianas a 1.000 ug/mL. También, 3-O-metilgalangina (3) mostró la desaparición total a 1.000 ug / mL tanto de ambas poblaciones de bacterias y una disminución a 200 ug/mL para S. typhimurium y en 500 μg/mL para S. aureus.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Heliotropium/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Salmonella typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus , Citometria de Fluxo , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Several studies have described the effects of seed exudates against microorganisms, but only few of them have investigated the proteins that have defensive activity particularly against nematode parasites. This study focused on the proteins released in the exudates of soybean seeds and evaluated their nematicidal properties against Meloidogyne incognita. A proteomic approach indicated the existence of 63 exuded proteins, including ß-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, lectin, trypsin inhibitor, and lipoxygenase, all of which are related to plant defense. The presence of some of these proteins was confirmed by their in vitro activity. The soybean exudates were able to reduce the hatching of nematode eggs and to cause 100% mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2). The pretreatment of J2 with these exudates resulted in a 90% reduction of the gall number in tobacco plants. These findings suggest that the exuded proteins are directly involved in plant defense against soil pathogens, including nematodes, during seed germination.
Assuntos
Antinematódeos/química , Glycine max/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteoma/química , Sementes/química , Tylenchoidea/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antinematódeos/metabolismo , Antinematódeos/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Massas , Exsudatos de Plantas/metabolismo , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteoma/farmacologia , Sementes/metabolismo , Glycine max/metabolismo , Tylenchoidea/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Rhizobial surface polysaccharides (SPS) are, together with nodulation (Nod) factors, recognized as key molecules for establishment of rhizobia-legume symbiosis. In Rhizobium tropici, an important nitrogen-fixing symbiont of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), molecular structures and symbiotic roles of the SPS are poorly understood. In this study, Rhizobium sp. strain PRF 81 genes, belonging to the R. tropici group, were investigated: lpxA and lpxE, involved in biosynthesis and modification of the lipid-A anchor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and rkpI, involved in synthesis of a lipid carrier required for production of capsular polysaccharides (KPS). Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed, for the first time, that inducers released from common bean seeds strongly stimulated expression of all three SPS genes. When PRF 81 cells were grown for 48 h in the presence of seed exudates, twofold increases (p < 0.05) in the transcription levels of lpxE, lpxA, and rkpI genes were observed. However, higher increases (p < 0.05) in transcription rates, about 50-fold for lpxE and about 30-fold for lpxA and rkpI, were observed after only 5 min of incubation with common bean seed exudates. Evolutionary analyses revealed that lpxA and lpxE of PRF81 and of the type strain of R. tropici CIAT899(T)clustered with orthologous Rhizobium radiobacter and were more related to R. etli and Rhizobium leguminosarum, while rkpI was closer to the Sinorhizobium sp. group. Upregulation of lpxE, lpxA, and rkpI genes suggests that seed exudates can modulate production of SPS of Rhizobium sp. PRF81, leading to cell wall changes necessary for symbiosis establishment.
Assuntos
Genes Bacterianos/genética , Phaseolus/química , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/biossíntese , Rhizobium/genética , Sementes/química , Simbiose/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Filogenia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/genética , Rhizobium/efeitos dos fármacos , Simbiose/genéticaRESUMO
The ethanol extract from the dried exudate of Bursera fagaroides (Burseraceae) showed significant cytotoxic activity in the HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) test system. The extract provided four podophyllotoxin related lignans, identified as (7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin (3), (7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-morelensin (4), (8R,8'R)-(-)-yatein (5), and (8R,8'R)-(-)-5'-desmethoxyyatein (6), whose spectroscopic and chiroptical properties were compared with those of (7R,7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-podophyllotoxin (1) and its acetyl derivative (2). Their absolute configurations were assigned by comparison of the vibrational circular dichroism spectra of 1 and 3 with those obtained by density functional theory calculations.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Bursera/química , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Exsudatos de Plantas/química , Podofilotoxina/análogos & derivados , 4-Butirolactona/análogos & derivados , 4-Butirolactona/química , 4-Butirolactona/farmacologia , 4-Butirolactona/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Benzofuranos/química , Benzofuranos/farmacologia , Benzofuranos/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Dicroísmo Circular , Dioxóis/química , Dioxóis/farmacologia , Dioxóis/uso terapêutico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Exsudatos de Plantas/farmacologia , Exsudatos de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Podofilotoxina/química , Podofilotoxina/farmacologia , Podofilotoxina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The in vitro effect of the resinous exudate of Heliotropium filifolium, of the 3 H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1 '-cyclohexane] derivative called filifolinol 1, isolated from the resin and the semi-synthetic compounds filifolinone 2 and filifolinoic acid 3, obtained from filifolinol 1, were evaluated on the proliferation of an immortalized cell line, UCHT1, derived from rat thyroid. We evaluated the effect of these compounds on UCHT1 cell growth parameters by calculating doubling time; and toxicity using the LIVE/DEAD in vitro test. The results showed that the resin is not active, while filifolinone 2, filifolinoic acid 3 and filifolinol 1 produced a significant inhibition of cell doubling time, in concentrations equal or greater than 50, 25 and 75 uM, respectively. The LIVE/DEAD test showed no significant toxicity at these concentrations, compared to cultures kept in absence of compounds. These results suggest a possible cytostatic effect of these compounds, and could therefore constitute potential alternatives for antineoplasic therapy.
Se evaluó el efecto in vitro de la resina aislada desde Heliotropium filifolium y del derivado 3 H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexano] llamado filifolinol 1, obtenido desde este exudado resinoso y los compuestos semi-sintéticos filifolinona 2 y ácido filifolinoico 3, obtenidos a partir de filifolinol 1, sobre la proliferación de la línea celular inmortal, UCHT1, derivada de tumor de tiroide de rata. Evaluamos el efecto de estos compuestos en el desarrollo celular de UCHT1 a través de los parámetros tiempo de doblaje y citotoxicidad usando el test LIVE/DEAD in vitro. Los resultados mostraron que la resina no presentó actividad y que filifolinona, ácido filifolinoico y filifolinol producen una inhibición significativa del tiempo de doblaje celular, en concentraciones iguales o superiores a 50, 25 y 75 uM, respectivamente. El test LIVE/DEAD no mostró toxicidad significativa en comparación con los cultivos mantenidos en ausencia de compuestos. Estos resultados sugieren un posible efecto citostático de estos compuestos y por lo tanto, constituirían alternativas potenciales para terapia antineoplásica.