RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To further characterize the endocrinology of the menopause transition, we sought to determine: whether relationships between urine and serum hormones are maintained as women enter their sixth decade; whether a single luteal phase serum progesterone (P) is reflective of integrated-luteal urinary pregnanediol glucuronide (uPdg); and whether serum P, like luteal uPdg, declines as women approach their final menses (FMP). METHODS: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Daily Hormone Study's (DHS) is a community-based observational study. A subset of participants underwent a timed, luteal blood draw planned for cycle days 16 to 24 during the same month of DHS collection. Serum-luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol and P, and urine LH, FSH, estrone conjugates (E1c), and daily and integrated luteal uPdg were measured in 268 samples from 170 women. Serum/urine hormone associations were determined using Pearson's correlation and linear regression, adjusted for concurrent age, body mass index, smoking status, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Pearson's r ranged from 0.573 (for LH) to 0.843 (for FSH) for serum/urine correlations. Integrated luteal uPdg weakly correlated with serum P (Pearson's râ=â0.26, Pâ=â0.004) and explained 7% of the variability in serum P in adjusted linear regression (total R 0.09, Pâ=â0.002). Serum P demonstrated a marginally significant decline with approaching FMP in adjusted analysis (Pâ=â0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Urine and serum hormones maintain a close relationship in women into their sixth decade of life. Serum luteal P was weakly reflective of luteal Pdg excretion.
Assuntos
Fase Luteal/sangue , Fase Luteal/urina , Menopausa/sangue , Menopausa/urina , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto , Estradiol/sangue , Estradiol/urina , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/urina , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/urina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pregnanodiol/análogos & derivados , Pregnanodiol/sangue , Pregnanodiol/urina , Progesterona/sangue , Progesterona/urina , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the inflammatory profile and mood states in the different phases of the menstrual cycle in soccer players with and without premenstrual syndrome (PMS). METHODS: Data on the menstrual cycle and mood states were collected using the Daily Symptom Report and the Brunel Mood Scale. Cytokine and stress hormone concentrations were measured in urine by flow cytometry before and after a game in the luteal phase and in the follicular phase of one menstrual cycle. RESULTS: In all, 59.6% of the athletes had PMS. The PMS group showed higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 than the athletes without PMS. After the game, IL-6 decreased in the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The tumor necrosis factor-α levels were higher in the group without PMS during the post-game follicular phase than before the game. In the PMS group, tension was higher in the follicular phase before the game and depression was higher in the pre-game luteal phase than in the group without PMS. The PMS group also presented a negative correlation between depression and IL-10 levels in the pre-game follicular phase. Finally, in the pre-game luteal phase were found positive correlations between growth hormone and IL-10. CONCLUSION: PMS influences the inflammatory condition related to mood states and stress hormones in female soccer players.
Assuntos
Afeto , Ansiedade/psicologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Depressão/psicologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/imunologia , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/psicologia , Futebol , Adolescente , Ansiedade/imunologia , Ansiedade/urina , Atletas , Citocinas/urina , Depressão/imunologia , Depressão/urina , Feminino , Fase Folicular/psicologia , Fase Folicular/urina , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/urina , Humanos , Inflamação/urina , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/urina , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Interleucina-6/urina , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Interleucina-8/urina , Fase Luteal/psicologia , Fase Luteal/urina , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/urina , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/urina , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Variations in inflammatory markers have been reported in adult women during the luteal phase, but whether these findings are observed during adolescence is unknown. We postulate that higher ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP) and lower 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE) levels, an estrogen metabolite with cardioprotective actions, are present during the luteal phase in young women. AIM: To evaluate usCRP levels during the menstrual cycle and to determine its association with 2OHE and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16OHE) in adolescents. METHODS: Healthy postmenarcheal adolescents (N = 37) were studied during one menstrual cycle in follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase-like period (LP-L). RESULTS: Elevations in usCRP levels in the LP-L were observed in the entire group and in anovulatory cycles (1.9 ± 1.1 mg/L in FP to 2.5 ± 1.8 mg/L in LP-L; p < 0.0001). Increases in estrone, estradiol, free and bioavailable estradiol, testosterone, usCRP and 2OHE levels were observed in LP-L compared with FP (p < 0.01), with a borderline elevation in IFG-I levels (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: We report an elevation of usCRP and 2OHE levels during the luteal phase in healthy adolescents. Elevations of this inflammatory marker in anovulatory adolescents without an increase in 2OHE may play a role in metabolic risks associated with chronic anovulation.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Fase Luteal/sangue , Regulação para Cima , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/urina , Chile , Feminino , Fase Folicular/sangue , Fase Folicular/urina , Humanos , Hidroxiestronas/urina , Fase Luteal/urina , Progesterona/sangue , Valores de Referência , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
The effects of short-term administration of levonorgestrel (LNG) at different stages of the ovarian cycle on the pituitary-ovarian axis, corpus luteum function, and endometrium were investigated. Forty-five surgically sterilized women were studied during two menstrual cycles. In the second cycle, each women received two doses of 0.75 mg LNG taken 12 h apart on day 10 of the cycle (Group A), at the time of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (Group B), 48 h after positive detection of urinary LH (Group C), or late follicular phase (Group D). In both cycles, transvaginal ultrasound and serum LH were performed from the detection of urinary LH until ovulation. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P(4)) were measured during the complete luteal phase. In addition, an endometrial biopsy was taken at day LH + 9. Eighty percent of participants in Group A were anovulatory, the remaining (three participants) presented significant shortness of the luteal phase with notably lower luteal P4 serum concentrations. In Groups B and C, no significant differences on either cycle length or luteal P4 and E2 serum concentrations were observed between the untreated and treated cycles. Participants in Group D had normal cycle length but significantly lower luteal P4 serum concentrations. Endometrial histology was normal in all ovulatory-treated cycles. It is suggested that interference of LNG with the mechanisms initiating the LH preovulatory surge depends on the stage of follicle development. Thus, anovulation results from disrupting the normal development and/or the hormonal activity of the growing follicle only when LNG is given preovulatory. In addition, peri- and post-ovulatory administration of LNG did not impair corpus luteum function or endometrial morphology.