RESUMO
Hypusine amino acid [Nε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-lysine] was first isolated in 1971 from bovine brain extracts. Hypusine originates from a post-translational modification at the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), a protein produced by archaebacteria and eukaryotes. The eIF5A protein is the only one described containing the hypusine residue, which is essential for its activity. Hypusine as a free amino acid is a consequence of proteolytic degradation of eIF5A. Herein, we showed, for the first time, evidence of biological activity for the free hypusine. C6 rat glioma cells were treated with hypusine, and different cellular parameters were evaluated. Hypusine treatment significantly reduced C6 cell proliferation and potently suppressed their clonogenic capacity without leading to apoptosis. Hypusine also decreased the Eif5A transcript content and the global protein synthesis profile that may occur due to negative feedback in response to high hypusine concentration, controlling the content of newly synthesized eIF5A, which can affect the translation process. Besides, hypusine treatment also altered cellular metabolism by changing the pathways for energy production, reducing cellular respiration coupled with oxidative phosphorylation, and increasing the anaerobic metabolism. These observed results and the relationship between eIF5A and tumor processes led us to test the combination of hypusine with the chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide. Combining temozolomide with hypusine reduced the MTT conversion to the same levels as those observed using double temozolomide dosage alone, demonstrating a synergetic action between the compounds. Thus, since 1971, this is the first study showing evidence of biological activity for hypusine not associated with being an essential component of the eiF5A protein. Finding out the molecular targets of hypusine are the following efforts to completely characterize its biological activity.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos , Lisina , Animais , Bovinos , Ratos , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5A , Lisina/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , TemozolomidaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Sepsis is characterized by an acute inflammatory response to infection, often with multiple organ failures, especially severe lung injury. This study was implemented to probe circular RNA (circRNA) protein tyrosine kinase 2 (circPTK2)-associated regulatory mechanisms in septic acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS: A cecal ligation and puncture-based mouse model and an lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-based alveolar type II cell (RLE-6TN) model were generated to mimic sepsis. In the two models, inflammation- and pyroptosis-related genes were measured. RESULTS: The degree of lung injury in mice was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and the apoptosis was by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining. In addition, pyroptosis and toxicity were detected in cells. Finally, the binding relationship between circPTK2, miR-766, and eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) was detected. Data indicated that circPTK2 and eIF5A were up-regulated and miR-766 was down-regulated in LPS-treated RLE-6TN cells and lung tissue of septic mice. Lung injury in septic mice was ameliorated after inhibition of circPTK2. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed in the cell model that knockdown of circPTK2 effectively ameliorated LPS-induced ATP efflux, pyroptosis, and inflammation. Mechanistically, circPTK2 mediated eIF5A expression by competitively adsorbing miR-766. Taken together, circPTK2/miR-766/eIF5A axis ameliorates septic ALI, developing a novel therapeutic target for the disease.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda , MicroRNAs , Sepse , Animais , Camundongos , Piroptose , RNA Circular/genética , RNA Circular/farmacologia , Quinase 1 de Adesão Focal/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Apoptose , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Sepse/genética , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/farmacologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only known protein containing the amino acid residue hypusine, essential for its activity. Hypusine residue is produced by a posttranslational modification involving deoxyhypusine synthetase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Herein, we aimed to describe the role of the alternative human isoform A on mitochondrial processes. Isoform A depletion modulates oxidative metabolism in association with the downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes. Through positive feedback, it increases cell respiration leading to highly reactive oxygen species production, which impacts mitochondrial bioenergetics. These metabolic changes compromise mitochondrial morphology, increasing its electron density and fission, observed by transmission electron microscopy. This set of changes leads the cells to apoptosis, evidenced by increased DNA fragmentation and proapoptotic BAK protein content increase. Thus, we show that the alternative eIF5A isoform A is crucial for energy metabolism controlled by mitochondria and cellular survival.
Assuntos
Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Apoptose/fisiologia , Humanos , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Lisina/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5ARESUMO
Translational control targeting the initiation phase is central to the regulation of gene expression. Understanding all of its aspects requires substantial technological advancements. Here we modified yeast translation complex profile sequencing (TCP-seq), related to ribosome profiling, and adapted it for mammalian cells. Human TCP-seq, capable of capturing footprints of 40S subunits (40Ss) in addition to 80S ribosomes (80Ss), revealed that mammalian and yeast 40Ss distribute similarly across 5'TRs, indicating considerable evolutionary conservation. We further developed yeast and human selective TCP-seq (Sel-TCP-seq), enabling selection of 40Ss and 80Ss associated with immuno-targeted factors. Sel-TCP-seq demonstrated that eIF2 and eIF3 travel along 5' UTRs with scanning 40Ss to successively dissociate upon AUG recognition; notably, a proportion of eIF3 lingers on during the initial elongation cycles. Highlighting Sel-TCP-seq versatility, we also identified four initiating 48S conformational intermediates, provided novel insights into ATF4 and GCN4 mRNA translational control, and demonstrated co-translational assembly of initiation factor complexes.
Assuntos
Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Regiões 5' não Traduzidas , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/metabolismo , Códon de Iniciação , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/genética , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação 3 em Eucariotos/genética , Fator de Iniciação 3 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Subunidades Ribossômicas Menores de Eucariotos/genética , Subunidades Ribossômicas Menores de Eucariotos/metabolismo , Ribossomos/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismoRESUMO
Sickle cell anemia is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases worldwide, showing great clinical heterogeneity. This study compared the gene expression patterns between sickle cell anemia pediatric patients in steady state and in crisis state, as compared to age-paired, healthy individuals. RNA sequencing was performed from these groups of patients/controls using Illumina HiSeq 2500 equipment. The resulting differentially expressed genes were loaded into QIAGEN's ingenuity pathway analysis. The results showed that EIF2 pathway and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress-response pathways were more highly activated both in steady state and in crisis patients, as compared to healthy individuals. In addition, we found increased activation of eIF4 and p70S6K signaling pathways in crisis state compared to healthy individuals. The transcription factor GATA-1 was found exclusively in steady state while SPI was found exclusively in crisis state. IL6 and VEGFA were found only in crisis state, while IL-1B was found exclusively in steady state. The regulator effects analysis revealed IgG1 as an upstream regulator in steady state compared to healthy individuals, resulting in invasion of prostate cancer cell lines as the disease/function outcome. For crisis-state patients versus healthy individuals, two networks of regulator effects revealed STAT1, CD40LG, TGM2, IRF7, IRF4, and IRF1 acting as upstream regulators, resulting in disease/function outcomes, including engulfment of cells and aggregation of blood cells and inflammation of joints. Our results indicated genes and pathways that can provide clues on the molecular events involved in the severity of sickle cell disease.
Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Transdução de Sinais , Adolescente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/genética , Humanos , Neurregulinas/genética , Estresse Oxidativo , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 70-kDa/genéticaRESUMO
The hormone insulin plays a central role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. In relation to protein metabolism, insulin stimulates amino acid uptake and activates protein synthesis in responsive cells by modulation of signal transduction pathways, such as associated to Akt/PkB, mTOR, S6Ks, 4E-BP1, and several translation initiation/elongation factors. In this context, there is no information on direct cellular treatment with insulin and effects on eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) regulation. The eIF5A protein contains an exclusive amino acid residue denominated hypusine, which is essential for its activity and synthesized by posttranslational modification of a specific lysine residue using spermidine as substrate. The eIF5A protein is involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation processes, as observed for satellite cells derived from rat muscles, revealing that eIF5A has an important role in muscle regeneration. The aim of this study was to determine whether eIF5A expression and hypusination are influenced by direct treatment of insulin on L6 myoblast cells. We observed that insulin increased the content of eIF5A transcripts. This effect occurred in cells treated or depleted of fetal bovine serum, revealing a positive insulin effect independent of other serum components. In addition, it was observed that hypusination follows the maintenance of eIF5A protein content in the serum depleted cells and treated with insulin. These results demonstrate that eIF5A is modulated by insulin, contributing the protein synthesis machinery control, as observed by puromycin incorporation in nascent proteins.
Assuntos
Insulina/metabolismo , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Insulina/farmacologia , Lisina/efeitos dos fármacos , Mioblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5ARESUMO
Ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and S6K2 proteins are effectors of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, which control the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. S6K2 is associated with tumor progression and has a conserved C-terminus polyproline rich motif predicted to be important for S6K2 interactions. It is noteworthy that the translation of proteins containing sequential prolines has been proposed to be dependent of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) translation factor. Therefore, we investigated the importance of polyproline-rich region of the S6K2 for its intrinsic phosphorylation activity, protein-protein interaction and eIF5A role in S6K2 translation. In HeLa cell line, replacing S6K2 polyproline by the homologous S6K1-sequence did not affect its kinase activity and the S6K2 endogenous content was maintained after eIF5A gene silencing, even after near complete depletion of eIF5A protein. Moreover, no changes in S6K2 transcript content was observed, ruling out the possibility of compensatory regulation by increasing the mRNA content. However, in the budding yeast model, we observed that S6K2 production was impaired when compared with S6K2∆Pro, after reduction of eIF5A protein content. These results suggest that although the polyproline region of S6K2 is capable of generating ribosomal stalling, the depletion of eIF5A in HeLa cells seems to be insufficient to cause an expressive decrease in the content of endogenous S6K2. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that the replacement of the polyproline motif of S6K2 alters its interactome and impairs its interaction with RPS6, a key modulator of ribosome activity. These results evidence the importance of S6K2 polyproline motif in the context of S6Ks function.
Assuntos
Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/química , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Peptídeos/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas/metabolismo , Inativação Gênica , Células HeLa , Humanos , Imunoprecipitação , Espectrometria de Massas , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Fosforilação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Ligação Proteica , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas/genética , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 70-kDa/genética , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 70-kDa/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5ARESUMO
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a conserved protein with an essential role in translation elongation. Using one and two-dimensional western blotting, we showed that the eIF5A protein level was 2-fold lower in benznidazole (BZ)-resistant (BZR and 17LER) Trypanosoma cruzi populations than in their respective susceptible counterparts (BZS and 17WTS). To confirm the role of eIF5A in BZ resistance, we transfected BZS and 17WTS with the wild-type eIF5A or mutant eIF5A-S2A (in which serine 2 was replaced by alanine). Upon overexpressing eIF5A, both susceptible lines became approximately 3- and 5-fold more sensitive to BZ. In contrast, the eIF5A-S2A mutant did not alter its susceptibility to BZ. These data suggest that BZ resistance might arise from either decreasing the translation of proteins that require eIF5A, or as a consequence of differential levels of precursors for the hypusination reactions (e.g., spermidine and trypanothione), both of which alter BZ's effects in the parasite.
Assuntos
Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Nitroimidazóis/farmacologia , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzimologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/análise , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/análise , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5ARESUMO
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a conserved protein with an essential role in translation elongation. Using one and two-dimensional western blotting, we showed that the eIF5A protein level was 2-fold lower in benznidazole (BZ)-resistant (BZR and 17LER) Trypanosoma cruzi populations than in their respective susceptible counterparts (BZS and 17WTS). To confirm the role of eIF5A in BZ resistance, we transfected BZS and 17WTS with the wild-type eIF5A or mutant eIF5A-S2A (in which serine 2 was replaced by alanine). Upon overexpressing eIF5A, both susceptible lines became approximately 3- and 5-fold more sensitive to BZ. In contrast, the eIF5A-S2A mutant did not alter its susceptibility to BZ. These data suggest that BZ resistance might arise from either decreasing the translation of proteins that require eIF5A, or as a consequence of differential levels of precursors for the hypusination reactions (e.g., spermidine and trypanothione), both of which alter BZ's effects in the parasite.
Assuntos
Humanos , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzimologia , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Nitroimidazóis/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Expressão Gênica , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/análise , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/análise , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In the present study, two proteins cloned from Leishmania braziliensis species, a hypothetical protein (LbHyp) and the eukaryotic initiation factor 5a (EiF5a), were evaluated to protect BALB/c mice against L. amazonensis infection. The animals were immunized with the antigens, either separately or in combination, using saponin as an immune adjuvant in both cases. Spleen cells from vaccinated and later infected mice produced significantly higher levels of protein and parasite-specific IFN-γ, IL-12, and GM-CSF, in addition to low levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Evaluating the parasite load by means of a limiting dilution technique and quantitative Real-Time PCR, vaccinated animals presented significant reductions in the parasite load in both infected tissues and organs, as well as lower footpad swelling, when compared to the control (saline and saponin) groups. The best results regarding the protection of the animals were achieved when the combined vaccine was administered into the animals. Protection was associated with an IFN-γ production against parasite antigens, which was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and correlated with antileishmanial nitrite production. In conclusion, data from the present study show that this polyprotein vaccine, which combines two L. braziliensis proteins, can induce protection against L. amazonensis infection.