RESUMO
The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Africana , Febre Suína Africana , Vacinas de DNA , Vacinas Virais , Suínos , Animais , Febre Suína Africana/prevenção & controle , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Vírus da Febre Suína Africana/genética , Vacinas de DNA/genética , Sus scrofa , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Atenuadas/genética , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Vacinas de Subunidades AntigênicasRESUMO
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and African swine fever (ASF) are economically important diseases of pigs throughout the world. During an outbreak, all age groups of animals except piglets < 1 month of age were affected with symptoms of high fever, cutaneous hemorrhages, vomition with blood, diarrhea, poor appetite, ataxia, and death. The outbreak was confirmed by the detection of the N gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the VP72 gene of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by PCR in representative blood samples from affected pigs followed by Sanger sequencing. Mixed infection was also confirmed by simultaneous detection of both the viruses using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of both the viruses revealed that the outbreak was related to ASFV and PRRSV strains from China which were also closely related to the PRRSV and ASFV strains from the recent outbreak from India. The study confirmed the involvement of genotype II of ASFV and genotype 2 of PRRSV in the present outbreak. Interestingly, PRRSV associated with the present outbreak was characterized as a highly pathogenic PRRSV. Therefore, the present study indicates the possibility of future waves or further outbreaks of these diseases (PRRS and ASF) in this region. This is the first report of ASFV and PRRSV co-infection in pigs from India.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Africana , Febre Suína Africana , Coinfecção , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Suínos , Animais , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/genética , Vírus da Febre Suína Africana/genética , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , FilogeniaRESUMO
African swine fever (ASF) is a transboundary infectious disease that can infect wild and domestic swine and requires enhanced surveillance between countries. In Mozambique, ASF has been reported across the country, spreading between provinces, mainly through the movement of pigs and their by-products. Subsequently, pigs from bordering countries were at risk of exposure. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and temporal trends of ASF in swine in Mozambique between 2000 and 2020. During this period, 28,624 cases of ASF were reported across three regions of the country. In total, the northern, central, and southern regions presented 64.9, 17.8, and 17.3% of the total cases, respectively. When analyzing the incidence risk (IR) of ASF per 100,000 pigs, the Cabo Delgado province had the highest IR (17,301.1), followed by the Maputo province (8868.6). In the space-time analysis, three clusters were formed in each region: (i) Cluster A involved the provinces of Cabo Delgado and Nampula (north), (ii) Cluster B involved the province of Maputo and the city of Maputo (south), and (iii) Cluster C consisted of the provinces of Manica and Sofala (central) in 2006. However, when analyzing the temporal trend in the provinces, most were found to be decreasing, except for Sofala, Inhambane, and Maputo, which had a stationary trend. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the spatial distribution of ASF in Mozambique. These findings will contribute to increasing official ASF control programs by identifying high-risk areas and raising awareness of the importance of controlling the borders between provinces and countries to prevent their spread to other regions of the world.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Africana , Febre Suína Africana , Doenças dos Suínos , Suínos , Animais , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Febre Suína Africana/prevenção & controle , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Sus scrofa , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
African swine fever is a lethal disease of domestic pigs, geographically expanding as a pandemic, that is affecting countries across Eurasia and severely damaging their swine production industry. After more than 40 years of being absent in the Western hemisphere, in 2020 ASF reappeared in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The recent outbreak strain in the Dominican Republic has been identified as a genotype II ASFV a derivative of the ASF strain circulating in Asia and Europe. However, to date no full-length genome sequence from either the 1978-1980 Here we report the complete genome sequence of an African swine fever virus (ASFV) (DR-1980) that was previously isolated from blood collected in 1980 from the Dominican Republic at the end of the last outbreak, before culling of all swine on the island of Hispaniola and stored in the Plum Island Animal Disease Center ASFV repository. A contig representing the full-length genome (183,687 base pairs) was de novo assembled into a single contig using both Nanopore and Illumina sequences. DR-1980 was determined to belong to genotype I and, as determined by full genome comparison, a close relative to the sequenced Sardinia viruses that were causing outbreaks at this time.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Africana , Febre Suína Africana , Suínos , Animais , Vírus da Febre Suína Africana/genética , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , República Dominicana/epidemiologia , Sus scrofa , Surtos de DoençasRESUMO
Pork accounts for almost one-third of the meat consumed worldwide. Infectious diseases have a marked impact on pig production. Epidemiological indicators are considered the most useful criteria in decision-making; however, a health status assessment remains a challenge at the national and regional levels. This study proposes a health index including herd-losses, morbidity, fatality, and type of diseases, to rate the health situation in a region or country; it contributes to assessing the effectiveness of control, damage manifestation, and trends. It is a multidimensional index with a structure of triads and simple quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative expressions that use flexible and dynamics limits. With it, we analyzed twenty-one countries in 2005-2018, focusing on African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot-mouth-disease, and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome, diseases that caused 72% of the morbidity. Our multidimensional approach estimates farm, local, and regional impact from infectious agents and outbreaks, and apprises trends aiming to be useful to control measures, strategic actions, and animal health policies.
Assuntos
Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Peste Suína Clássica/epidemiologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/veterinária , Febre Aftosa/epidemiologia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Febre Suína Africana/mortalidade , Febre Suína Africana/virologia , Animais , Peste Suína Clássica/mortalidade , Peste Suína Clássica/virologia , Febre Aftosa/mortalidade , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/mortalidade , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/virologia , Sus scrofa , SuínosRESUMO
Management and policy decisions are continually made to mitigate disease introductions in animal populations despite often limited surveillance data or knowledge of disease transmission processes. Science-based management is broadly recognized as leading to more effective decisions yet application of models to actively guide disease surveillance and mitigate risks remains limited. Disease-dynamic models are an efficient method of providing information for management decisions because of their ability to integrate and evaluate multiple, complex processes simultaneously while accounting for uncertainty common in animal diseases. Here we review disease introduction pathways and transmission processes crucial for informing disease management and models at the interface of domestic animals and wildlife. We describe how disease transmission models can improve disease management and present a conceptual framework for integrating disease models into the decision process using adaptive management principles. We apply our framework to a case study of African swine fever virus in wild and domestic swine to demonstrate how disease-dynamic models can improve mitigation of introduction risk. We also identify opportunities to improve the application of disease models to support decision-making to manage disease at the interface of domestic and wild animals. First, scientists must focus on objective-driven models providing practical predictions that are useful to those managing disease. In order for practical model predictions to be incorporated into disease management a recognition that modeling is a means to improve management and outcomes is important. This will be most successful when done in a cross-disciplinary environment that includes scientists and decision-makers representing wildlife and domestic animal health. Lastly, including economic principles of value-of-information and cost-benefit analysis in disease-dynamic models can facilitate more efficient management decisions and improve communication of model forecasts. Integration of disease-dynamic models into management and decision-making processes is expected to improve surveillance systems, risk mitigations, outbreak preparedness, and outbreak response activities.
Assuntos
Febre Suína Africana/transmissão , Doenças dos Animais/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Modelos Estatísticos , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Febre Suína Africana/prevenção & controle , Febre Suína Africana/virologia , Agricultura , Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Animais/virologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Tomada de Decisões , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Medição de Risco , SuínosRESUMO
A Peste Suína Africana (psa) é uma doença infecciosa de etiologia viral exclusiva da espécie suidea. Pode se apresentar tanto como um quadro superagudo como de uma forma clinicamente não aparente, com animais caracterizados como portadores sãos. A psa causa altíssimo prejuízo econômico, o vírus é resistente a amplas variações de pH e pode permanecer viável na pele por quase um ano. A psa teve sua origem no continente africano no início do século XX, e a partir das primeiras décadas do século XXI tem sido confirmada em países da Europa e da Ásia. Desde o ano de 2018 o rebanho suíno da China tem sido assolado pela psa, apresentando uma estimativa de redução do plantel situada entre 20 e 30%. No Brasil, o primeiro surto da psa ocorreu em 1978 quando foram registrados 223 focos da psa, contudo, em 1984 o país foi declarado livre da doença. Intensas ações de vigilância sanitária e epidemiológica são fundamentais para que a psa não volte a atingir a suinocultura brasileira.
Assuntos
Animais , Febre Suína Africana/classificação , Febre Suína Africana/diagnóstico , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
A Peste Suína Africana (psa) é uma doença infecciosa de etiologia viral exclusiva da espécie suidea. Pode se apresentar tanto como um quadro superagudo como de uma forma clinicamente não aparente, com animais caracterizados como portadores sãos. A psa causa altíssimo prejuízo econômico, o vírus é resistente a amplas variações de pH e pode permanecer viável na pele por quase um ano. A psa teve sua origem no continente africano no início do século XX, e a partir das primeiras décadas do século XXI tem sido confirmada em países da Europa e da Ásia. Desde o ano de 2018 o rebanho suíno da China tem sido assolado pela psa, apresentando uma estimativa de redução do plantel situada entre 20 e 30%. No Brasil, o primeiro surto da psa ocorreu em 1978 quando foram registrados 223 focos da psa, contudo, em 1984 o país foi declarado livre da doença. Intensas ações de vigilância sanitária e epidemiológica são fundamentais para que a psa não volte a atingir a suinocultura brasileira.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Febre Suína Africana/classificação , Febre Suína Africana/diagnóstico , Febre Suína Africana/epidemiologia , Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
African swine fever (ASF) causes greater sanitary, social and economic impacts on swine herds than many other swine diseases. Although ASF was first described in 1921 and it has affected more than fifty countries in Africa, Europe and South America, several key issues about its pathogenesis, immune evasion and epidemiology remain uncertain. This article reviews the main characteristics of the causative virus, its molecular epidemiology, natural hosts, clinical features, epidemiology and control worldwide. It also identifies and prioritizes gaps in ASF from a horizontal point of view encompassing fields including molecular biology, epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and vaccine development. The purpose of this review is to promote ASF research and enhance its control.