RESUMO
Deficiencies of nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, lipids, and trace elements during gestation and early infanthood have strong deleterious effects on the development of the limbic system; these effects may be irreversible, even when adequate supplementation is provided at later developmental stages. Recent advances in the neurochemistry of biometals are increasingly establishing the roles of the trace elements iron, copper, zinc, and selenium in a variety of cell functions and are providing insight into the repercussions of deficiencies and excesses of these elements on the development of the central nervous system, especially the limbic system. The limbic system comprises diverse areas with high metabolic demands and differential storage of iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. This review summarizes available evidence suggesting the involvement of these trace elements in pathological disorders of the limbic system.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/etiologia , Sistema Límbico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Límbico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oligoelementos/sangue , Oligoelementos/deficiência , Encefalopatias/sangue , Cobre/sangue , Cobre/deficiência , Cobre/fisiologia , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Ferro/fisiologia , Deficiências de Ferro , Sistema Límbico/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Selênio/sangue , Selênio/deficiência , Selênio/fisiologia , Zinco/sangue , Zinco/deficiência , Zinco/fisiologiaRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of growth hormone therapy on energy expenditure, lipid profile, oxidative stress and cardiac energy metabolism in aging and obesity conditions. Life expectancy is increasing in world population and with it, the incidence of public health problems such as obesity and cardiac alterations. Because growth hormone (GH) concentration is referred to be decreased in aging conditions, a question must be addressed: what is the effect of GH on aging related adverse changes? To investigate the effects of GH on cardiac energy metabolism and its association with calorimetric parameters, lipid profile and oxidative stress in aged and obese rats, initially 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups (n=16), C: given standard-chow and water; H: given hypercaloric-chow and receiving 30% sucrose in its drinking water. After 45 days, both C and H groups were divided into 2 subgroups (n=8), C+PL: standard-chow, water, and receiving saline subcutaneously; C+GH: standard-chow, water, and receiving 2 mg/kg/day rhGH subcutaneously; H+PL: hypercaloric-chow, 30% sucrose, receiving saline subcutaneously; H+GH: hypercaloric-chow, 30% sucrose, receiving rhGH subcutaneously. After 30 days, C+GH and H+PL rats had higher body mass index, Lee-index, body fat content, percent-adiposity, serum triacylglycerol, cardiac lipid-hydroperoxide, and triacylglycerol than C+PL. Energy-expenditure (RMR)/body weight, oxygen consumption and fat-oxidation were higher in H+GH than in H+PL. LDL-cholesterol was highest in H+GH rats, whereas cardiac pyruvate-dehydrogenase and phosphofrutokinase were higher in H+GH and H+PL rats than in C+PL. In conclusion, the present study brought new insights on aging and obesity, demonstrating for the first time that GH therapy was harmful in aged and obesity conditions, impairing calorimetric parameters and lipid profile. GH was disadvantageous in control old rats, having undesirable effects on triacylglycerol accumulation and cardiac oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Calorimetria , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/farmacologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Aterosclerose/sangue , Aterosclerose/patologia , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/administração & dosagem , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Miocárdio/enzimologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Integrated Food Security Program (Programa Integrado de Seguridad Alimentaria [PISA]) implemented a campaign to promote weekly multimicronutrient supplementation among women and adolescent girls of childbearing age and children under 5 years of age. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of the campaign on the growth of children and on anemia among children and among women and adolescent girls of childbearing age. METHODS: Weekly multimicronutrient supplementation was provided for 8 weeks. Weights, heights, and hemoglobin concentrations were assessed at the beginning and end of the campaign. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although supplementation did not significantly increase the hemoglobin concentrations of children (p = .80) or women and adolescent girls (p = .65) in the intervention group, the hemoglobin concentrations of the comparison groups were significantly lower after 8 weeks (p = .001 for children and p = .03 for women and adolescent girls). Furthermore, the percentage of anemic children in the comparison group increased significantly (p <.001), and the final value was significantly higher than that for the intervention group (p = .004). There were no significant effects of weekly multimicronutrient supplementation on the growth of children, but the study was too short to reliably determine any effects on growth.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoglobinas/análise , Micronutrientes/uso terapêutico , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Pobreza , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Estatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Estatura/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Ferro/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia , Estado Nutricional , Peru/epidemiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The effect of excessive alcohol intake on the protein requirements and metabolism in normal subjects has not been clearly determined. In this study we measured the nitrogen balance, the hematrocrit, the hemoglobin, the serum albumin, the cholesterol, and the plasmatic amino acids in 7 non-alcoholic subjects of 25 +/- 5 years of age. A comparison was made of a diet containing 0.8 g of protein per k of weight and 40 Kcal per k of weight administered during 11 days with a period of the same length in which the 1.400 Kcal provided during the control period by carbon hydrates was provided by ethanol (200 g). During the alcoholic period no importants changes were observed in the nitrogen balance, a tendency towards greater positivity being registered. There was a decrease in the serum albumin of 4, 69 +/- 0.31 vs 3, 90 +/- 0,32 g/100 ml and an increase in globulin 1,74 +/- 0,70 vs 2,69 +/- 0,22 g/100 ml. The results showed that in a short period of time the excessive alcohol intake in normal subjects does not increase the protein requirements in spite of a decrease in the serum albumin being observed.