RESUMO

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Factors increasing the risks for CVD development are related to obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and lifestyle. CVD risk factors may be treated with appropriate drugs, but prolonged can use cause undesirable side-effects. Among the natural products used in complementary and alternative medicines, are the ß-ᴅ-glucans; biopolymers found in foods (cereals, mushrooms), and can easily be produced by microbial fermentation. Independent of source, ß-glucans of the mixed-linked types [(1 → 3)(1 → 6)-ß-ᴅ-glucans - fungal, and (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-ß-ᴅ-glucans - cereal] have widely been studied because of their biological activities, and have demonstrated cardiovascular protective effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of ß-ᴅ-glucans in various pathophysiological conditions that lead to CVDs including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke. The ß-glucans from all of the sources cited demonstrated potential hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and anti-obesogenicity activities, reduced hypertension and ameliorated the atherosclerosis condition. More recently, ß-glucans are recognized as possessing prebiotic properties that modulate the gut microbiome and impact on the health benefits including cardiovascular. Overall, all the studies investigated unequivocally demonstrated the dietary benefits of consuming ß-glucans regardless of source, thus constituting a promising panaceutical approach to reduce CVD risk factors.

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Dekkera bruxellensis is one of the most important contaminant yeasts of alcoholic fermentation. The use of propolis, which can selectively target contaminating yeasts without affecting the starter one, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, could be a useful nonconventional strategy for controlling the growth of contaminant yeasts. The objective of this research was to evaluate four samples of propolis produced by Apis mellifera honeybees from different regions of Argentina as antimicrobial agents against the growth of D. bruxellensis and S. cerevisiae. Hydroalcoholic extracts of propolis were prepared with ethanol:water (70:30 v/v), and the specific absorbance and final concentration of the samples were evaluated. A qualitative in vitro assay in solid medium was performed with different propolis concentrations, and the evaluation of yeast growth was based on a qualitative scale. A quantitative in vitro assay in liquid medium was also performed to assess the yeast cell number, using two different propolis concentrations. The cell number of D. bruxellensis decreased 1.52 and 1.85 log cycles with the two propolis extracts utilised at a concentration of 4.5 mg mL-1 while the cell number of S. cerevisiae decreased 0.48 and 0.76 log cycles with the same samples of propolis. The results from both assays demonstrated the selectivity of propolis use on the yeast species, leading to a higher inhibition of D. bruxellensis growth. This indicates a good potential for using propolis at the concentration of 4.5 mg mL-1, as a nonconventional strategy to control the growth of D. bruxellensis without significantly affecting S. cerevisiae, the yeast starter of ethanol fermentation.

Dekkera bruxellensis é uma das mais importantes leveduras contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica. O uso de própolis, que pode seletivamente afetar a levedura contaminante mas não a levedura do processo, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pode ser uma estratégia não convencional útil para o controle de leveduras contaminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quatro amostras de própolis produzidas por Apis mellifera de diferentes regiões da Argentina como agentes antimicrobianos no controle do crescimento de D. bruxellensis e S. cerevisiae. Foram preparados extratos hidroalcoólicos de própolis com etanol: água (70:30 v/v) e avaliadas a absorbância específica e concentração final das amostras. Um ensaio qualitativo in vitro foi realizado em meio sólido com diferentes concentrações de própolis e a avaliação do crescimento da levedura foi baseada em uma escala qualitativa. Um ensaio quantitativo in vitro em meio líquido foi realizado com duas concentrações de própolis, avaliando-se o número de leveduras. O número de células de D. bruxellensis diminuiu 1,52 e 1,85 ciclos log com dois extratos de própolis na concentração de 4,5 mg mL-1 enquanto para S. cerevisiae, a diminuição no número de células foi de 0,48 e 0,76 ciclos log com as mesmas amostras de própolis. Os resultados de ambos os ensaios demonstraram claramente a seletividade do efeito do emprego de própolis nas leveduras estudadas, resultando em maior inibição no crescimento da levedura D. bruxellensis. Isso indica a boa perspectiva do uso de própolis, na concentração de 4,5 mg mL-1, como uma estratégia não convencional para controlar o crescimento de D. bruxellensis sem afetar substancialmente S. cerevisiae, a levedura agente da fermentação etanólica.

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RESUMO

Dekkera bruxellensis is one of the most important contaminant yeasts of alcoholic fermentation. The use of propolis, which can selectively target contaminating yeasts without affecting the starter one, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, could be a useful nonconventional strategy for controlling the growth of contaminant yeasts. The objective of this research was to evaluate four samples of propolis produced by Apis mellifera honeybees from different regions of Argentina as antimicrobial agents against the growth of D. bruxellensis and S. cerevisiae. Hydroalcoholic extracts of propolis were prepared with ethanol:water (70:30 v/v), and the specific absorbance and final concentration of the samples were evaluated. A qualitative in vitro assay in solid medium was performed with different propolis concentrations, and the evaluation of yeast growth was based on a qualitative scale. A quantitative in vitro assay in liquid medium was also performed to assess the yeast cell number, using two different propolis concentrations. The cell number of D. bruxellensis decreased 1.52 and 1.85 log cycles with the two propolis extracts utilised at a concentration of 4.5 mg mL-1 while the cell number of S. cerevisiae decreased 0.48 and 0.76 log cycles with the same samples of propolis. The results from both assays demonstrated the selectivity of propolis use on the yeast species, leading to a higher inhibition of D. bruxellensis growth. This indicates a good potential for using propolis at the concentration of 4.5 mg mL-1, as a nonconventional strategy to control the growth of D. bruxellensis without significantly affecting S. cerevisiae, the yeast starter of ethanol fermentation.(AU)

Dekkera bruxellensis é uma das mais importantes leveduras contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica. O uso de própolis, que pode seletivamente afetar a levedura contaminante mas não a levedura do processo, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pode ser uma estratégia não convencional útil para o controle de leveduras contaminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quatro amostras de própolis produzidas por Apis mellifera de diferentes regiões da Argentina como agentes antimicrobianos no controle do crescimento de D. bruxellensis e S. cerevisiae. Foram preparados extratos hidroalcoólicos de própolis com etanol: água (70:30 v/v) e avaliadas a absorbância específica e concentração final das amostras. Um ensaio qualitativo in vitro foi realizado em meio sólido com diferentes concentrações de própolis e a avaliação do crescimento da levedura foi baseada em uma escala qualitativa. Um ensaio quantitativo in vitro em meio líquido foi realizado com duas concentrações de própolis, avaliando-se o número de leveduras. O número de células de D. bruxellensis diminuiu 1,52 e 1,85 ciclos log com dois extratos de própolis na concentração de 4,5 mg mL-1 enquanto para S. cerevisiae, a diminuição no número de células foi de 0,48 e 0,76 ciclos log com as mesmas amostras de própolis. Os resultados de ambos os ensaios demonstraram claramente a seletividade do efeito do emprego de própolis nas leveduras estudadas, resultando em maior inibição no crescimento da levedura D. bruxellensis. Isso indica a boa perspectiva do uso de própolis, na concentração de 4,5 mg mL-1, como uma estratégia não convencional para controlar o crescimento de D. bruxellensis sem afetar substancialmente S. cerevisiae, a levedura agente da fermentação etanólica.(AU)

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The same food formulation processed to obtain two different starch gelatinisations (SG) and resistant starch (RS) contents was evaluated in old and adult dogs, regarding apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fermentation products in faeces, and postprandial glucose and insulin responses. A diet with corn was ground and extruded in two different ways, obtaining Low RS (2.2 g/kg DM; 99.9% of SG) and High RS (15.3 g/kg DM; 62.6% of SG). Each diet was fed to adults (4.0 ± 0.7 years) or old beagle dogs (11.5 ± 0.4 years) in a 2 (ages) x 2 (RS amounts) factorial arrangement with 8 dogs per food. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance, and postprandial responses by analysis of variance of repeated measurements over time (p < 0.05). Diet × age interaction was observed for protein ATTD, with lower values for old dogs fed High RS than those for the other treatments (p < 0.05). No age or diet effect was verified for the ATTD of other nutrients and faecal score. Faecal moisture and pH were higher for adults than that for old dogs (p < 0.05). The High RS food increased acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in faeces, regardless of age (p < 0.01). Old dogs presented lower acetate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and higher lactate and ammonia than adults (p < 0.05). Only for old dogs the intake of the High RS food reduced ammonia and increased faecal lactate (p < 0.05). An age × diet interaction was verified for glucose postprandial response, with lower values for old dogs fed High RS food (p < 0.05), while no differences were found for the other treatments. Old dogs had higher postprandial insulin secretion regardless of the diet (p < 0.05), and lower insulin increment at 180 min after the meal when fed the Low RS than when fed the High RS food (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the diet with lower SG and higher RS improved the intestinal microenvironment, with higher butyrate and total SCFA without altering faeces production or score. Old dogs presented less acetate and total SCFA and higher lactate and ammonia in faeces than adults. The High RS food increased lactate and reduced ammonia in faeces of old dogs, with possible positive influences for gut health. Old dogs had higher postprandial insulin secretion than that of adults to maintain blood glucose, and the diet with higher RS content reduced the postprandial glucose response of old dogs.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using encapsulated nitrate product (ENP) replacing soybean meal in diets differing in concentrate to forage ratio on ruminal fermentation and methane production in vitro using a semi-automatic gas production technique. Eight treatments were used in a randomized complete design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement: two diet (20C:80F and 80C:20F concentrate to forage ratio) and four levels of ENP addition (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% of DM) replacing soybean meal. There was a diet × ENP interaction (p = 0.02) for methane production. According to ENP addition, diets with 80C:20F showed more intense reduction on methane production that 20C:80F. A negative linear effect was observed for propionate production with ENP addition in diet with 80C:20F and to the relative abundance of methanogens Archaea, in both diet. The replacement of soybean meal by ENP in levels up to 3% of DM inhibited methane production due to a reduction in the methanogens community without affecting the organic matter degradability. However, ENP at 4.5% of DM level affected fiber degradability, abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, and propionic acid production, indicating that this level of inclusion is not recommended for ruminant production.

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AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in a diet on the systemic health and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of dogs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen healthy 11-month-old Beagle dogs were distributed at random (eight animals per treatment) in two treatments groups: control (0 g kg-1 IgY) and test (2 g IgY per day). The animals were evaluated on days 0 and 40 for a complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical profiles (ALT, ALP, creatinine and urea). Faecal samples were collected from days 35 to 40 to measure nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics, sialic acid, intestinal microbiota composition and microbial metabolites. The CBC, biochemical profiles, apparent nutrient digestibility and faecal characteristics did not differ between the two treatment groups (P > 0·05). Dog faeces that received IgY were characterized by lower sialic acid and n-valeric concentration, as well as an increase in n-butyric concentration, in contrast to dogs fed a diet without IgY (P < 0·05). The other microbial faecal metabolites did not differ between the two treatment groups (P > 0·05). There tended to be an increase in the copy number of Clostridium cluster XIVa (Clostridium coccoides group) in the IgY group in contrast to the control group (P = 0·07). The other bacteria analysed did not differ between the treatment groups (P > 0·05). The colonic pH in the IgY group was lower than in control group (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of IgY in the diet of healthy dogs maintains the microbial balance and has an interesting effect on microbial metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of IgY, antibodies produced by laying hens, in animal feed is an alternative for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases in companion animals.

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The aim of this research was to study the production of humic acids (HA) by Trichoderma reesei from empty fruit bunches (EFBs) of palm oil processing, with a focus on the effects of lignocellulosic content and residual lipids. EFBs from two different soils and palm oil producers were previously characterized about their lignocellulosic composition. Submerged fermentations were inoculated with T. reesei spores and set up with or without residual lipids. The results showed that the soil and the processing for removal of the palm fresh fruits were crucial to EFB quality. Thus, EFBs were classified as type 1 (higher lignocellulosic and fatty acids composition similar to the palm oil and palm kernel oil) and type 2 (lower lignocellulosic content and fatty acids composition similar to palm oil). Despite the different profiles, the fungal growth was similar for both EFB types. HA production was associated with fungal growth, and it was higher without lipids for both EFBs. The highest HA productivity was obtained from type 1 EFB (approximately 90 mg L-1 at 48 h). Therefore, the lignocellulosic composition and the nature of the residual lipids in EFBs play an important role in HA production by submerged fermentation.

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BACKGROUND: Copper (Cu) is an essential microelement to the health and proper functioning of metabolic processes in animals, but the particular function of Cu in fermentation processes and the formation of methane (CH4 ) in the rumen have been poorly analyzed. The innovative aspect of this study was to investigate the effects of high doses of Cu as copper sulfate on in vitro ruminal degradation, fermentation patterns, and CH4 production. RESULTS: There was a decrease (P < 0.04) on in vitro dry matter (DM) and organic matter degradability from 60 to 100 µg Cu/g DM. Ammonia concentration decreased drastically with increasing Cu levels (linear effect, P < 0.01). Total bacteria and volatile fatty acids (quadratic effect, P < 0.02) were reduced with 80 and 100 µg Cu/g DM. Methane production (milliliters per gram digestible organic matter) was decreased when dosages of Cu were increased (linear effect, P < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Overall, the addition of increasing levels of Cu to 40 µg Cu/g DM did not have an adverse impact on ruminal bacteria growth and decreased CH4 production, without affecting the ruminal kinetics. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannins versus Monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation of a feedlot diet. The treatments were: control (no additives); low tannin (2 mg g DM-1); medium tannin (4 mg g DM-1), high tannin (6 mg g DM-1), and Monensin (0.02 mg g DM-1). The substrate was a feedlot diet composed by hay and concentrate (15:85 w/w; DM basis). Ruminal fluid was obtained from three rumen-cannulated male Santa Inês sheep. In vitro incubations were carried out during four consecutive weeks (run). Gas production (GP) was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h of incubation. At 48 and 96 h, two bottles per treatment were withdrawn to measure pH, ammonia concentration (NH3), volatile fatty acid (VFA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD). Addition of tannin or Monensin did not affect (P > 0.05) the kinetics parameters. Tannin supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the GP at 24 h compared to Monensin. Addition of Monensin decreased (P < 0.05) IVDMD at 96 h and IVNDFD at 48 and 96 h compared to the control. The IVNDFD was lower (P < 0.05) with Monensin than with tannin at 48 and 96 h. The NH3 was lower (P < 0.05) with tannin compared with Monensin. By increasing tannin dosage, NH3 levels changed quadratically (P < 0.05). The inclusion of tannin in vitro reduced the NH3 concentration considerably when used in low dose.

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de taninos versus monensina sobre a fermentação ruminal in vitro de uma ração para ovinos em confinamento. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem a inclusão de aditivos); baixa dose de tanino (2 mg g MS-1); média dose de tanino (4 mg g MS-1), alta dose de tanino (6 mg g MS-1), e monensina (0,02 mg g MS-1). O substrato utilizado foi uma ração para ovinos em confinamento composta por feno e concentrado (15:85 w/w; base da MS). O fluido ruminal foi obtido de três ovinos Santa Inês, machos não castrados, com cânula ruminal. As incubações in vitro foram realizadas em quatro semanas consecutivas (uma incubação por semana). A produção de gás (PG) foi mensurada nos tempos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84 e 96 horas de incubação. Nos tempos de 48 e 96 horas, dois frascos/tratamento foram retirados para mensurar pH, concentração de amônia (NH3), ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN). A adição de tanino ou monensina não afetaram (P > 0,05) os parâmetros cinéticos. A suplementação de tanino reduz (P < 0,05) a PG em 24 horas de incubação comparado com a monensina. A inclusão de monensina reduz (P < 0,05) a DIVMS em 96 horas e a DIVFDN em 48 e 96 horas comparada ao controle. A DIVFDN foi menor (P < 0,05) com monensina que com tanino em 48 e 96 horas. A NH3 foi menor (P < 0,05) com tanino comparado à monensina. Aumentando a dose de tanino, a NH3 altera de forma quadrática (P < 0,05). A inclusão de tanino reduz consideravelmente as concentrações in vitro de NH3 quando usado em baixas doses.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannins versus Monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation of a feedlot diet. The treatments were: control (no additives); low tannin (2 mg g DM-1); medium tannin (4 mg g DM-1), high tannin (6 mg g DM-1), and Monensin (0.02 mg g DM-1). The substrate was a feedlot diet composed by hay and concentrate (15:85 w/w; DM basis). Ruminal fluid was obtained from three rumen-cannulated male Santa Inês sheep. In vitro incubations were carried out during four consecutive weeks (run). Gas production (GP) was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h of incubation. At 48 and 96 h, two bottles per treatment were withdrawn to measure pH, ammonia concentration (NH3), volatile fatty acid (VFA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD). Addition of tannin or Monensin did not affect (P > 0.05) the kinetics parameters. Tannin supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the GP at 24 h compared to Monensin. Addition of Monensin decreased (P < 0.05) IVDMD at 96 h and IVNDFD at 48 and 96 h compared to the control. The IVNDFD was lower (P < 0.05) with Monensin than with tannin at 48 and 96 h. The NH3 was lower (P < 0.05) with tannin compared with Monensin. By increasing tannin dosage, NH3 levels changed quadratically (P < 0.05). The inclusion of tannin in vitro reduced the NH3 concentration considerably when used in low dose.(AU)

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de taninos versus monensina sobre a fermentação ruminal in vitro de uma ração para ovinos em confinamento. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem a inclusão de aditivos); baixa dose de tanino (2 mg g MS-1); média dose de tanino (4 mg g MS-1), alta dose de tanino (6 mg g MS-1), e monensina (0,02 mg g MS-1). O substrato utilizado foi uma ração para ovinos em confinamento composta por feno e concentrado (15:85 w/w; base da MS). O fluido ruminal foi obtido de três ovinos Santa Inês, machos não castrados, com cânula ruminal. As incubações in vitro foram realizadas em quatro semanas consecutivas (uma incubação por semana). A produção de gás (PG) foi mensurada nos tempos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84 e 96 horas de incubação. Nos tempos de 48 e 96 horas, dois frascos/tratamento foram retirados para mensurar pH, concentração de amônia (NH3), ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN). A adição de tanino ou monensina não afetaram (P > 0,05) os parâmetros cinéticos. A suplementação de tanino reduz (P < 0,05) a PG em 24 horas de incubação comparado com a monensina. A inclusão de monensina reduz (P < 0,05) a DIVMS em 96 horas e a DIVFDN em 48 e 96 horas comparada ao controle. A DIVFDN foi menor (P < 0,05) com monensina que com tanino em 48 e 96 horas. A NH3 foi menor (P < 0,05) com tanino comparado à monensina. Aumentando a dose de tanino, a NH3 altera de forma quadrática (P < 0,05). A inclusão de tanino reduz consideravelmente as concentrações in vitro de NH3 quando usado em baixas doses.(AU)

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