RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for South American children and adolescents was developed, but its validity for assessing dietary iron intake has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of the FFQ and 24-hour dietary recalls (24h-DR) for assessing dietary iron intake in children and adolescents. DESIGN: The South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental study is a multicenter observational study, conducted in five South American cities: Buenos Aires (Argentina), Lima (Peru), Medellin (Colombia), Sao Paulo, and Teresina (Brazil). The FFQ assessed dietary intake over the previous 3 months, and the 24h-DR was completed three times (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) with a minimum 5-day interval between recalls. Blood samples were collected to assess serum iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin levels. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Data of 99 children (aged 3 to 10 years) and 50 adolescents (aged 11 to 17 years) from public and private schools were collected during 2015 to 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary iron intake calculated from the FFQ (using the sum of daily iron intake in all food/food groups) and 24h-DR (mean of 3 days using the multiple source method). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Dietary iron intake in relation to blood biomarkers were assessed using Spearman rank correlations adjusted for sex, age, and total energy intake, and the quadratic weighted κ coefficients for agreement. RESULTS: Spearman correlations showed very good coefficients (range = 0.78 to 0.85) for the FFQ in both age groups; for the 24h-DR, the coefficients were weak in children and adolescents (range = 0.23 to 0.28). The agreement ranged from 59.9% to 72.9% for the FFQ and from 63.9% to 81.9% for the 24h-DR. CONCLUSION: The South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental study FFQ exhibited good validity to rank total dietary iron intake in children and adolescents, and as well as the 24h-DR, presented good strength of agreements when compared with serum iron and ferritin levels.
Assuntos
Inquéritos sobre Dietas/normas , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Avaliação Nutricional , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adolescente , Criança , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , América do SulRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Iron homeostasis contribute for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the iron intake pattern in antiretroviral naïve Brazilian men living with HIV correlating with clinical and nutritional parameters. METHODS: The iron consumption mean was estimated according to a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a 3-day food record (3dFR) submitted to the patients. HIV viral load, CD4+ T cell counts, serum iron, haematological and anthropometrics parameters were recorded. FINDINGS: Fifty-one HIV-infected adult men naïve for antiretroviral therapy (ART) were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 35 (SEM ± 1.28) years old, with mean time of HIV-1 infection of 1.78 (0-16.36, min-max) years. Majority (41.18%) had complete secondary, and 21.57% had tertiary educational level. The income was around 1x (54.90%) to 2x (41.18%) minimum wage. Fifty-four percent showed normal weight, while 40% were overweight. The patients showed normal mean values of haematological parameters, and mean serum iron was 14.40 µM (SEM ± 0.83). The FFQ showed moderate correlation with the 3dFR (ρ = 0.5436, p = 0.0009), and the mean values of iron intake were 10.55(± 0.92) mg/day, recorded by FFQ, and 15.75(± 1.51) mg/day, recorded by 3dFR. The iron intake, recorded by FFQ, negatively correlated with serum iron (ρ = -0.3448, p = 0.0132), and did not have influence in the CD4+ T cell counts [e.B 0.99 (0.97-1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI), p = 0.2]. However, the iron intake showed a positive effect in HIV viral load [e.B 1.12 (1.02-1.25, 95%CI), p < 0.01]. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This study draws attention for the importance of iron intake nutritional counseling in people living with HIV. However, more studies are required to clarify the association between high iron intake and HIV infection and outcome.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Ferro da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Homeostase , Humanos , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) exposure has adverse health effects in children. Diet contributes to Cd exposure, but dietary components could affect body Cd levels. OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between diet and urinary Cd (U-Cd) in children. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay, Cd exposure of 5-8â¯year old children (nâ¯=â¯279 with complete data) was assessed in first morning urine (U-Cd), a marker of long-term exposure, measured by ICP-MS and adjusted for specific gravity. Distribution of U-Cd was (median [5%, 95%]: 0.06 [0.02, 0.17] µg/L); data were natural-log-transformed (ln) for statistical analyses. Serum ferritin (SF), an indicator of iron stores, was measured in fasting samples. Trained nutritionists completed two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls with both child and caregiver present. Measures of iron, zinc, calcium and fiber intake, and the consumption of grains, root vegetables, milk, and foods rich in heme iron (white and read meats) and non-heme iron (legumes, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes, dried fruit) were derived. Multivariable ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinal regressions were used to examine associations among tertiles of water Cd, SF, diet, and U-Cd. OLS models were further stratified by sex. RESULTS: In covariate-adjusted models, SF was not related to ln-U-Cd. Children in highest tertile of iron and zinc intake had lower ln-U-Cd: (-0.23 [-0.42, -0.03]) and (-0.25 [-0.44, -0.05]), respectively, compared to the reference group. Children consuming higher amounts of foods rich in heme iron had slightly lower ln-U-Cd (-0.17 [-0.36, 0.03]). High grain consumption was related to higher ln-U-Cd (0.25 [0.06, 0.45]). CONCLUSIONS: Diets rich in grains were related to higher urinary Cd levels among children living in the context of low Cd pollution. Higher intake of iron and zinc was related to lower Cd levels. Given that urinary Cd is mainly a marker of long-term exposure, these findings should be further corroborated.
Assuntos
Cádmio/urina , Dieta , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Zinco/análise , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Uruguai , Compostos de Zinco/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND Iron homeostasis contribute for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES We assessed the iron intake pattern in antiretroviral naïve Brazilian men living with HIV correlating with clinical and nutritional parameters. METHODS The iron consumption mean was estimated according to a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a 3-day food record (3dFR) submitted to the patients. HIV viral load, CD4+ T cell counts, serum iron, haematological and anthropometrics parameters were recorded. FINDINGS Fifty-one HIV-infected adult men naïve for antiretroviral therapy (ART) were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 35 (SEM ± 1.28) years old, with mean time of HIV-1 infection of 1.78 (0-16.36, min-max) years. Majority (41.18%) had complete secondary, and 21.57% had tertiary educational level. The income was around 1x (54.90%) to 2x (41.18%) minimum wage. Fifty-four percent showed normal weight, while 40% were overweight. The patients showed normal mean values of haematological parameters, and mean serum iron was 14.40 µM (SEM ± 0.83). The FFQ showed moderate correlation with the 3dFR (ρ = 0.5436, p = 0.0009), and the mean values of iron intake were 10.55(± 0.92) mg/day, recorded by FFQ, and 15.75(± 1.51) mg/day, recorded by 3dFR. The iron intake, recorded by FFQ, negatively correlated with serum iron (ρ = -0.3448, p = 0.0132), and did not have influence in the CD4+ T cell counts [e.B 0.99 (0.97-1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI), p = 0.2]. However, the iron intake showed a positive effect in HIV viral load [e.B 1.12 (1.02-1.25, 95%CI), p < 0.01]. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study draws attention for the importance of iron intake nutritional counseling in people living with HIV. However, more studies are required to clarify the association between high iron intake and HIV infection and outcome.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Ferro da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Ferro da Dieta/análise , HomeostaseRESUMO
To evaluate the effect of supplementation of iron dextran on blood variables and iron metabolism in lambs experimentally infected by Haemonchus contortus, four experimental groups were used: uninfected and non-supplemented animals (GI); infected animals supplemented with iron (GII); uninfected animals supplemented with iron (GIII); and infected non-supplemented animals (GIV). Groups II and IV received 10,000 larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus, and groups II and III received three doses of iron dextran (20mg/kg) intramuscularly with seven days of interval. Blood and faeces samples were collected on days 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24), and 31 (D31), in order to determine red blood cell counts, iron metabolism, and EPG. Infected animals developed anemia from D24 and anemia was more severe on D31. Animals from GII had higher hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration compared to animals of GIV on D31. Iron stores in the bone marrow were higher in GII and GIII compared to GI and GIV. The GIV showed lower seric levels of iron on D24 compared to the other groups. The iron supplementation reduces the severity of the anemia caused by infection with Haemonchus contortus in lambs, improving erythropoietic response after blood loss.(AU)
Para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de ferro dextrano sobre variáveis sanguíneas e metabolismo do ferro em cordeiros experimentalmente infectados por Haemonchus contortus, foram utilizados quatro grupos experimentais: animais não infectados e não suplementados (GI); animais infectados e suplementados com ferro (GII); animais não infectados e suplementados com ferro (GIII); e animais não suplementados infectados (GIV). Os grupos II e IV receberam 10.000 larvas (L3) de Haemonchus contortus, e os grupos II e III receberam três doses de ferro dextrano (20mg/kg) por via intramuscular com sete dias de intervalo. As amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas nos dias 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24) e 31 (D31), para determinar o eritrograma, o metabolismo do ferro e a quantidade de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG). Os cordeiros infectados desenvolveram anemia no D24, sendo esta mais severa no dia 31. Os cordeiros do GII apresentaram maior hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina em comparação com animais dd GIV no D31. Os estoques de ferro na medula óssea foram maiores no GII e GIII em comparação com o GI e GIV. O GIV mostrou menores níveis séricos de ferro no D24 em comparação com os outros grupos. A suplementação de ferro reduz a gravidade da anemia causada por infecção por Haemonchus contortus em cordeiros, melhorando a resposta eritropoietica após a perda de sangue.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/fisiologia , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Haemonchus/enzimologiaRESUMO
To evaluate the effect of supplementation of iron dextran on blood variables and iron metabolism in lambs experimentally infected by Haemonchus contortus, four experimental groups were used: uninfected and non-supplemented animals (GI); infected animals supplemented with iron (GII); uninfected animals supplemented with iron (GIII); and infected non-supplemented animals (GIV). Groups II and IV received 10,000 larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus, and groups II and III received three doses of iron dextran (20mg/kg) intramuscularly with seven days of interval. Blood and faeces samples were collected on days 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24), and 31 (D31), in order to determine red blood cell counts, iron metabolism, and EPG. Infected animals developed anemia from D24 and anemia was more severe on D31. Animals from GII had higher hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration compared to animals of GIV on D31. Iron stores in the bone marrow were higher in GII and GIII compared to GI and GIV. The GIV showed lower seric levels of iron on D24 compared to the other groups. The iron supplementation reduces the severity of the anemia caused by infection with Haemonchus contortus in lambs, improving erythropoietic response after blood loss.(AU)
Para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de ferro dextrano sobre variáveis sanguíneas e metabolismo do ferro em cordeiros experimentalmente infectados por Haemonchus contortus, foram utilizados quatro grupos experimentais: animais não infectados e não suplementados (GI); animais infectados e suplementados com ferro (GII); animais não infectados e suplementados com ferro (GIII); e animais não suplementados infectados (GIV). Os grupos II e IV receberam 10.000 larvas (L3) de Haemonchus contortus, e os grupos II e III receberam três doses de ferro dextrano (20mg/kg) por via intramuscular com sete dias de intervalo. As amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas nos dias 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24) e 31 (D31), para determinar o eritrograma, o metabolismo do ferro e a quantidade de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG). Os cordeiros infectados desenvolveram anemia no D24, sendo esta mais severa no dia 31. Os cordeiros do GII apresentaram maior hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina em comparação com animais dd GIV no D31. Os estoques de ferro na medula óssea foram maiores no GII e GIII em comparação com o GI e GIV. O GIV mostrou menores níveis séricos de ferro no D24 em comparação com os outros grupos. A suplementação de ferro reduz a gravidade da anemia causada por infecção por Haemonchus contortus em cordeiros, melhorando a resposta eritropoietica após a perda de sangue.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/fisiologia , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Haemonchus/enzimologiaRESUMO
A deficiência de ferro em bezerros neonatos está associada ao desenvolvimento de anemia, que favorece o aparecimento de outras enfermidades como pneumonia e diarreia. Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de ferro sobre o eritrograma, teores séricos de ferro, ceruloplasmina e transferrina, bem como o potencial para toxicidade do protocolo utilizado por meio da avaliação dos teores de ureia, creatinina e enzimas hepáticas. Para tal avaliação foram utilizados 40 bezerros neonatos da raça Holandesa, alocados em cinco grupos experimentais com oito animais em cada grupo, que foram submetidos aos seguintes protocolos: administração intramuscular de 5mL de solução fisiológica estéril no 5º dia de idade (grupo controle G1), e administração intramuscular de 5mL de ferro dextrano 10% nos seguintes momentos: no 5º dia de idade (G2); no 5o e no 20º dias de idade (G3); no 5o e no 30º dias de idade (G4) e no 5o, 20o e 45º dias de idade (G5). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue até 8 horas após o nascimento e aos 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade para realização do eritrograma, avaliação dos teores séricos de ferro, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, ureia, creatinina, bilirrubina total e direta, e das atividades das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT). Os animais que receberam ferro suplementar apresentaram menor oscilação nos parâmetros eritrocitários, embora os animais do grupo controle não tenham desenvolvido anemia. Notou-se também aumento, embora não significativo, nos teores séricos de ferro e das proteínas de fase aguda ceruloplasmina e transferrina, cuja atividade está relacionada ao metabolismo desse mineral. Os teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, bilirrubina total e direta e as atividades das enzimas GGT, AST e ALP não foram influenciados pelos protocolos de administração de ferro suplementar. Os protocolos de tratamento empregados não ocasionaram hepatoxidade ou nefrotoxidade aos animais. Concluiu-se que a suplementação com ferro dextrano por via parenteral em bezerros que recebem outras dietas que não apenas leite não traz benefícios que justifiquem sua indicação, embora sejam necessários mais estudos que avaliem a influência da suplementação com ferro sobre o tempo necessário para a recuperação, custos com o tratamento e impacto sobre a vida produtiva dos animais na idade adulta.(AU)
Iron deficiency in newborn calves is associated with the development of anemia, which favors the development of other infirmities such as pneumonia and diarrhea. The present study evaluated the effect of iron supplementation on erythrogram, serum levels of iron, ceruloplasmin and tranferrin, as well as potential toxicity of the protocol used by means of evaluation of urea, creatinine and hepatic enzyme activities. 40 newborn Holstein calves were allocated into 5 experimental groups comprising 8 calves each, which were subjected to the following treatment protocols: intramuscular administration of 5mL of sterile saline on the 5th day of age (control group G1), intramuscular administration of 5mL of 10% dextran iron in the following moments: on the 5th day of age (G2); on the 5th and in the 20th day of age (G3); on the 5th and 30th day of age (G4); on the 5th, 20th and 45th days of age (G5). Blood samples were taken until 8 hours after birth and with 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 days of age, and subjected to hemogram, evaluation of serum levels of iron, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, total and direct bilirrubin, and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alcaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Calves that received iron supplementation at any time presented less variation in the erythrocyte parameters, although calves in the control group did not develop anemia. Serum concentration of iron and acute phase protein ceruloplasmin and transferrin, which activities are related to iron metabolism, also increased, although not significantly. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubins and activities of AST, ALP, and GGT were not influenced by the administration protocols used in this experiment. The results of the experiment led to the conclusion that the supplementation with parenteral dextran iron in calves that receive diets other than exclusive milk does not bring sufficient advantages to be indicated, although more studies are necessary to evaluate the influence of iron supplementation on the outcome of infections in newborn calves, especially its influence on cost of treatment, time necessary for discharge and impact on its productive life.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Recém-Nascido , Bovinos , Anemia Ferropriva/veterinária , Animais Recém-Nascidos/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Ceruloplasmina/análise , Creatinina/análise , Contagem de Eritrócitos/veterinária , Transferrina/análise , Ureia/sangueRESUMO
A deficiência de ferro em bezerros neonatos está associada ao desenvolvimento de anemia, que favorece o aparecimento de outras enfermidades como pneumonia e diarreia. Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de ferro sobre o eritrograma, teores séricos de ferro, ceruloplasmina e transferrina, bem como o potencial para toxicidade do protocolo utilizado por meio da avaliação dos teores de ureia, creatinina e enzimas hepáticas. Para tal avaliação foram utilizados 40 bezerros neonatos da raça Holandesa, alocados em cinco grupos experimentais com oito animais em cada grupo, que foram submetidos aos seguintes protocolos: administração intramuscular de 5mL de solução fisiológica estéril no 5º dia de idade (grupo controle G1), e administração intramuscular de 5mL de ferro dextrano 10% nos seguintes momentos: no 5º dia de idade (G2); no 5o e no 20º dias de idade (G3); no 5o e no 30º dias de idade (G4) e no 5o, 20o e 45º dias de idade (G5). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue até 8 horas após o nascimento e aos 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade para realização do eritrograma, avaliação dos teores séricos de ferro, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, ureia, creatinina, bilirrubina total e direta, e das atividades das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT). Os animais que receberam ferro suplementar apresentaram menor oscilação nos parâmetros eritrocitários, embora os animais do grupo controle não tenham desenvolvido anemia. Notou-se também aumento, embora não significativo, nos teores séricos de ferro e das proteínas de fase aguda ceruloplasmina e transferrina, cuja atividade está relacionada ao metabolismo desse mineral. Os teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, bilirrubina total e direta e as atividades das enzimas GGT, AST e ALP não foram influenciados pelos protocolos de administração de ferro suplementar. Os protocolos de tratamento empregados não ocasionaram hepatoxidade ou nefrotoxidade aos animais...(AU)
Iron deficiency in newborn calves is associated with the development of anemia, which favors the development of other infirmities such as pneumonia and diarrhea. The present study evaluated the effect of iron supplementation on erythrogram, serum levels of iron, ceruloplasmin and tranferrin, as well as potential toxicity of the protocol used by means of evaluation of urea, creatinine and hepatic enzyme activities. 40 newborn Holstein calves were allocated into 5 experimental groups comprising 8 calves each, which were subjected to the following treatment protocols: intramuscular administration of 5mL of sterile saline on the 5th day of age (control group G1), intramuscular administration of 5mL of 10% dextran iron in the following moments: on the 5th day of age (G2); on the 5th and in the 20th day of age (G3); on the 5th and 30th day of age (G4); on the 5th, 20th and 45th days of age (G5). Blood samples were taken until 8 hours after birth and with 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 days of age, and subjected to hemogram, evaluation of serum levels of iron, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, total and direct bilirrubin, and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alcaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Calves that received iron supplementation at any time presented less variation in the erythrocyte parameters, although calves in the control group did not develop anemia. Serum concentration of iron and acute phase protein ceruloplasmin and transferrin, which activities are related to iron metabolism, also increased, although not significantly. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubins and activities of AST, ALP, and GGT were not influenced by the administration protocols used in this experiment. The results of the experiment led to the conclusion that the supplementation with parenteral dextran iron in calves that receive diets other than exclusive milk does not bring sufficient advantages to be indicated...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Recém-Nascido , Bovinos , Anemia Ferropriva/veterinária , Animais Recém-Nascidos/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Ceruloplasmina/análise , Creatinina/análise , Contagem de Eritrócitos/veterinária , Transferrina/análise , Ureia/sangueRESUMO
With the goal of investigating if epigenetic biomarkers from white blood cells (WBC) are associated with dietary, anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in young and apparently healthy individuals. We evaluated 156 individuals (91 women, 65 men; age: 23.1±3.5 years; body mass index: 22.0±2.9 kg/m(2)) for anthropometric, biochemical and clinical markers, including some components of the antioxidant defense system and inflammatory response. DNA methylation of LINE-1, TNF-α and IL-6 and the expression of some genes related to the inflammatory process were analyzed in WBC. Adiposity was lower among individuals with higher LINE-1 methylation. On the contrary, body fat-free mass was higher among those with higher LINE-1 methylation. Individuals with higher LINE-1 methylation had higher daily intakes of calories, iron and riboflavin. However, those individuals who presented lower percentages of LINE-1 methylation reported higher intakes of copper, niacin and thiamin. Interestingly, the group with higher LINE-1 methylation had a lower percentage of current smokers and more individuals practicing sports. On the other hand, TNF-α methylation percentage was negatively associated with waist girth, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-stature ratio. Plasma TNF-α levels were lower in those individuals with higher TNF-α methylation. This study suggests that higher levels of LINE-1 and TNF-α methylation are associated with better indicators of adiposity status in healthy young individuals. In addition, energy and micronutrient intake, as well as a healthy lifestyle, may have a role in the regulation of DNA methylation in WBC and the subsequent metabolic changes may affect epigenetic biomarkers.
Assuntos
Adiposidade/genética , Metilação de DNA , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Elementos Nucleotídeos Longos e Dispersos , Adulto , Biomarcadores/química , Ingestão de Energia , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/química , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Masculino , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Inadequate energy intake and poor diet quality are important causes of chronic child undernutrition. Strategies for improving diet quality using lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) are currently being tested in several countries. To date, information on children's dietary intakes during LNS use is available only from Africa. In this study, we collected 24-h dietary recalls at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months on Honduran children (n = 298) participating in a cluster-randomised trial of LNS. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine differences in number of servings of 12 food groups in the LNS and control arms, and multi-level mixed effects models were used to compare macro- and micronutrient intakes. Models accounted for clustering and adjusted for child's age, season and breastfeeding status. Mean daily servings of 12 food groups did not differ by study arm at baseline and remained similar throughout the study with the exception of groups that were partially or entirely supplied by LNS (nuts and nut butters, fats, and sweets). Baseline intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrates, protein, folate and vitamin A, but not vitamin B12, iron and zinc were lower in the LNS than control arm. The change in all macro- and micronutrients from baseline to each study visit was larger for the LNS arm than the control, except for carbohydrates from baseline to 9 months. These findings indicate that LNS improved the macro- and micronutrient intakes of young non-malnourished Honduran children without replacing other foods in their diet.