RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leukoreduction has been used to limit the risk of adverse events. The most commonly used methodology is filtration (pre- or post-storage). However, whether pre-storage filtration is better than post-storage filtration needs to be clearly defined, particularly for countries that still use post-storage filtration. This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of pre-storage filters compared with post-storage filters for transfusion reactions, for the occurrence of infections, for the length of hospital stay, and for the death of patients undergoing leukoreduced transfusion. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (APA), Scopus (Elsevier), The Cochrane Library (J. Wiley), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Embase (Elsevier), and LILACS (VHL) databases and gray literature for eligible studies in August 2020 and updated the search in October 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical assessment tools were applied to analyze the quality appraisal of the studies. GRADE was used to determine the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: The meta-analysis showed that pre-storage filtration was a protective factor for the occurrence of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction in red blood cells (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.41-0.59) and platelet concentrate transfusions (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.12-0.22). The same did not occur for post-surgical infection after platelet concentrate transfusions (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65-1.04). Only one study analyzed the length of hospital stay and showed no significant difference between patients who received leukoreduced transfusions according to the type of filter used. According to the GRADE criteria, the certainty of the evidence for febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions was low for red blood cells and very low for platelet concentrate due to the high risk of bias. Infection was a low risk due to imprecision. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review showed that the certainty of recommending the best type of filter (pre- or post-storage) for the benefit of the outcomes analyzed is still fragile; therefore, more robust evidence is needed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020192202.
Assuntos
Filtração , Procedimentos de Redução de Leucócitos , Humanos , Procedimentos de Redução de Leucócitos/métodos , Filtração/instrumentação , Preservação de Sangue/métodos , Tempo de Internação , Reação Transfusional , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Purpose Evaluate blue-violet light filter and additional power of +0.40 D in the near zone ophthalmic lenses, on convergence, accommodative functions, and symptoms of digital asthenopia (DA). Methods Randomized study in cross-over design conducted on 49 volunteers (age, 29 ± 5.5 years; male: female, 18:31). Each subject wore test (+0.40 D in the near zone) and control lenses (regular single vision) for 4 weeks in randomized order. Both lenses had a selective blue-violet light filter. A baseline measurement was taken with the subjects' current updated glasses. Accommodation amplitude (AA) and near point of convergence (NPC) were measured binocularly with the RAF ruler. DA was evaluated by a questionnaire. Results No significant difference (p=.52) was found for AA comparing baseline (11.50±1.88 D), test (11.61± 1.62 D), and control SV lenses (11.88±1.50 D). No significant difference was found for NPC (p=.94), between baseline (6.50 ± 2.89cm), test (6.71± 3.49) and control SV lenses (6.82± 3.50 cm). No significant difference was found comparing test and control SV lenses in symptoms of DA (p=0.20). Conclusions The +0.40 D lenses have no negative impact on convergence or loss of accommodation power. The +0.40 D and control SV lenses had a similar impact on attenuating symptoms of DA.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos do uso de lentes oftálmicas com filtro seletivo de luz azul-violeta, sem e com poder adicional de + 0,4D na zona de perto nas funções de acomodação e convergência e para sintomas de astenopia digital (AD). Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado e mascarado, com 49 voluntários (idade, 29 ± 5,5 anos; masculino: feminino, 18: 31). Cada participante usou lentes de teste (+0,40 D na zona de perto) e controle (visão simples), por 4 semanas de forma randomizada. Ambas as lentes tinham filtro seletivo de luz azul-violeta. A medição inicial (baseline) foi feita com os óculos atualizados de cada participante. A amplitude de acomodação (AA) e o ponto de convergência próximo (PPC) foram medidos binocularmente com a régua RAF. A AD foi avaliada por um questionário. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,52) para as medidas de AA comparando as lentes baseline (11,50±1,88 D), teste (11,61±1,62 D) e controle VS (11,88±1,50 D). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada para a medida do PPC (p=0,94), entre as lentes baseline (6,50 ± 2,89cm), teste (6,71±3,49) e controle VS (6,82±3,50 cm). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada comparando lentes teste de VS e controle nos sintomas de AD (p=0,20). Conclusões As lentes com +0,40 D não têm impacto negativo na convergência ou na perda de acomodação. As lentes +0,40 D e controle VS, tiveram impacto semelhante na redução dos sintomas de AD.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Iluminação/efeitos adversos , Computadores , Astenopia/prevenção & controle , Óculos , Filtração/instrumentação , Luz/efeitos adversos , Interface Usuário-Computador , Síndromes do Olho Seco/etiologia , Síndromes do Olho Seco/prevenção & controle , Distribuição Aleatória , Astenopia/etiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Computadores de Mão , Smartphone , Acomodação Ocular/fisiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Alternative methods of dry storage and transportation may be a viable alternative to the use of liquid storage medium for cervical samples, especially for screening programs in places with few resources. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to verify the viability and efficacy of human papillomavirus DNA (HPV-DNA) detection in cervical cell samples collected and stored on a Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) card (Whatman Indicating FTA® Elute Micro Card) and subsequently recovered in ethanol-based liquid medium and to compare the results to those obtained using samples stored directly in ethanol-based liquid medium. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-four women submitted to ETZ (excision of the transformation zone of the cervix) were included in this study. Before ETZ, 2 samples of exfoliated cervical cells were collected from each woman by a doctor and stored in ethanol-based liquid medium and on an FTA card. DNA recovery from FTA samples was performed using ethanol-based liquid medium. Detection of HPV-DNA in the samples was performed using the Cobas® 4800 HPV Test Platform. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The HPV-DNA detection positivity rates were 70.6% for the samples collected directly in liquid medium and 64.7% for the samples stored on the FTA card, with high detection accuracy in the DNA samples recovered from the FTA card (area under the curve = 0.958; 95% confidence interval = 0.890-1.000). The concordance between the results obtained using the 2 storage media was 94.1% (Kappa = 0.866). These preliminary results suggest that collection of cervical material on an FTA card may be an alternative to storage in liquid medium since the liquid medium has some limitations. In addition, DNA recovery from the card using ethanol-based liquid medium streamlines the workflow in the laboratory and reduces the cost associated with reagents, thereby facilitating access to the HPV test in places with few resources and potentially improving cervical cancer screening.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Etanol , Filtração/instrumentação , Testes de DNA para Papilomavírus Humano , Papel , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Manejo de Espécimes/instrumentação , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Gradação de Tumores , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Projetos Piloto , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protocols on decontamination/reuse of N95 masks available in the literature in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. METHOD: Integrative literature review, in the period from 2010 to 2020, on the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, SAGE journals, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and Wiley, with the descriptors Masks AND Respiratory protective devices; Mask OR N95 AND Covid-19; N95 AND Respirators; Decontamination AND N95 AND Coronavirus; Facemask OR Pandemic. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included, of which 3 (30.0%) used ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and indicated mask deterioration between 2 and 10 cycles, 4 (40.0%) used hydrogen peroxide vapor, and seal loss varied from 5 to 20 cycles, 4 (33.3%) evaluated the structural integrity of the N95 mask through visual inspection and 6 (54.4%), its filtration efficiency. CONCLUSION: Reuse strategies to overcome a shortage of devices in the face of the pandemic challenge the current concept for good practices in health-product processing.
Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Descontaminação/métodos , Reutilização de Equipamento , Respiradores N95/virologia , Pandemias , Anti-Infecciosos Locais , Desinfetantes , Desinfecção/métodos , Óxido de Etileno , Filtração/instrumentação , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
This research presents the results of a pilot system used for water treatment to be supplied to single-family or small housing nucleus at rural sector. The pilot system is constituted by an up-flow aerated filter with ceramic carrier, followed by a second down-flow filter of silica sand. The pilot plant was installed in a rural sector of the province of Loja, Ecuador, with the main purpose of monitoring the reduction in bacteria in the water for human consumption. Two natural clays from the area were tested. They were transformed into sphere-type ceramics, and then, they were placed in the pilot filters. These both natural clays are inorganic materials with high content of aluminosilicate clay minerals with favourable characteristics to achieve greater efficiency for the reduction in bacteria. The acclimatization time of 60 days allowed to achieve optimum treatment efficiency performance until 90 days of operation. The physicochemical parameters, namely temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids, were monitored throughout the experiments. Regarding microbiological parameters, up to 99% of total coliforms removal was reached for the clay called CF-CC and 79% for the other, called CF-CV. In addition, 100% of total coliforms and Escherichia Coli removal was reached for both clay systems. Social and economic viability of the proposed treatment is also analysed in the manuscript.
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Argila/química , Países em Desenvolvimento , Água Potável/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Filtração/instrumentação , Areia/química , Purificação da Água/métodos , Equador , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Dióxido de Silício/químicaRESUMO
Halving the proportion of the people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Lack of access to safe drinking water has been associated with the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Due to this reported association, the development of household water treatment devices has been an alternative to improve the quality supply of domestic water. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of a ceramic silver-impregnated pot filter (CSF) system coupled with an adsorption process, composed of silver-impregnated granular activated carbon and zeolite (CSF + GAC-Z), to remove waterborne bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from spiked water. The performance of this system was compared with the conventional CSF system. In this respect, we evaluated six CSF and six CSF + GAC-Z using spiked water with 103 and 102 CFU/mL of E. coli and Salmonella spp. The mean percentage of removals ranged between 98% and 99.98%. The highest bacterial removal efficiency was recorded by the CSF + GAC-Z (99%) and CSF (99.98%) for E. coli and Salmonella spp., respectively, but no significant statistical differences were found between filtration systems. Our findings suggest that the CSF + GAC-Z system was effective in the removal of waterborne bacteria from spiked water.
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Cerâmica/química , Água Potável/microbiologia , Filtração/instrumentação , Prata/química , Purificação da Água/instrumentação , Adsorção , Carvão Vegetal/química , Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Poluição da Água , Zeolitas/químicaRESUMO
Particulate Matter (PM) pollution is an alarming environmental problem and one of the most used PM control devices in industry is fabric filter, with a pulse-jet cleaning system. A better understanding of the flow behavior of such pulse-jets is essential to improve cleaning efficiency and diminish dust emissions. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the flow patterns of the cleaning pulse of an industrial-scale bag filter, with high-pressure and low-pressure systems, using transient three-dimensional CFD simulations. The results show that the center bags in a row take slightly higher shares of air volume and the larger part of it is due to secondary flow. The simulations also give insights into the degree of centralization of the jets: misalignment is progressively reduced along the purge tube, being less pronounced in the high-pressure than in the low-pressure system. Although the mass flow is higher in the high-pressure system, the distribution of the flow among the bags is relatively uniform and similar for both systems.Implications: This work shows, through simulations, that the behaviour of the air pulse during the cleaning is not uniform. There is a variation of the pulse along the duct, due to the movement of the wave that is formed. Besides wave intensity and pressure, the position and shape of the cleaning nozzle also affects the air pulse.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar/prevenção & controle , Filtração/instrumentação , Material Particulado , Filtração/métodos , IndústriasRESUMO
Macro- and microorganism activities are important for the effectiveness of the slow sand filtration (SSF), where native microorganisms remove contaminants mainly by substrate competition, predation, and antagonism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the addition of the oligodynamic metals iron, copper, and brass, inserted separately into SSF to enhance pollutant removal in water samples. Four laboratory-scale SSFs were built and tested: control, iron, copper, and brass. Water analysis included physicochemical evaluation, total and fecal coliform quantification. An analysis on microbial communities in the SSFs schmutzdecke was achieved by using 16S rRNA amplification, the Illumina MiSeq platform, and the QIIME bioinformatics software. The results demonstrated that inorganic and organic contaminants such as coliforms were removed up to 90%. The addition of metals had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the other parameters. The microbial community analysis demonstrated different compositions of the SSF with brass-influent, where the eukaryote Streptophyta was predominant (31.4%), followed by the acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter (24.6%), and Acetobacteraceae (7.7%), these genera were absent in the other SSF treatments. In conclusion, the use of a SSF system can be a low cost alternative to reduce microbial contamination in water and thus reduce gastrointestinal diseases in rural areas.
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Ácido Acético/metabolismo , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cobre/farmacologia , Estreptófitas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zinco/farmacologia , Acetobacteraceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetobacteraceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Filtração/instrumentação , Ferro/farmacologia , México , Areia , Estreptófitas/efeitos dos fármacos , Purificação da Água/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Rapid and reliable identification of bacteria is an important issue in food, medical, forensic, and environmental sciences; however, conventional procedures are time-consuming and often require extensive financial and human resources. Herein, we present a label-free method for bacterial discrimination using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Filter paper decorated with gold nanoparticles was fabricated by the dip-coating method and it was utilized as a flexible and highly efficient SERS substrate. Suspensions of bacterial samples from three genera and six species were directly deposited on the filter paper-based SERS substrates before measurements. PLS-DA was successfully employed as a multivariate supervised model to classify and identify bacteria with efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity rates of 100% for all test samples. Variable importance in projection was associated with the presence/absence of some purine metabolites, whereas confidence intervals for each sample in the PLS-DA model were calculated using a resampling bootstrap procedure. Additionally, a potential new species of bacteria was analyzed by the proposed method and the result was in agreement with that obtained via 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, thereby indicating that the SERS/PLS-DA approach has the potential to be a valuable tool for the discovery of novel bacteria. Graphical abstract This paper describes the discrimination of bacteria at the genus and species levels, after minimal sample preparation, using paper-based SERS substrates and PLS-DA with uncertainty estimation.
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Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Filtração/instrumentação , Papel , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Incerteza , Bactérias/genética , Limite de Detecção , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar filtros domiciliarios para remover arsénico presente en agua proveniente del río Sama. El sistema estuvo compuesto de un filtro tradicional de arena y un filtro con el material adsorbente de hierro cerovalente estabilizado en quitosano. La evaluación del sistema fue por un período de 12 semanas en 18 puntos de uso; las primeras ocho semanas se determinó la concentración de arsénico del agua filtrada empleando tiras reactivas, y las cuatro últimas fueron a través de espectrometría de absorción atómica (EAA-FIAS). Durante las primeras ocho semanas se redujo la concentración de arsénico en el rango de 0,005 y 0,025 mg/L, y durante las cuatro últimas en el rango de 0,001 y 0,052 mg/L, a partir de una concentración promedio de 0,51 mg/L. Se demostró que el sistema de filtración es eficiente para remover arsénico a condiciones naturales.
ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate home filters to remove arsenic present in waters coming from the Sama river. The system consisted of a traditional sand filter and a filter with the adsorbent zerovalent iron material stabilized in quitosan. The evaluation of the system lasted for a period of 12 weeks in 18 points of usage; the first eight weeks the arsenic concentration of the filtered water was determined using reactive strips, and the last four assessment was made through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). During the first eight weeks the arsenic concentration was reduced in a range of 0.005 and 0.025 mg/L, and during the last four weeks in the range of 0.001 and 0.052 mg/L, from an average concentration of 0.51 mg/L. This research showed that the filtration system is efficient to remove arsenic to natural conditions