RESUMO
A resistência aos antimicrobianos representa uma ameaça sanitária global crescente, que deve ser abordada com urgência na saúde pública, na produção animal, agrícola e no meio ambiente. Essa circunstância põe em risco a eficiência do tratamento e diminui a eficácia contra infecções causadas pelos mais diversos agentes etiológicos, resultando em enfermidades mais prolongadas afetando diretamente os índices de fertilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo dessa revisão foi abordar diferentes formas terapêuticas para sub/infertilidade em equinos, com o intuito de minimizar os problemas acarretados pelo uso indiscriminado de fármacos, relatando novas terapias alternativas, tais como ozonioterapia, plasma rico em plaquetas, uso de prostaglandina E1 e imunomoduladores na tentativa de solucionar velhos problemas.(AU)
Antimicrobial resistance represents a growing global health threat that must be urgently addressed in public health, animal production, agriculture and the environment. This circumstance jeopardizes the efficiency of the treatment and decreases the effectiveness against infections caused by the most diverse etiological agents, resulting in more prolonged illnesses, directly affecting fertility rates. Thus, the objective of this review was to address different therapeutic forms for sub/infertility in horses, with the aim of minimizing the problems caused by the indiscriminate use of drugs, reporting new alternative therapies, such as ozone therapy, platelet-rich plasma, use of prostaglandin E1 and immunomodulators in an attempt to solve old problems.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Usos Terapêuticos , Cavalos/imunologia , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Misoprostol , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Imunomodulação , Ozonioterapia , Fitoterapia/tendênciasRESUMO
There has been significant growth in the number of municipal phytotherapy programs in the Unified Health System since the launch of the National Policy of Medicinal Plants in 2006. The aim of the research was to analyze how these programs are distributed throughout Brazil, how they express regional diversity and how land use can influence these programs and promote broad technical synergy (local knowledge and universal knowledge) and policy (strategy and actors) in the production, circulation, distribution and dispe sation of medicinal plants in the public health system. The analysis involved a theoretical framework of critical geography and public health, conceptual and thematic literature review, document analysis, survey of primary and secondary data along with extensive fieldwork. The results show that the growth of programs was accompanied by the choice of industrialized herbal medicines, spatially concentrated in the South and Southeast. Two phases were identified in this process: 1980-2008 characterized by horizontal actions linked to regional diversities; 2008 to the present characterized by verticalized actions on a national scale. The National Policy made it possible to increase the number of programs but did little to promote greater regional diversity.
É expressivo o crescimento do número de programas de fitoterapia no SUS desde 2006, quando lançada a Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos. Como esses programas se distribuem no território e como expressam diversidades regionais? A pesquisa analisou como os usos do território condicionam a existência desses programas e como estes promovem maior sinergia técnica (saber local e saber universalizado) e política (estratégias e atores) na produção, circulação, distribuição e dispensação de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos no sistema público de saúde. A análise envolveu referencial teórico da geografia crítica e saúde coletiva, revisão bibliográfica conceitual e temática, análise documental, levantamento de dados primários e secundários, destacando-se extenso trabalho de campo. Os resultados apontam que o crescimento dos programas foi acompanhado pela opção por fitoterápicos industrializados, concentrando-se espacialmente no Sul e Sudeste. Foram identificadas duas fases nesse processo: 1980-2008, caracterizada por ações mais horizontais ligadas a diversidades regionais; e 2008-atual, caracterizada por ações mais verticalizadas na escala nacional. Conclui-se: a Política Nacional possibilitou aumento do número de programas, mas pouco fomentou suas expressões regionais.
Assuntos
Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Fitoterapia/métodos , Preparações de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Plantas Medicinais/química , Brasil , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Fitoterapia/tendênciasRESUMO
Resumo É expressivo o crescimento do número de programas de fitoterapia no SUS desde 2006, quando lançada a Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos. Como esses programas se distribuem no território e como expressam diversidades regionais? A pesquisa analisou como os usos do território condicionam a existência desses programas e como estes promovem maior sinergia técnica (saber local e saber universalizado) e política (estratégias e atores) na produção, circulação, distribuição e dispensação de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos no sistema público de saúde. A análise envolveu referencial teórico da geografia crítica e saúde coletiva, revisão bibliográfica conceitual e temática, análise documental, levantamento de dados primários e secundários, destacando-se extenso trabalho de campo. Os resultados apontam que o crescimento dos programas foi acompanhado pela opção por fitoterápicos industrializados, concentrando-se espacialmente no Sul e Sudeste. Foram identificadas duas fases nesse processo: 1980-2008, caracterizada por ações mais horizontais ligadas a diversidades regionais; e 2008-atual, caracterizada por ações mais verticalizadas na escala nacional. Conclui-se: a Política Nacional possibilitou aumento do número de programas, mas pouco fomentou suas expressões regionais.
Abstract There has been significant growth in the number of municipal phytotherapy programs in the Unified Health System since the launch of the National Policy of Medicinal Plants in 2006. The aim of the research was to analyze how these programs are distributed throughout Brazil, how they express regional diversity and how land use can influence these programs and promote broad technical synergy (local knowledge and universal knowledge) and policy (strategy and actors) in the production, circulation, distribution and dispe sation of medicinal plants in the public health system. The analysis involved a theoretical framework of critical geography and public health, conceptual and thematic literature review, document analysis, survey of primary and secondary data along with extensive fieldwork. The results show that the growth of programs was accompanied by the choice of industrialized herbal medicines, spatially concentrated in the South and Southeast. Two phases were identified in this process: 1980-2008 characterized by horizontal actions linked to regional diversities; 2008 to the present characterized by verticalized actions on a national scale. The National Policy made it possible to increase the number of programs but did little to promote greater regional diversity.
Assuntos
Humanos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Preparações de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Fitoterapia/métodos , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Brasil , Política de Saúde , Fitoterapia/tendências , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administraçãoAssuntos
Medicina Tradicional/história , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Medicina Tradicional/tendências , América Central , Etnofarmacologia/história , Etnofarmacologia/métodos , Etnofarmacologia/tendências , História Antiga , Humanos , México , Fitoterapia/história , Fitoterapia/tendências , Psiconeuroimunologia/métodos , América do SulRESUMO
The application of medicinal plants are the most important biotechnological alternative in the treatment of numerous diseases, especially in developing countries, such as Brazil. Among them, we specified some specimens of the genus Cnidoscolus used as phytotherapies, with healing properties, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and diuretic, anticancer, among others. Such effects are possibly associated with the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids phenolic compounds, among others. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate in the literature the studies on the phytochemical, ethnopharmacological and biotechnological applications of this genus, from 1998 to 2017. Among the sixty-one studies reported in this review, ten species are popularly utilized to pharmacological and/or biotechnological applications. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Cnidoscolus chayamansa are the most cited species, which were also supported by either animal or cellular investigations indicating some beneficial pharmacological actions like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential cytotoxic activity. The plant parts of this genus under study are important as sources for the isolation and identification of bioactive molecules with biotechnological applications, among the many diseases treated with this phytotherapy. Given these verdicts, ethnopharmacological approaches are significant systematic tools in the determination of plant species that exhibit medicinal and nutritional purposes. The results presented here should further stimulate the development of validation studies to ensure the safe and effective use of these plant species.
Assuntos
Etnobotânica/métodos , Etnofarmacologia/métodos , Euphorbiaceae , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Plantas Medicinais , Animais , Bases de Dados Factuais/tendências , Etnobotânica/tendências , Etnofarmacologia/tendências , Euphorbiaceae/genética , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/genética , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Fitoterapia/métodos , Fitoterapia/tendências , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/genética , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Over the years, scientific researches have validated the healing benefits of many psychopharmacotherapeutic plant-based drugs to ameliorate psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the use of chemical procedures to isolate and purify specific compounds from plants that have been used to treat autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and its clinical features may contribute to improve the quality of life of many patients. Also, herbal pharmacological treatments could improve the core symptoms of autism with fewer side effects. This review will focus on the uses and actions of phytopharmaceuticals in the behavioral conditions of ASDs. A large number of natural compound-based plant drugs have been tested in murine models of autism and in clinical trials with remarkable success in reversing the core and associated behaviors with autism such as flavonoids, cannabinoids, curcuminoids, piperine, resveratrol, and bacosides. This plant-based drug alternative is safer given that many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies do not often respond well to currently prescribed medications or have significant side effects. However, it is noteworthy to consider the need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. Many results are based on case reports or small size samples, and often the studies are open label. Standardization of procedures (i.e., purity and concentrations) and quality controls are strictly required to ensure the absence of side effects.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/psicologia , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Humanos , Fitoterapia/tendências , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Preparações de Plantas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Purpose: To investigate the therapeutic potential of honey, Nigella sativa (N. sativa) and their combination in rat model of excisional wound healing. Methods: A circular excision wound was established in the back region of 50 Wistar rats. Subsequently, they were divided into 5 groups and daily topical administration of lanolin in the control group, honey in the honey group, cold-pressed N. sativa seed oil in the N. sativa groups, mix of 1:1 ratio of honey and N. sativa seed oil in the mix group, and phenytoin cream in the phenytoin group were used. Then, wound surface areas were evaluated using digital camera immediately after the injury and at post excision days 5, 10, 15 and 20. Results: Significant reduction in wound surface area was observed within and between the groups (P<0.001). In the post excision days 5, 10, 15 and 20 the wound surface areas in the mix group were significantly lower than the other groups followed by the phenytoin, honey, N. sativa, and control groups. Conclusion: The wound healing may be improved and accelerated by using topical solutions of honey, N. sativa seed oil and especially their mixture.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Mel , Nigella sativa , Fitoterapia/tendências , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Cicatrização , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Ratos WistarRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases that occur in all intertropical regions of the world. Amazonian populations have developed an abundant knowledge of the disease and its remedies. Therefore, we undertook to review traditional antileishmanial plants in Amazonia and have developed new tools to analyze this somewhat dispersed information. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature review of traditional remedies for cutaneous/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon was conducted and the data obtained was used to calculate distribution indexes designed to highlight the most relevant uses in Amazonia. The cultural distribution index represents the distribution rate of a given taxon among different cultural groups and was calculated as the ratio of the number of groups using the taxon to the total number of groups cited. The geographical distribution index allowed us to quantify spatial distribution of a taxon's uses in Amazonia and was calculated geometrically by measuring the average distance between the points where uses have been reported and the barycenter of those points. The general distribution index was defined as an arithmetic combination of the previous two and provides information on both cultural and spatial criteria. RESULTS: 475 use reports, concerning 291 botanical species belonging to 83 families have been gathered depicted from 29 sources. Uses concern 34 cultural groups. While the use of some taxa appears to be Pan-Amazonian, some others are clearly restricted to small geographical regions. Particular attention has been paid to the recipes and beliefs surrounding treatments. Topical application of the remedies dominated the other means of administration and this deserves particular attention as the main treatments against Neotropical leishmaniasis are painful systemic injections. The data set was analyzed using the previously defined distribution indexes and the most relevant taxa were further discussed from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view. CONCLUSIONS: The Amazonian biodiversity and cultural heritage host a fantastic amount of data whose systematic investigation should allow a better large-scale understanding of the dynamics of traditional therapies and the consequent discovery of therapeutic solutions for neglected diseases. Distribution indices are indeed powerful tools for emphasizing the most relevant treatments against a given disease and should be very useful in the meta-analysis of other regional pharmacopeia. This focus on renowned remedies that have not yet benefitted from extended laboratory studies, could stimulate future research on new treatments of natural origin for leishmaniasis.