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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the consistency of data regarding the provision of fluoridation in Brazilian municipalities with water supply systems. METHODS: Official data from the National Basic Sanitation Survey and the National Information System on Sanitation for 2017 were compared. RESULTS: Out of 5,570 municipalities in Brazil, 4,546 (81.6%) had water supply systems. The agreement between data sources was 84%, with a Kappa of 0.668, indicating substantial agreement. However, the estimates of fluoridation provision exhibited an average discrepancy of 8.1 percentage points, ranging from 1.2 points in the Central-West region to 21.4 points in the Northeast region. CONCLUSION: To address these inconsistencies, it is essential to enhance information sources, ensuring more reliable data for health, sanitation authorities, and society at large.

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The addition of fluoride to the public water supply is a method used for reducing tooth decay. In this sense, the control of fluoridation is important for maintaining its efficiency and, at the same time, for avoiding the risk of fluorosis as a result of the consumption of water with excess of fluoride. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the water distributed to populations of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Towards this aim, 5,039 water samples collected between 2011 and 2013 in 225 municipalities of the state of Goiás were analyzed for fluoride level. The results were assessed with regard to season, type of water source and geographic location. Fluoride levels were found to vary between complete absence and 2.5 mg F/L, with 28.2% of the samples being between 0.6 and 0.8 mg F/L, and 39.1% between 0.55 and 0.84 mg F/L. The rainy season produced a greater number of atypical results and higher values than the dry period. The systems supplied by groundwater sources were shown to have a limited control of fluoride concentration compared to systems supplied by surface water sources. Lower concentrations of fluoride were found in samples collected in the North and East Mesoregions of Goiás, with less than 7.5% being between 0.6 and 0.8 mg F/L, which systems are mainly supplied by groundwater sources with fluoride addition .

A adição do flúor na água é um método empregado na redução de cárie dentária. O controle da fluoretação é importante para manter a sua eficiência e, ao mesmo tempo, evitar o risco de ocorrência de fluorose, fruto do consumo de água com flúor em excesso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adequação dos níveis do fluoreto na água distribuída à população do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Foram analisadas 5.039 amostras de água coletadas em 225 municípios de Goiás, entre 2011 e 2013. Os resultados foram analisados por sazonalidade, tipo de manancial e localização geográfica. Ocorreu uma variação entre ausência e 2,5 mg F/L, com 28,2% das amostras entre 0,6 e 0,8 mg F/L e 39,1% entre 0,55 e 0,84 mg F/L. No período de chuva ocorreu um maior número de resultados atípicos e maiores valores quando comparados ao período da seca. Verificou-se que os sistemas abastecidos por água proveniente de mananciais subterrâneos possuem um menor controle de fluoreto quando comparados a sistemas provenientes de mananciais superficiais. Observou-se menores concentrações nas amostras coletadas no Norte e Leste goianos, com menos de 7,5% entre 0,6 e 0,8 mg F/L, para aquelas coletadas de sistemas de abastecimento que utilizam água de manancial subterrâneo com adição de fluoreto, existindo dificuldades na manutenção dos seus teores.

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Since the classical epidemiological studies by Dean, it has been known that there should be an optimum level of exposure to fluoride that would be able to provide the maximum protection against caries, with minimum dental fluorosis. The "optimal" daily intake of fluoride for children (0.05-0.07 mg per kilogram bodyweight) that is still accepted worldwide was empirically determined. In the present review, we discuss the appropriateness of the current guidance for fluoride intake, in light of the windows of susceptibility to caries and fluorosis, the modern trends of fluoride intake from multiple sources, individual variations in fluoride metabolism, and recent epidemiological data. The main conclusion is that it is very difficult to think about a strict recommendation for an "optimal" range of fluoride intake at the individual level in light of existing knowledge of 1) the mechanisms of action of fluoride to control caries, 2) the mechanisms involved in dental fluorosis development, 3) the distinct factors that interfere in the metabolism of fluoride, and 4) the windows of susceptibility to both dental caries and fluorosis development. An "optimal" range of fluoride intake is, however, desirable at the population level to guide programs of community fluoridation, but further research is necessary to provide additional support for future decisions on guidance in this area. This list includes the effect of factors affecting fluoride metabolism, clinical trials on the effectiveness of low-fluoride dentifrices to prevent caries in the primary dentition, and validation of biomarkers of exposure to fluoride.

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Resumo A adição do flúor na água é um método empregado na redução de cárie dentária. O controle da fluoretação é importante para manter a sua eficiência e, ao mesmo tempo, evitar o risco de ocorrência de fluorose, fruto do consumo de água com flúor em excesso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adequação dos níveis do fluoreto na água distribuída à população do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Foram analisadas 5.039 amostras de água coletadas em 225 municípios de Goiás, entre 2011 e 2013. Os resultados foram analisados por sazonalidade, tipo de manancial e localização geográfica. Ocorreu uma variação entre ausência e 2,5 mg F/L, com 28,2% das amostras entre 0,6 e 0,8 mg F/L e 39,1% entre 0,55 e 0,84 mg F/L. No período de chuva ocorreu um maior número de resultados atípicos e maiores valores quando comparados ao período da seca. Verificou-se que os sistemas abastecidos por água proveniente de mananciais subterrâneos possuem um menor controle de fluoreto quando comparados a sistemas provenientes de mananciais superficiais. Observou-se menores concentrações nas amostras coletadas no Norte e Leste goianos, com menos de 7,5% entre 0,6 e 0,8 mg F/L, para aquelas coletadas de sistemas de abastecimento que utilizam água de manancial subterrâneo com adição de fluoreto, existindo dificuldades na manutenção dos seus teores.

Abstract The addition of fluoride to the public water supply is a method used for reducing tooth decay. In this sense, the control of fluoridation is important for maintaining its efficiency and, at the same time, for avoiding the risk of fluorosis as a result of the consumption of water with excess of fluoride. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the water distributed to populations of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Towards this aim, 5,039 water samples collected between 2011 and 2013 in 225 municipalities of the state of Goiás were analyzed for fluoride level. The results were assessed with regard to season, type of water source and geographic location. Fluoride levels were found to vary between complete absence and 2.5 mg F/L, with 28.2% of the samples being between 0.6 and 0.8 mg F/L, and 39.1% between 0.55 and 0.84 mg F/L. The rainy season produced a greater number of atypical results and higher values than the dry period. The systems supplied by groundwater sources were shown to have a limited control of fluoride concentration compared to systems supplied by surface water sources. Lower concentrations of fluoride were found in samples collected in the North and East Mesoregions of Goiás, with less than 7.5% being between 0.6 and 0.8 mg F/L, which systems are mainly supplied by groundwater sources with fluoride addition .

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The purpose of this review is to describe the osteological, neurological, endocrine and dermatological effects of fluoride ingestion. Additional aims are to evaluate whether the Chilean tap water fluoridation program has had any impact on dental health, and analyze the basis for the Chilean elementary school milk fluoridation program, which is targeted at children living in places where tap water has a fluoride concentration less than 0.3 mg/L, without any artificial fluoridation process. We discuss the finding that both public measures have no direct or remarkable effect on dental health, since topical dental hygiene products are the main and most effective contributors to the prevention of dental decay. We also suggest that the permanent and systematic ingestion of fluorides imposes health risks on the population. Therefore, we recommend reevaluating the national fluoridation program for public tap water and the elementary school milk program.

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The purpose of this review is to describe the osteological, neurological, endocrine and dermatological effects of fluoride ingestion. Additional aims are to evaluate whether the Chilean tap water fluoridation program has had any impact on dental health, and analyze the basis for the Chilean elementary school milk fluoridation program, which is targeted at children living in places where tap water has a fluoride concentration less than 0.3 mg/L, without any artificial fluoridation process. We discuss the finding that both public measures have no direct or remarkable effect on dental health, since topical dental hygiene products are the main and most effective contributors to the prevention of dental decay. We also suggest that the permanent and systematic ingestion of fluorides imposes health risks on the population. Therefore, we recommend reevaluating the national fluoridation program for public tap water and the elementary school milk program.

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Introdução. Não há dados que atestem, no contexto brasileiro das primeiras décadas do século XXI, que a fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público agrega benefício preventivo com relação à cárie dentária, em pequenos municípios, aos proporcionados pelo uso generalizado dos dentifrícios fluoretados. Objetivo. Analisar o grau do benefício preventivo da exposição à água fluoretada em relação à cárie dentária e sua distribuição segundo grupamentos dentais, em contexto de uso generalizado de creme dental fluoretado, no Brasil. Metodologia. Foi realizado estudo observacional transversal, de tipo censitário, na modalidade de duplo inquérito epidemiológico populacional. As populações avaliadas residem em municípios da mesma região geográfica, de pequeno porte demográfico e com classificação socioeconômica similar, diferenciando-se apenas pela condição de exposição, há pelo menos 5 anos, à água fluoretada (Silveiras) ou de não exposição (São José do Barreiro). A experiência e a magnitude da cárie dentária nessas populações foram avaliadas utilizando-se os índices ceod (aos 5 e 6 anos de idade; N=233), CPOD (aos 11 e 12 anos; N=312) e SiC (aos 11 e 12 anos; N=105) e a associação foi testada empregando-se as estatísticas qui-quadrado de Pearson e razão de prevalência (RP) entre não expostos (NE) e expostos (E) à água fluoretada. A partir dos valores do ceod, CPOD e SiC, foram obtidas as razões de magnitude entre os grupamentos dentários posteriores e anteriores (RM-PA), em ambas as dentições, segundo exposição ou não à água fluoretada. Os grupamentos dentários foram assim definidos: anteriores-estéticos (incisivos centrais e laterais e caninos, superiores e inferiores, em ambas as dentições) e posteriores (primeiros e segundos pré-molares e primeiros e segundos molares, superiores e inferiores na dentição permanente e primeiros e segundos molares superiores e inferiores na dentição decídua). Resultados. Dentição decídua- Embora a experiência de cárie (ceod1) não tenha se associado com a exposição à água fluoretada (qui-quadrado=2,77; p=0,96; =5 por cento ),observou-se expressiva diferença na magnitude com que a doença atingiu a população: as médias ceod foram de 2,74 em expostos e 4,17 em não expostos. O grau da polarização, indicado pela porcentagem de indivíduos com ceod=0, foi diferente, sendo maior (43,0 por cento ) em expostos e menor (31,0 por cento ) em não expostos. A RP (NE/E) foi de 1,21 indicando que a exposição à água fluoretada correspondeu a uma taxa de prevalência 21 por cento menor, comparativamente aos não expostos. As razões de magnitude para dentição decídua (RM-PAd) foram de 4,2 em expostos e 4,8 em não expostos. Dentição permanente- Embora a experiência de cárie (CPOD1) não tenha se associado com a exposição à água fluoretada (qui-quadrado=1,78; p=0,18; =5 por cento ), observou-se expressiva diferença na magnitude com que a doença atingiu a população: as médias CPOD foram de 1,76 em expostos e 2,60 em não expostos. O grau da polarização, indicado pela porcentagem de indivíduos com CPOD=0, foi diferente, sendo maior (41,8 por cento ) em expostos e menor (34,3 por cento ) em não expostos. A RP (NE/E) foi de 1,13 indicando pouca expressividade na diferença das prevalências. Para a dentição permanente as razões de magnitude na população total (RM-PAp) foram de 22,1 em expostos e 6,1, em não expostos. O valor médio do SiC foi de 4,04 em expostos e 6,16 em não expostos, enquanto as razões de magnitude (RM-PA-SiC) foram 23,8 e 5,9, respectivamente. Conclusão. A exposição à água fluoretada implicou menores valores médios dos índices ceod, CPOD e SiC, ainda que em presença de exposição concomitante a dentifrício fluoretado, em cenário de baixa prevalência da doença e padrão similar de distribuição de cárie nas populações analisadas. As menores experiência e magnitude da cárie nos grupamentos dentários anteriores, em situação de exposição à água fluoretada em comparação com a não exposição, corrobora estudos anteriores. No contexto brasileiro, ainda que em presença de exposição simultânea a dentifrício fluoretado, a fluoretação das águas segue produzindo efeitos epidemiológicos relevantes

Introduction. In the Brazilian context of the first decades of the 21st century, there is no evidence that the fluoridation of public water supplies adds preventive benefit in relation to dental caries, in small municipalities, to those provided by the widespread use of fluoridated dentifrices. Objective. To analyze the degree of the preventive benefit of exposure to fluoridated water in relation to dental caries and its distribution according to dental groups, in a context of widespread use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil. Methodology. A cross - sectional observational study, census type, was conducted in a double epidemiological population survey. The populations studied live in municipalities of the same geographic region, with a small demographic and similar socioeconomic classification, differing only by the condition of exposure to fluoridated water (Silveiras) or no exposure (São José do Barreiro), for at least 5 years. The experience and magnitude of dental caries in these populations were evaluated using the dmft indice (at 5 and 6 years of age, N=233), DMFT (at 11 and 12 years old, N=312) and SiC (at 11 and 12 years, N=105), and the association was tested using Pearson\'s chi-square statistic and prevalence ratio (PR) between no-exposed (NE) and exposed (E) to fluoridated water. From the values of dmft, DMFT and SiC, the magnitude ratios between the posterior and anterior dental groups (MR-PA) were obtained in both dentitions according to exposure to fluoridated water. Dental groups were defined: anterior-esthetic (central and lateral incisors and canines, upper and lower, in both dentitions) and posterior (first and second premolars and first and second molars, upper and lower, in the permanent dentition and first and second molars upper and lower in the deciduous dentition). Results. Deciduos Dentition- Although the caries experience (dmft1) wasnt associated with exposure to fluoridated water (chi-square=2.77, p=0.96, =5 per cent ), there was a significant difference in Magnitude with which the disease reached the population: the mean dmft were 2.74 in exposed and 4.17 in no exposed. The degree of polarization, indicated by the percentage of individuals with dmft=0, was different, being higher (43.0 per cent ) in exposed and lower (31.0 per cent ) in no exposed. PR (NE / E) was 1.21 indicating that exposure to fluoridated water corresponded to a 21 per cent lower prevalence rate compared to those not exposed. The magnitude ratios for deciduous dentition (MR-PAd) were 4.2 in exposed and 4.8 in no exposed. Permanent Dentition - Although the caries experience (DMFT1) was not associated with exposure to fluoridated water (chi-square=1.78, p=0.18, =5 per cent ), there was a significant difference in Magnitude with which the disease reached the population: DMFT means were 1.76 in exposed and 2.60 in no exposed. The degree of polarization, indicated by the percentage of individuals with DMFT=0, was different, being higher (41.8 per cent ) in exposed and lower (34.3 per cent ) in no exposed. PR (NE / E) was 1.13 indicating little expressiveness in the difference in prevalence. For permanent dentition the magnitude ratios in the total population (MR-PAp) were 22.1 in exposed and 6.1 in no exposed. The DMFT value for the SiC was 4.04 in exposed and 6.16 in no exposed, while the magnitude ratios (MR-PA-SiC) were 23.8 and 5.9, respectively. Conclusion. Exposure to fluoridated water implied lower mean values of dmft, DMFT and SiC indexes, although in the presence of concomitant exposure to fluoridated dentifrice, in a scenario of low disease prevalence and a similar pattern of caries distribution in the populations analyzed. The lower experience and magnitude of caries in the anterior-esthetic dental groups, in situations of exposure to fluoridated water compared to no exposure, corroborates previous studies. In the Brazilian context, even in the simultaneous exposure to fluoridated dentifrice, the fluoridation of water continues to produce relevant epidemiological effects

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The role of public health program planners is to determine the effectiveness of public health programs, what recommendations should be made, what future initiatives should be taken, and what policies should be developed. At a basic level, to choose between competing alternatives, two characteristics of an intervention must be considered; these are its outcome and its cost. Based on cost and outcome, planners must select the option that offers the most advantages. Economic evaluation is commonly adopted by decision makers in the health sector to investigate the effectiveness of public health programs and to help plan future initiatives. Economic evaluation assists decision makers who must weigh the information it provides in the context of many and often competing options. In this way, an economic evaluation is an aid to decision making rather than the decision itself. Economic evaluation is becoming essential for informed decision making, with potential implications for public health policy and practice and for clinical practice too. While economic evaluations are commonly used in decision-making processes about health programs, few examples exist in the oral health literature. In the case of preventive oral health programs, economic analysis is often difficult, largely because it makes demands on epidemiological and demographic data that are hard to meet. This study will address the concepts and tools required to conduct economic evaluations of prevention programs. The emphasis will be on oral health and preventive dental programs, although the concepts presented could be useful for other public health programs by practitioners and managers with the aim of producing effective and efficient oral health programs.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the public water system in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, as determined by two techniques (colorimetric and electrometric). METHODS: Data from independent measurements of fluoride in the public water system in Curitiba routinely performed by the city government were obtained for the period between January 2000 and July 2008. Mean levels of fluoride concentration were calculated for each of these years. After that, fluoride concentrations measured in 1 470 samples by the state water utility (SANEPAR) using the electrometric technique in 2006 and 2007 were compared with the corresponding levels measured by the city using the colorimetric method. The rate of samples meeting the standard for the city (0.8 ppmF), and below and above the standard, was calculated for both methods. Fluoride levels were compared between sanitary districts, months for the period between December 2007 and July 2008, and water treatment facilities. RESULTS: The overall mean fluoride level between 2000 and 2008 was 0.7 ppmF based on the independent measurements. The comparison between techniques showed a higher mean fluoride level with the electrometric technique (0.743 ppmF ± 0.133) vs. the colorimetric technique (0.637 ppmF ± 0.164). The rate of samples meeting the ideal standard of 0.8 ppmF was 15.05% for the colorimetric and 63.97% for the electrometric technique; 62.03% and 22.85% of the samples were below that standard and 21.10% and 13.18% were above that standard, respectively. Fluoride levels were statistically significant (P < 0.001) for the comparison between sanitary districts and months. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of technique significantly influences the resulting levels of fluoride. Independent monitoring of fluoride levels should employ the same technique used by the water utility. Further studies should aim at defining which technique is the most adequate to determine fluoride concentration in public water systems.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a adequação dos níveis de fluoreto nas águas de abastecimento público em Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, de acordo com duas técnicas (SPADNS e eletrométrica). MÉTODOS: Foram levantados os dados do heterocontrole na Cidade de Curitiba de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2008 no banco de dados da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde para cálculo das médias anuais. Na sequência, foram comparadas as concentrações de fluoreto fornecidas pela companhia de saneamento SANEPAR (técnica eletrométrica) com as concentrações obtidas pelo heterocontrole (SPADNS) em 1 470 amostras de água coletadas e analisadas entre 2006 e 2007. Foi calculada a proporção de amostras dentro do padrão ideal de fluoretação para a Cidade (0,8 ppmF), abaixo do ideal e acima do ideal para ambas as metodologias. Foram exploradas diferenças na fluoretação entre distritos sanitários, meses do período dezembro de 2007 a julho de 2008 e estações de tratamento de água (ETA). RESULTADOS: A média geral de flúor entre 2000 a 2008 foi de 0,7 ppmF conforme os dados do heterocontrole. A comparação das técnicas eletrométrica e SPADNS revelou que o valor médio de fluoreto na água é maior quando avaliado pela técnica eletrométrica (0,743 ppmF ± 0,133) quando comparado com a técnica SPADNS (0,637 ppmF ± 0,164). A proporção de amostras dentro do padrão ideal de fluoretação foi de 15,05 por cento para SPADNS e 63,97 por cento para eletrométrica; de 62,03 e 22,85 por cento para amostras abaixo do ideal; e de 21,10 e 13,18 por cento para amostras acima do ideal, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na fluoretação entre os distritos sanitários (P < 0,001) e os meses pesquisados. CONCLUSÕES: A escolha da técnica analítica interfere significativamente no processo do heterocontrole. O heterocontrole deve utilizar a mesma técnica de determinação de flúor utilizada pela empresa de tratamento de água. Novos estudos devem definir qual técnica é a mais adequada para medir o teor de flúor.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the public water system in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, as determined by two techniques (colorimetric and electrometric). METHODS: Data from independent measurements of fluoride in the public water system in Curitiba routinely performed by the city government were obtained for the period between January 2000 and July 2008. Mean levels of fluoride concentration were calculated for each of these years. After that, fluoride concentrations measured in 1 470 samples by the state water utility (SANEPAR) using the electrometric technique in 2006 and 2007 were compared with the corresponding levels measured by the city using the colorimetric method. The rate of samples meeting the standard for the city (0.8 ppmF), and below and above the standard, was calculated for both methods. Fluoride levels were compared between sanitary districts, months for the period between December 2007 and July 2008, and water treatment facilities. RESULTS: The overall mean fluoride level between 2000 and 2008 was 0.7 ppmF based on the independent measurements. The comparison between techniques showed a higher mean fluoride level with the electrometric technique (0.743 ppmF ± 0.133) vs. the colorimetric technique (0.637 ppmF ± 0.164). The rate of samples meeting the ideal standard of 0.8 ppmF was 15.05 percent for the colorimetric and 63.97 percent for the electrometric technique; 62.03 percent and 22.85 percent of the samples were below that standard and 21.10 percent and 13.18 percent were above that standard, respectively. Fluoride levels were statistically significant (P < 0.001) for the comparison between sanitary districts and months. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of technique significantly influences the resulting levels of fluoride. Independent monitoring of fluoride levels should employ the same technique used by the water utility. Further studies should aim at defining which technique is the most adequate to determine fluoride concentration in public water systems.

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