RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: in general, spine surgeons seek to minimize soft tissue damage by using less invasive approaches, which causes them to use intraoperative images much more frequently than other surgical specialties; therefore, they are at increased risk of radiation exposure. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this work was to analyse the amount of radiation to which the spine surgeon is exposed in different scenarios. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a prospective study with a descriptive, longitudinal non-randomized data source. We carried out this study in the period from 2015 to 2019, the radiologic protection consisted in lead apron, thyroid shield and leaded glasses, there were 10 badge dosimeters. RESULTS: only 4 dosimeters were included in the study, the other six were excluded. During the study period one surgeon suffered thyroid cancer and other suffered of liposarcoma. In the protected group were two surgeons, in the group of aleatory exposition was one surgeon and in the unprotected group was one surgeon. In the study the dosimeter in the unprotected group received more amount of radiation in all the years, we did an inferential analysis per year related with the number of surgeries without significant correlation, we attribute this result because we didn't classified the type of surgery realized by each surgeon. CONCLUSION: we conclude that the spine surgeon must apply the primary methods of radiological protection and that the unprotected spine surgeon receives more amount of radiation in comparison of the protected ones.
INTRODUCCIÓN: en general, los cirujanos de columna buscan minimizar el daño a tejidos blandos empleando abordajes menos invasivos, lo que ocasiona que utilicen imágenes intraoperatorias de una manera mucho más habitual que el resto de las especialidades quirúrgicas; por lo tanto, están en mayor riesgo de exposición de radiación. OBJETIVO: el propósito del trabajo es analizar la cantidad de radiación a la cual está expuesto el cirujano de columna en diferentes escenarios. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo con una fuente de datos descriptiva, longitudinal, no aleatorizada. Se llevó a cabo el estudio en el período del año 2015 al 2019; la protección radiológica consistió en chaleco plomado, protector de tiroides y lentes plomados; se usaron 10 dosímetros. RESULTADOS: cuatro dosímetros fueron incluidos en el estudio, los otros seis fueron excluidos. Durante el estudio, un cirujano sufrió de cáncer de tiroides y otro de liposarcoma. En el grupo de protegidos se incluyeron dos cirujanos, en el grupo de protección aleatorizada se incluyó un cirujano y en el grupo sin protección se incluyó un cirujano. El dosímetro del grupo sin protección recibió mayor cantidad de radiación en todos los años, se realizó un análisis inferencial por año relacionado con el número de cirugías no encontrando correlación significativa, atribuimos este resultado a que no clasificamos el tipo de cirugía realizada por cada cirujano. CONCLUSIÓN: el cirujano de columna debe de aplicar los métodos primarios de protección radiológica, ya que los cirujanos de columna sin equipo de protección reciben mayor cantidad de radiación en comparación con los protegidos.
Assuntos
Exposição à Radiação , Cirurgiões , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Fluoroscopia/métodosRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: C-arm fluoroscopy and O-arm navigation are vital tools in modern spine surgeries, but their repeated usage can endanger spine surgeons. Although a surgeon's chest and abdomen are protected by lead aprons, the eyes and extremities generally receive less protection. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compare differences in intraoperative radiation exposure across the protected and unprotected regions of a surgeon's body. METHODS: Sixty-five consecutive spine surgeries were performed by a single spine-focused neurosurgeon over 9 months. Radiation exposure to the primary surgeon was measured through dosimeters worn over the lead apron, under the lead apron, on surgical loupes, and as a ring on the dominant hand. Differences were assessed with rigorous statistical testing and radiation exposure per surgical case was extrapolated. RESULTS: During the study, the measured radiation exposure over the apron, 176 mrem, was significantly greater than that under the apron, 8 mrem (P = 0.0020), demonstrating a shielding protective effect. The surgeon's dominant hand was exposed to 329 mrem whereas the eyes were exposed to 152.5 mrem of radiation. Compared with the surgeon's protected abdominal area, the hands (P = 0.0002) and eyes (P = 0.0002) received significantly greater exposure. Calculated exposure per case was 2.8 mrem for the eyes and 5.1 mrem for the hands. It was determined that a spine-focused neurosurgeon operating 400 cases annually will incur a radiation exposure of 60,750 mrem to the hands and 33,900 mrem to the eyes over a 30-year career. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that spine surgeons encounter significantly more radiation exposure to the eyes and the extremities compared with protected body regions. Lifetime exposure exceeds the annual limits set by the International Commission on Radiologic Protection for the extremities (50,000 mrem/y) and the eyes (15,000 mrem/y), calling for increased awareness about the dangerous levels of radiation exposure that a spine surgeon incurs over one's career.
Assuntos
Exposição à Radiação , Cirurgiões , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Corpo Humano , Imageamento Tridimensional , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Fluoroscopia/métodosRESUMO
The use of intraoperative fluoroscopy has become a routine and useful adjunct within orthopaedic surgery. However, the fluoroscopy machine may become an additional source of contamination in the operating room, particularly when maneuvering from the anterior-posterior position to the lateral position. Consequently, draping techniques were developed to maintain sterility of the operative field and surgeon. Despite a variety of methods, no studies exist to compare the sterility of these techniques specifically when the fluoroscopy machine is in the lateral imaging position. We evaluated the sterility of 3 c-arm draping techniques in a simulated operative environment. The 3 techniques consisted of a traditional 3-quarter sterile sheet attached to the side of the operative table, a modified clip-drape method, and a commercially available sterile pouch. Our study demonstrated that the traditional method poses a high risk for sterile field contamination, whereas the modified clip-drape method and commercially available sterile pouch kept floor contamination furthest from the surgical field. With the current data, we urge surgeons to use modified techniques rather than the traditional draping method.
Assuntos
Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/métodos , Campos Cirúrgicos , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Humanos , Cuidados Intraoperatórios , Salas Cirúrgicas/normas , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/instrumentação , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/normas , Vestimenta Cirúrgica/microbiologia , Campos Cirúrgicos/microbiologia , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a sensitive biomarker for radiation-induced cellular DNA damage in children undergoing cardiac catheterization. STUDY DESIGN: We enrolled pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases requiring cardiac catheterization in conjunction with healthy children and children under sedation as control. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and invasive hemodynamic data, urinary 8-OHdG levels, and radiation exposure measurements were collected prospectively. RESULTS: Nineteen patients, 10 healthy children and 9 children under sedation, were studied. In 19 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization, the median level of 8-OHdG in urine obtained at 24-48 hours after the procedure was significantly higher than at baseline (44.0 vs 17.3 ng/mg creatinine, P = .0001). Furthermore, the urinary 8-OHdG level after the procedure increased in 18 of the 19 study subjects. In contrast, there was no significant difference in 8-OHdG levels between the 2 spot urine samples obtained at arbitrary intervals of 24-48 hours in 10 healthy children (P = .7213), and at baseline and 24-48 hours following echocardiography in 9 children under sedation (P = .1097). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the cumulative air kerma during the cardiac catheterization was the variable which was strongly and significantly associated with the ratio of post- to precardiac catheterization urinary 8-OHdG levels among the evaluated variables (R(2) = 0.7179, F = 11.0256, P = .0007). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary 8-OHdG could be a useful biomarker for radiation-induced cellular DNA damage in children undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
Assuntos
Cateterismo Cardíaco/métodos , Dano ao DNA , DNA/efeitos da radiação , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Lesões por Radiação/urina , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Biomarcadores/urina , Cateterismo Cardíaco/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Desoxiguanosina/urina , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Lesões por Radiação/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Training devices for percutaneous renal access are expensive, have hazardous biological materials, or radiation. Two devices were designed that eliminate some or all of these characteristics (ManiPERC and iPERC). OBJECTIVE: To compare the improvement in access time to the posterior lower calix with 2 inanimate models in a group of Urology residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental clinical trial with 16 Urology residents to compare the improvement over time of percutaneous renal access by training in 2 inanimate models (iPERC: simulated fluoroscopy and ManiPERC: real fluoroscopy). RESULTS: Subjects were assigned to one of 2 groups (iPERC and ManiPERC) and a video analysis of all of them was performed before and after 20 training sessions. Both groups improved their access time; with iPERC from 133.88±41.40 to 76±12.62s (p=0.006) and from 176.5±85.81 to 68.75 to 18.40s (p=0.007) with ManiPERC. Comparing iPERC versus ManiPERC there was no difference between them in improving access time (ANCOVA: Model F (1.13)=1.598, p=0.228). CONCLUSIONS: Both models are equivalent in improving skills; however, even though none of them generated bio-waste, the absence of radioactive emissions makes iPERC the more advantageous model.
Assuntos
Fluoroscopia/instrumentação , Rim/cirurgia , Litotripsia/instrumentação , Modelos Anatômicos , Imagens de Fantasmas , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/instrumentação , Adulto , Competência Clínica , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Fluoroscopia/métodos , Humanos , Internato e Residência , Período Intraoperatório , Curva de Aprendizado , Litotripsia/métodos , Masculino , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Punções , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Urologia/educação , Gravação em VídeoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To find a biological effect by means of detection of the thyroid profile in research personnel, and a physical effect through radiation detection plates type Durr. METHODS: Five medical residents (four of first year and one of second) were submitted to the study of the basal thyroid profile, and annually after a year of radiation exposure. In two of them five plates of Durr type were placed by surgery at different body parts and 20 separate surgeries, using fluoroscopy, a total of 200 plates exposed. RESULTS: Three residents had decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone and two had a significant increase. Ninety-one plates were exposed, most of which corresponds to the neck (thyroid). CONCLUSION: Biological and physical changes were observed that require us to realize and implement protective measures against radiation, at least in the neck, because the thyroid is susceptible to radiation. .
OBJETIVO: Encontrar um efeito biológico através da detecção do perfil da tireoide dos profissionais de investigação, e um efeito físico através da detecção de radiação com placas tipo Durr. MÉTODOS: Cinco médicos residentes (quatro de primeiro ano e um de segundo) foram submetidos ao estudo do perfil tireoidiano basal, e anualmente após um ano de exposição à radiação. Em dois deles, foram colocadas cinco placas de Durr por cirurgia, em diferentes partes do corpo e em 20 cirurgias distintas, utilizando-se fluoroscopia, perfazendo um total de 200 placas expostas. RESULTADOS: Três residentes tiveram diminuição do hormônio estimulador da tireoide e dois, um aumento significativo. Foram expostas 91 placas, cuja maioria corresponde ao pescoço (tireoide). CONCLUSÃO: Foram verificadas mudanças biológicas e físicas que nos impulsionam à conscientização e implementação de medidas de proteção contra a radiação, pelo menos no pescoço, uma vez que a tireoide é suscetível à radiação. .
OBJETIVO: Encontrar un efecto biológico mediante detección de perfil tiroideo al personal investigador, y un efecto físico mediante detección de radiación con placas tipo Durr. MÉTODOS: Fueron sometidos al estudio, cinco médicos residentes, (cuatro de primer año y uno de segundo) para el perfil tiroideo basal, y anual después de un año de radiación. A dos de ellos les fueron colocadas cinco placas de Durr por cirugía, distribuidas en diferentes partes del cuerpo en 20 cirugías distintas con la utilización de fluoroscopio, dando un total de 200 placas expuestas. RESULTADOS: En tres de los residentes hubo una disminución de la hormona tiroidea estimulante y en dos un aumento significativo. Se expusieron 91 placas siendo la mayoría de estas correspondientes al cuello (tiroides). CONCLUSIÓN: Se encontraron cambios biológicos y físicos que nos impelen a tomar conciencia y medidas necesarias de radioprotección por lo menos a nivel del cuello, ya que la tiroides es susceptible a las radiaciones .
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Humanos , Exposição à Radiação/efeitos adversos , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Saúde OcupacionalRESUMO
En la actualidad, los procedimientos de radiología intervencional intracraneanos son cada vez más frecuentes. Sin embargo, la exposición a altas dosis de radiación durante la fluoroscopía puede inducir a complicaciones cutáneas como la alopecia transitoria post embolización, forma peculiar de radiodermatitis que afecta a las regiones del cuero cabelludo que reciben dosis más altas de radiación durante el proceso de embolización. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por alopecia completa, no cicatricial, en parches con bordes bien delimitados y formas peculiares(rectángulos, círculos superpuestos), generalmente de localización occipital o en región temporo-parietal. Ocurre en promedio 2 a 4 semanas después del procedimiento endovascular, con repoblación del área alopécica a partir de las 4 a 5 semanas. Es de buen pronóstico y no requiere tratamiento específico. Es importante conocer este cuadro para poder orientar adecuadamente a los pacientes y alertar respecto a la incidencia de efectos adversos de la radiación terapéutica.
In the present, the neuroradiological procedures are more frequent. However, exposure to radiation can conduce to dermatological complication as transient alopecia after embolization, rare form of radiodermatitis that affect the areas of the scalp that receive highest doses of radiation. The clinical presentation is characterized by a complete alopecia, without any signs of inflammation of the scalp, with sharply defined patches in rare forms (rectangular, overlapped circles), generally located on occipital or temporo-parietal region. This phenomenon starts after 2 or 4 weeks since endovascular procedure, with hair re-growth after 4 or 5 weeks. It has good prognosis and no specific treatment is required. It is important to recognize this condition, in order to give adequate information to patients and warn about the incidence of adverse effects of therapeutic radiation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Alopecia/etiologia , Embolização Terapêutica , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Radiodermite/etiologia , Alopecia/terapia , Couro Cabeludo/efeitos da radiação , Malformações Arteriovenosas Intracranianas/terapia , Prognóstico , Lesões por Radiação/etiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To date, there is a paucity of literature offering practicing urologists a reference for the amount of radiation exposure received while surgically managing urolithiasis. This study examines the cumulative radiation exposure of an urologist over 9 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a case series of fluoroscopic exposures of an experienced stone surgeon operating at an academic comprehensive stone center between April and December 2011. Radiation exposure measurements were determined by a thermoluminescent dosimeter worn on the outside of the surgeon's thyroid shield. Estimations of radiation exposure (mrem) per month were charted with fluoroscopy times, using scatter plots to estimate Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The total 9-month radiation exposure was 87 mrems for deep dose equivalent (DDE), 293 mrem for lens dose equivalent (LDE), and 282 mrem for shallow dose equivalent (SDE). Total fluoroscopy time was 252.44 minutes for 64 ureteroscopies (URSs), 29 percutaneous nephrolithtomies (PNLs), 20 cystoscopies with ureteral stent placements, 9 shock wave lithotripsies (SWLs), 9 retrograde pyelograms (RPGs), 2 endoureterotomies, and 1 ureteral balloon dilation. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients examining the association between fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure were not significant for DDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2), LDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2), or SDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Over a 9-month period, total radiation exposures were well below annual accepted limits (DDE 5000 mrem, LDE 15,000 mrem and SDE 50,000 mrem). Although fluoroscopy time did not correlate with radiation exposure, future prospective studies can account for co-variates such as patient obesity and urologist distance from radiation source.
Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Urologia , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/normas , Doses de Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Padrões de Referência , Valores de Referência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Urolitíase/diagnóstico por imagem , Urolitíase/cirurgiaRESUMO
Introduction To date, there is a paucity of literature offering practicing urologists a reference for the amount of radiation exposure received while surgically managing urolithiasis. This study examines the cumulative radiation exposure of an urologist over 9 months. Materials and Methods We present a case series of fluoroscopic exposures of an experienced stone surgeon operating at an academic comprehensive stone center between April and December 2011. Radiation exposure measurements were determined by a thermoluminescent dosimeter worn on the outside of the surgeon's thyroid shield. Estimations of radiation exposure (mrem) per month were charted with fluoroscopy times, using scatter plots to estimate Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Results The total 9-month radiation exposure was 87 mrems for deep dose equivalent (DDE), 293 mrem for lens dose equivalent (LDE), and 282 mrem for shallow dose equivalent (SDE). Total fluoroscopy time was 252.44 minutes for 64 ureteroscopies (URSs), 29 percutaneous nephrolithtomies (PNLs), 20 cystoscopies with ureteral stent placements, 9 shock wave lithotripsies (SWLs), 9 retrograde pyelograms (RPGs), 2 endoureterotomies, and 1 ureteral balloon dilation. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients examining the association between fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure were not significant for DDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2), LDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2), or SDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2). Conclusions Over a 9-month period, total radiation exposures were well below annual accepted limits (DDE 5000 mrem, LDE 15,000 mrem and SDE 50,000 mrem). Although fluoroscopy time did not correlate with radiation exposure, future prospective studies can account for co-variates such as patient obesity and urologist distance from radiation source. .
Assuntos
Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Urologia , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/normas , Doses de Radiação , Padrões de Referência , Valores de Referência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Urolitíase , Urolitíase/cirurgiaRESUMO
The radiation dose received by cardiologists during percutaneous coronary interventions, electrophysiology procedures and other interventional cardiology procedures can vary by more than an order of magnitude for the same type of procedure and for similar patient doses. There is particular concern regarding occupational dose to the lens of the eye. This document provides recommendations for occupational radiation protection for physicians and other staff in the interventional suite. Simple methods for reducing or minimizing occupational radiation dose include: minimizing fluoroscopy time and the number of acquired images; using available patient dose reduction technologies; using good imaging-chain geometry; collimating; avoiding high-scatter areas; using protective shielding; using imaging equipment whose performance is controlled through a quality assurance programme; and wearing personal dosimeters so that you know your dose. Effective use of these methods requires both appropriate education and training in radiation protection for all interventional cardiology personnel, and the availability of appropriate protective tools and equipment. Regular review and investigation of personnel monitoring results, accompanied as appropriate by changes in how procedures are performed and equipment used, will ensure continual improvement in the practice of radiation protection in the interventional suite. These recommendations for occupational radiation protection in interventional cardiology and electrophysiology have been endorsed by the Asian Pacific Society of Interventional Cardiology, the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions, the Latin American Society of Interventional Cardiology, and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions.