RESUMO

This study aimed at comparing the carbohydrate composition of three banana varieties (cv. Nanica, Nanicão, and Prata) and investigating the effect of a single dose of cooked green banana pulp beverage (GBPd) on plasma glycemic homeostasis indexes (glucose, PYY, GIP, insulin) and hunger and satiety sensation (visual analog scale-VAS). The bananas were classified according to the color scale. The fiber, total carbohydrate, and resistant starch (RS) were determined using validated methods. Glucose homeostasis indexes and hunger/satiety sensation were determined in ten healthy women in two stages before and after intake: (1) glucose solution (250 g/L); (2) one week later, consumption of the glucose solution plus 75 g/L of GBPd. Blood samples were collected twice in stage-1 and every 15 min for 2 h in stage-2. Cv. Nanicão was selected, because it presented a higher content in RS and dietary fiber on dry base than the other cultivars. Thus, it was used to test glycemic response. After 2 h of GBPd intake, no difference was observed in hunger/satiety sensation and plasma glycemic homeostasis indexes, except for a decrease in plasma glucose concentration (-15%, p = 0.0232) compared to stage-1. These results suggest that cv. Nanicão has a higher potential as a functional ingredient and can influence the reduction in the glycemic index of a meal compared to other cultivars. However, it had not a short-term effect on hormones GIP and PYY in healthy women. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects and mechanisms of green banana on glycemic control and satiety.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This chapter (part one of a trilogy) summarizes the neurobiological foundations of endogenous opioids in the regulation of energy balance and eating behavior, dysregulation of which translates to maladaptive dietary responses in individuals with obesity and eating disorders, including anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. Knowledge of these neurobiological foundations is vital to researchers' and clinicians' understanding of pathophysiology as well as the science-based development of multidisciplinary diagnoses and treatments for obesity and eating disorders. We highlight mechanisms of endogenous opioids in both homeostatic and hedonic feeding behavior, review research on the dysregulation of food reward that plays a role in a wide array of obesity and disordered eating, and the clinical implications of neurobiological responses to food for current science-based treatments for obesity and eating disorders.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This essay explores the convergences and singularities of popular education and Food and Nutrition Education based on biographical fragments of the undergraduate training program in Nutrition of three university professors who established their academic and professional trajectories at these crossroads of knowledge and actions mediated by popular education. Inspired by the autobiographical method, the narratives revealed that the initial indignations with social inequalities were mobilizing the routes in the formative path toward understanding hunger, suffering, and human care. To this end, seeking spaces and opportunities to learn about and experience social work in contexts of vulnerabilities was a decisive factor in their personal and professional constructions, revealing the contradictions of traditional training models and the starting point for the genesis of critical thinking. Thus, clues are offered to understand the interfaces of Popular Education (PE) and Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) in the converging actions around the fight against hunger and the right to food without, however, reducing one to the other when food and Nutrition are projected on the horizon of practices.

Este ensaio explora as convergências e singularidades do diálogo entre a educação popular (EP) e a educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) a partir de fragmentos biográficos do percurso formativo da graduação em Nutrição de três docentes universitários que constituíram as suas trajetórias acadêmico-profissional mediados pela Educação Popular. Inspirando-se na autobiografia, as narrativas revelaram que as indignações iniciais com as desigualdades sociais foram mobilizadoras do percurso formativo, possibilitando a compreensão dos fenômenos da fome, do sofrimento e do cuidado humano. Assim, o exercício de buscarem espaços e oportunidades na qual pudessem conhecer e experienciar o trabalho social em contextos de vulnerabilidades mostrou-se decisivo nas construções pessoais e profissionais, revelando as contradições dos modelos tradicionais de formação e foram o ponto de partida para a gênese do pensamento crítico. Assim, pretende-se oferecer pistas para compreender as interfaces entre EP e EAN, na convergência de ações em torno da luta contra a fome e pelo Direito à Alimentação, sem, entretanto, reduzir-se uma à outra, quando a alimentação e nutrição se projetam no horizonte das práticas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

To investigate the effects of 8-weeks of full versus split body resistance training (RT) on appetite and energy intake in non-obese untrained men. The participants were pair-matched based on their initial fat mass and then randomly allocated into one of two treatment groups: Full body (FB, n = 20), in which all muscle groups were trained in every session, or Split body (SB, n = 15), in which upper and lower muscle groups were trained alternated per session; both groups trained in non-consecutive days, three times per week with total number of sets performed equated between groups. Energy intake, body composition, and strength performance were evaluated at pre-training, and after 8-weeks of RT, as well as self-reported hunger, fullness, and desire to eat, that were assessed at fasted and feed states pre- and post-intervention. FB and SB resistance training increased fat-free mass (FFM) (p < 0.001); and FB induced greater maximal strength improvement (p = 0.027). At fasted state self-reported hunger increased, and fullness decreased, while in feed state desire to eat something fatty increased in both groups. Carbohydrate intake (p = 0.011) decreased in both groups. In conclusion, FB and SB training increased orexigenic drive (increasing hunger and decreasing fullness), however, total energy intake and fat mass did not change after 8-weeks of RT in non-obese untrained men.Registered under Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials no. RBR-3wkcvyw.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition is characterized by situations of undernutrition and obesity resulting from the lack of micronutrients with the greatest impact on children. The objective of this review was to highlight inadequate food consumption, food security, and nutritional inadequacy leading to hidden hunger and the prevention and treatment of the main micronutrient deficiencies in Brazil. DATA SOURCE: Literature review carried out through a bibliographic survey in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, United States), Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) databases. The search used the terms Occult hunger, (hidden hunger), and Child, in articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The search was performed on 06/25/2023. DATA SYNTHESIS: The lack of micronutrients can occur insidiously and without clinical manifestations, being called hidden hunger. The prevention of nutritional deficiencies is part of the recommended actions in childcare, with healthy eating. Studies were cited related to macro and micronutrient intake deficiencies, both national and international, and strategies to improve micronutrient intake, including routine supplementation of iron, and vitamins D and A. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the main deficiencies in Brazil (iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc), currently adopted, concluded the topic. CONCLUSION: Zero hunger and zero obesity must be part of the same policy, together with a nutritional education program.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly recognized peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) blunting the effects of ghrelin and displaying ghrelin-independent actions. Since the implications of LEAP2 are beginning to be elucidated, we investigated if plasma LEAP2 concentration varies with feeding status or sex and whether it is associated with glucose metabolism and appetite sensations. METHODS: We performed a single test meal study, in which plasma concentrations of LEAP2, ghrelin, insulin and glucose as well as visual analogue scales for hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, fullness were assessed before and 60 min after breakfast in 44 participants (n = 21 females) with normal weight (NW) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB). RESULTS: Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration was ~ 1.6-fold higher whereas ghrelin was ~ 2.0-fold lower in individuals with OW/OB (p < 0.001) independently of sex. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and sex, pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed a direct relationship with BMI (ß: 0.09; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.13; p < 0.001), fat mass (ß: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.09; p = 0.010) and glycemia (ß: 0.24; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.43; p = 0.021), whereas plasma ghrelin concentration displayed an inverse relationship with BMI and fat mass but not with glycemia. Postprandial plasma LEAP2 concentration increased ~ 58% in females with OW/OB (p = 0.045) but not in females with NW or in males. Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed an inverse relationship with hunger score (ß: - 11.16; 95% CI: - 18.52, - 3.79; p = 0.004), in a BMI-, sex- and ghrelin-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS: LEAP2 emerges as a key hormone implicated in the regulation of metabolism and appetite in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (April 2023). CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT05815641.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Este artigo é um ensaio que visa compreender as intersecções entre racismo, capitalismo e a crise social/sanitária da fome e insegurança alimentar que assola o Brasil no contexto posterior à pandemia de covid-19. Para tal, são utilizados os conceitos de nutricídio e racismo alimentar, aproximando-os das concepções de necropolítica e genocídio da população negra, em um entendimento que o Estado deixa de dar condições de segurança alimentar às populações marginalizadas. Isso ocorre, especialmente, nas regiões periféricas das grandes cidades, cujas populações, em sua maioria, são negras, e se tornam vítimas de uma lógica de "deixar morrer" e gerar morte desses segmentos com políticas públicas excludentes e/ou potencialmente danosas à alimentação e à nutrição humanas. A aproximação entre saúde coletiva, fome e racismo é potencialmente geradora de subsídios para a elaboração de políticas de saúde, alimentação e assistência social, sendo, ao mesmo tempo, produtora de um território de estudos e pesquisas no campo da alimentação, nutrição e saúde.

Abstract This essay aims to comprehend the intersections between racism, capitalism, and the social and health crisis of hunger and food insecurity that plagues Brazil in the context after the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, it uses the concepts of nutricide and food racism a, bringing them closer to the concepts of necropolitics and the genocide of the Black population in an understanding that the State fails to provide food security conditions to marginalized populations, especially peripheral ones in large municipalities, mostly Black people, under a logic of letting die and generating death of these segments by excluding public policies and/or potentially harmful policies to human nutrition. The approximation between public health, hunger, and racism may subsidize the elaboration of health, food, and social assistance policies, creating, at the same time, a territory of study and research in the field of food, nutrition, and health.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective This survey aims atreviewing the journalistic narratives of the newspaper Folha de São Paulo (digital edition) about hunger in Brazil during the 2020 pandemic period. It is known that journalism plays an important role in keeping the public informed and in helping to contribute to the shaping of society's opinion. Despite hunger being a structural phenomenon in this country, little is published in the mainstream media discussing the magnitude of the problem and the articulation of measures taken in the three government spheres (federal, state and municipal), to ensure access to food to the most vulnerable populations. Method News excerpts addressing hunger as the main topic were selected from Folha de São Paulo daily newspaper and were highlighted based on reading keys (n=11, published between March and December 2020). Results In all the selected articles, the newspaper addressed the cause of hunger from the perspective of the pandemic (passing event and manifestation). Issues linked to the economic and social crisis experienced in the country were not emphasized. This form of covering hunger in news articles can enhance the idea that the poor are the result of the currently spreading fatality. Conclusion Finally, from these first results we could infer that the newspaper, when addressing hunger in Brazil in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, sought to construct a biased reality that hunger was derived from the health crisis, at the same time that it presents the hungry people narratives as a discursive strategy to sensitize the reader to Folha de São Paulo intentions.

RESUMO Objetivo A nota tem como objetivo examinar as narrativas jornalísticas do jornal Folha de São Paulo (digital) sobre a fome no Brasil, no período pandêmico de 2020, uma vez que se compreende que as narrativas jornalísticas têm um papel importante na formação de opinião da sociedade. Apesar da fome ser um fenômeno estrutural no país, pouco se vê nos grandes meios de comunicação o debate sobre a magnitude dos problemas e articulação de medidas governamentais nas três esferas de gestão (federal, estadual e municipal), que possam assegurar o acesso à alimentação adequada e saudável dos mais vulneráveis. Método Foram selecionadas notícias na Folha de São Paulo que tratavam da fome como pauta principal, sendo analisadas com base em chaves de leitura (n=11, divulgadas entre março e dezembro de 2020). Resultados Em todas as matérias selecionadas o jornal abordou a causa da fome a partir da perspectiva da pandemia (acontecimento e manifestação passageira). As questões vinculadas à crise econômica e social vivenciada no país não foram enfatizadas. A forma de acionar os famintos nas matérias pode reforçar a ideia de que os pobres são fruto da fatalidade que se propaga. Conclusão Por fim, os resultados iniciais permitem inferir que o jornal ao editar a fome no Brasil, no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19, procurou construir uma realidade enviesada de que a fome é derivada de uma crise sanitária ao mesmo tempo que apresenta as narrativas dos famintos como estratégia discursiva para sensibilizar o leitor em relação às suas intenções.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In 2020, food shortages occurred at the beginning of the confinement period that was supposed to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. In French Guiana, where a major part of the population lives under the poverty line, health workers voiced major concerns. Alongside massive food aid distributions, a first transversal study was carried out in August 2020 targeting poor neighborhoods in Cayenne. The results were particularly worrying. More than 80% of households had been suffering from hunger during that month, with a median decrease of 46% in revenue. Two other investigations followed in February and then in August of 2021. With the relaxing of the health measures, the situation improved in the Cayenne region, but two out of three were still affected, showing signs of quantitative deficiencies and insufficient food diversity. The situation seemed particularly grave for children. In light of this situation, we propose to create an observatory of food insecurity in Guiana, while maintaining this topic as a health priority. In addition, the fight against food insecurity cannot be limited to multi-sectorial material and strategic aide. It must be thought about in a more global manner, including health and social questions, territorial management policies, access to land and water, access to rights and social inclusion. Targeted actions helping the most exposed and vulnerable people is also an important stake, independent of the administrative situation and residency rights of the concerned people.

En 2020, des pénuries alimentaires sont survenues dès l'entrée en vigueur du confinement destiné à contrôler la pandémie de COVID-19. En Guyane Française, où une forte proportion de la population vivait déjà sous le seuil de pauvreté, des alertes préoccupantes ont émané d'acteurs de santé. En parallèle du déploiement d'une aide alimentaire massive, une première enquête transversale a été menée en août 2020, ciblant les quartiers précaires des environs de Cayenne. Les résultats étaient particulièrement inquiétants : plus de 80 % des ménages avaient souffert de la faim dans le mois, avec une baisse médiane de revenus de 46 %. Deux autres enquêtes ont suivi, en février, puis en août 2021. Avec l'allègement des mesures sanitaires, la situation s'était sensiblement améliorée dans la région de Cayenne, mais deux ménages sur trois restaient impactés, avec des carences quantitatives et une diversité alimentaire insuffisante. La situation semblait particulièrement critique parmi les enfants. Au vu de cette situation, nous proposons de créer un observatoire de l'insécurité alimentaire en Guyane, tout en maintenant ce sujet en tête des priorités sanitaires. En outre, la lutte contre l'insécurité alimentaire ne peut se limiter à l'aide matérielle : la stratégie, multisectorielle, doit être pensée en globalité, intégrant les problématiques sanitaires et sociales, les enjeux de l'aménagement du territoire, de l'accès à la terre et à l'eau, de l'accès aux droits et à l'insertion sociale. Un ciblage juste des actions vers les publics les plus exposés et vulnérables est également un enjeu important, indépendamment de la situation administrative et du droit au séjour des personnes concernées.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A partir do reconhecimento de uma situação original de desamparo e dependência do outro a qual a criança está estruturalmente submetida, pontua-se que o apaziguamento da fome - considerado uma necessidade fundamental - culmina na consolidação da alteridade como lugar de referência e endereçamento, na erogeneização do corpo próprio, na constituição do Eu e na potencialização do devir do desejo. Logo, a fome e o fracasso do apelo ao outro são experiências potencialmente traumáticas, que produzem vulnerabilidades sociais e psíquicas graves e duradouras. Entende-se que as frustrações das expectativas de saciedade da fome, sobretudo na infância, produzem uma espécie de dor moral, correlata à fragilização da confiança no outro. Com Josué de Castro, reforça-se o aspecto político inarredável da fome, que se amalgama a suas implicações psíquicas e físicas. Com o médico e escritor pernambucano, sublinha-se a existência de uma intenção histórica do Estado brasileiro de ignorar, desmentir e até mesmo provocar a fome. É lembrado que, como um arguto leitor de Freud, o autor faz uso da teoria pulsional psicanalítica como operador conceitual para pensar a fome. Na esteira da contribuição de Castro, Ferenczi é trazido à baila a fim de fundamentar o caráter intencional e político do trauma da fome.

From the recognition of an original situation of helplessness and dependence on the other to which the child is structurally subjected, it is pointed out that the appeasement of hunger - considered a fundamental need - culminates in the consolidation of alterity as a place of reference and addressing, in the erogenization of the own body, the constitution of the Self, and the potentialization of desire's becoming. Therefore, hunger and the failure of the appeal to the other are potentially traumatic experiences that produce serious and lasting social and psychological vulnerabilities. Thence, frustrating the expectations of hunger's satiety, especially in childhood, produce a kind of moral pain, which is correlated to the weakening of trust the other. With Josué de Castro, the inescapable political aspect of hunger, which is merged with its psychological and physical implications, is reinforced. From his ideas, the existence of a historical intention of the Brazilian state to ignore, deny, and even provoke hunger is emphasized. As a keen reader of Freud, the author uses psychoanalytic drive theory as a conceptual operator to think about hunger. Following Castro's contribution, Ferenczi is brought up to support the intentional and political nature of hunger trauma.

A partir del reconocimiento de una situación original de desamparo y dependencia del otro a la que el niño está estructuralmente sometido, se señala que el apaciguamiento del hambre - considerada una necesidad fundamental - culmina en la consolidación de la alteridad como lugar de referencia y direccionamiento, la erogeneización del cuerpo propio, la constitución del Yo y la potencialización del devenir del deseo. Entonces, el hambre y el fracaso del llamado al otro son experiencias potencialmente traumáticas que producen vulnerabilidades sociales y psicológicas graves y duraderas. Las frustraciones de las expectativas de saciedad del hambre, especialmente en la infancia, origina un dolor moral, correlacionado con el debilitamiento de la confianza en el otro. Con Josué de Castro, se refuerza el aspecto político ineludible del hambre, que se amalgama a sus implicaciones psicológicas y físicas. Con el escritor brasileño, se enfatiza la existencia de una intención histórica del Estado brasileño de ignorar, negar e incluso provocar el hambre. Se recuerda que, como lector perspicaz de Freud, el autor utiliza la teoría pulsional psicoanalítica como operador conceptual para pensar en el hambre. Siguiendo la contribución de Castro, Ferenczi se pone de relieve para respaldar la naturaleza intencional y política del trauma del hambre.

Assuntos