RESUMO
Calcium (Ca2+) is a highly versatile intracellular messenger that regulates several cellular processes. Although it is unclear how a single-second messenger coordinates various effects within a cell, there is growing evidence that spatial patterns of Ca2+ signals play an essential role in determining their specificity. Ca2+ signaling patterns can differ in various cell regions, and Ca2+ signals in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments have been observed to occur independently. The initiation and function of Ca2+ signaling within the nucleus are not yet fully understood. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) induce Ca2+ signaling resulting from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) formation within the nucleus. This signaling mechanism may be responsible for the effects of specific growth factors on cell proliferation and gene transcription. This review highlights the recent advances in RTK trafficking to the nucleus and explains how these receptors initiate nuclear calcium signaling.
Assuntos
Sinalização do Cálcio , Núcleo Celular , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases , Humanos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/genética , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismoRESUMO
HIV-1 assembly occurs at the plasma membrane, with the Gag polyprotein playing a crucial role. Gag association with the membrane is directed by the matrix domain (MA), which is myristoylated and has a highly basic region that interacts with anionic lipids. Several pieces of evidence suggest that the presence of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) highly influences this binding. Furthermore, MA also interacts with nucleic acids, which is proposed to be important for the specificity of GAG for PIP2-containing membranes. It is hypothesized that RNA has a chaperone function by interacting with the MA domain, preventing Gag from associating with unspecific lipid interfaces. Here, we study the interaction of MA with monolayer and bilayer membrane systems, focusing on the specificity for PIP2 and on the possible effects of a Gag N-terminal peptide on impairing the binding for either RNA or membrane. We found that RNA decreases the kinetics of the protein association with lipid monolayers but has no effect on the selectivity for PIP2. Interestingly, for bilayer systems, this selectivity increases in presence of both the peptide and RNA, even for highly negatively charged compositions, where MA alone does not discriminate between membranes with or without PIP2. Therefore, we propose that the specificity of MA for PIP2-containing membranes might be related to the electrostatic properties of both membrane and protein local environments, rather than a simple difference in molecular affinities. This scenario provides a new understanding of the regulation mechanism, with a macromolecular view, rather than considering molecular interactions within a ligand-receptor model.
Assuntos
HIV-1 , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato , Produtos do Gene gag do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana , Produtos do Gene gag do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/química , HIV-1/metabolismo , Lipídeos/química , Peptídeos/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Fusion pores serve as an effective mechanism to connect intracellular organelles and release vesicle contents during exocytosis. A complex lipid rearrangement takes place as membranes approximate, bend, fuse, and establish a traversing water channel to define the fusion pore, linking initially isolated chambers. Thermodynamically, the process is unfavorable and thought to be mediated by specialized proteins. In this work, we have developed a reaction coordinate to induce fusion pores from initially flat and parallel lipid bilayers and we have used it to describe the effects of the synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain during the process. We have obtained free-energy profiles of the whole lipid reorganization in biologically realistic membranes, going from planar and parallel bilayers through stalk hemifusion to water channel formation. Our results point to a lysine-rich polybasic region on synaptotagmin-1 C2B as the key to lipid reorganization control through the formation of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate clusters that stabilize the fusion pore.
Assuntos
Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/química , Sinaptotagmina I/química , Humanos , Domínios Proteicos , Estabilidade Proteica , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule involved in plant defense. While many proteins play essential roles in SA signaling, increasing evidence shows that responses to SA appear to involve and require lipid signals. The phospholipid-generated signal transduction involves a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis or phosphorylation of phospholipids in membranes to generate signaling molecules, which are important in the plant cellular response. In this review, we focus first, the role of SA as a mitigator in biotic/abiotic stress. Later, we describe the experimental evidence supporting the phospholipid-SA connection in plant cells, emphasizing the roles of the secondary lipid messengers (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid (PA)) and related enzymes (phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC)). By placing these recent finding in context of phospholipids and SA in plant cells, we highlight the role of phospholipids as modulators in the early steps of SA triggered transduction in plant cells.
Assuntos
Ácidos Fosfatídicos/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Células Vegetais/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/farmacologia , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipase D/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Mechanisms coupling the atypical PKC (aPKC) kinase activity to its subcellular localization are essential for cell polarization. Unlike other members of the PKC family, aPKC has no well-defined plasma membrane (PM) or calcium binding domains, leading to the assumption that its subcellular localization relies exclusively on protein-protein interactions. Here we show that in both Drosophila and mammalian cells, the pseudosubstrate region (PSr) of aPKC acts as a polybasic domain capable of targeting aPKC to the PM via electrostatic binding to PM PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. However, physical interaction between aPKC and Par-6 is required for the PM-targeting of aPKC, likely by allosterically exposing the PSr to bind PM. Binding of Par-6 also inhibits aPKC kinase activity, and such inhibition can be relieved through Par-6 interaction with apical polarity protein Crumbs. Our data suggest a potential mechanism in which allosteric regulation of polybasic PSr by Par-6 couples the control of both aPKC subcellular localization and spatial activation of its kinase activity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/enzimologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/química , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Polaridade Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/química , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/citologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Embrião não Mamífero , Células Epiteliais/enzimologia , Células Epiteliais/ultraestrutura , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Reporter , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Larva/citologia , Larva/enzimologia , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/química , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/química , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteína Quinase C/química , Proteína Quinase C/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
The polyphosphoinositides (PPIn) are central regulatory lipids that direct membrane function in eukaryotic cells. Understanding how their synthesis is regulated is crucial to revealing these lipids' role in health and disease. PPIn are derived from the major structural lipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI). However, although the distribution of most PPIn has been characterized, the subcellular localization of PI available for PPIn synthesis is not known. Here, we used several orthogonal approaches to map the subcellular distribution of PI, including localizing exogenous fluorescent PI, as well as detecting lipid conversion products of endogenous PI after acute chemogenetic activation of PI-specific phospholipase and 4-kinase. We report that PI is broadly distributed throughout intracellular membrane compartments. However, there is a surprising lack of PI in the plasma membrane compared with the PPIn. These experiments implicate regulation of PI supply to the plasma membrane, as opposed to regulation of PPIn-kinases, as crucial to the control of PPIn synthesis and function at the PM.
Assuntos
Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membranas Intracelulares/metabolismo , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositóis/metabolismo , Animais , Células COS , Chlorocebus aethiops , Diglicerídeos/metabolismo , Cinética , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , Microscopia Confocal , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismo , Fosfolipases Tipo C/genética , Fosfolipases Tipo C/metabolismoRESUMO
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling within the cell nucleus regulates specific cellular events such as gene transcription and cell proliferation. Nuclear and cytosolic Ca2+ levels can be independently regulated, and nuclear translocation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is one way to locally activate signaling cascades within the nucleus. Nuclear RTKs, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are important for processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA-damage repair, and cancer therapy resistance. RTKs can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) within the nucleus, leading to Ca2+ release from the nucleoplasmic reticulum by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis is mediated by phospholipase C (PLC). However, it is unknown which nuclear PLC isoform is triggered by EGFR. Here, using subcellular fractionation, immunoblotting and fluorescence, siRNA-based gene knockdowns, and FRET-based biosensor reporter assays, we investigated the role of PLCδ4 in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced nuclear Ca2+ signaling and downstream events. We found that EGF-induced Ca2+ signals are inhibited when translocation of EGFR is impaired. Nuclear Ca2+ signals also were reduced by selectively buffering inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) within the nucleus. EGF induced hydrolysis of nuclear PI(4,5)P2 by the intranuclear PLCδ4, rather than by PLCγ1. Moreover, protein kinase C, a downstream target of EGF, was active in the nucleus of stimulated cells. Furthermore, PLCδ4 and InsP3 modulated cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of cyclins A and B1. These results provide evidence that EGF-induced nuclear signaling is mediated by nuclear PLCδ4 and suggest new therapeutic targets to modulate the proliferative effects of this growth factor.
Assuntos
Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/farmacologia , Fosfolipase C delta/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cadeias Pesadas de Clatrina/antagonistas & inibidores , Cadeias Pesadas de Clatrina/genética , Cadeias Pesadas de Clatrina/metabolismo , Ciclina A/metabolismo , Ciclina B1/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrólise , Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Fosfolipase C delta/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfolipase C delta/genética , Fosfolipase C gama/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfolipase C gama/genética , Fosfolipase C gama/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Voltage-gated potassium channels are expressed in a wide variety of excitable and non-excitable cells and regulate numerous cellular functions. The activity of ion channels can be modulated by direct interaction or/and functional coupling with other proteins including auxiliary subunits, scaffold proteins and the cytoskeleton. Here, we evaluated the influence of the actin-based cytoskeleton on the Kv2.1 channel using pharmacological and electrophysiological methods. We found that disruption of the actin-based cytoskeleton by latrunculin B resulted in the regulation of the Kv2.1 inactivation mechanism; it shifted the voltage of half-maximal inactivation toward negative potentials by approximately 15 mV, accelerated the rate of closed-state inactivation, and delayed the recovery rate from inactivation. The actin cytoskeleton stabilizing agent phalloidin prevented the hyperpolarizing shift in the half-maximal inactivation potential when co-applied with latrunculin B. Additionally, PIP2 depletion (a strategy that regulates Kv2.1 inactivation) after cytoskeleton disruption does not regulate further the inactivation of Kv2.1, which suggests that both factors could be regulating the Kv2.1 channel by a common mechanism. In summary, our results suggest a role for the actin-based cytoskeleton in regulating Kv2.1 channels.
Assuntos
Citoesqueleto/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio Shab/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Ativação do Canal Iônico/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Potássio/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/metabolismo , Tiazolidinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The ether-à-go-go1 (EAG1, Kv10.1) K+ channel is a member of the voltage-gated K+ channel family mainly expressed in the central nervous system and cancer cells. Membrane lipids regulate several voltage-gated K+ channels but their influence on EAG1 channels has been poorly explored. Here we have studied the regulation of hEAG1 channels by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisfofate (PIP2) by using different strategies to manipulate the levels of this lipid, and the patch clamp technique. We found that depletion of endogenous PIP2 by activation of the voltage-sensing phosphatase from Danio rerio (Dr-VSP) or the human muscarinic type-1 receptor (hM1R) inhibits hEAG1 currents; however, the application of exogenous PIP2 to increase the level of this lipid on the plasma membrane, also induced an inhibition of hEAG1. In summary, our results indicate that PIP2 have dual effects on hEAG1 channels and its action as activator or inhibitor depends on its initial level on the plasma membrane.
Assuntos
Canais de Potássio Éter-A-Go-Go/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/farmacologia , Animais , Humanos , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases , Receptores Muscarínicos , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a membrane phospholipid that regulates the function of multiple ion channels, including some members of the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel superfamily. The PIP2 sensitivity of Kv channels is well established for all five members of the Kv7 family and for Kv1.2 channels; however, regulation of other Kv channels by PIP2 remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of PIP2 on Kv2.1 channels by applying exogenous PIP2 to the cytoplasmic face of excised membrane patches, activating muscarinic receptors (M1R), or depleting endogenous PIP2 using a rapamycin-translocated 5-phosphatase (FKBP-Inp54p). Exogenous PIP2 rescued Kv2.1 channels from rundown and partially prevented the shift in the voltage-dependence of inactivation observed in inside-out patch recordings. Native PIP2 depletion by the recruitment of FKBP-Insp54P or M1R activation in whole-cell experiments, induced a shift in the voltage-dependence of inactivation, an acceleration of the closed-state inactivation, and a delayed recovery of channels from inactivation. No significant effects were observed on the activation mechanism by any of these treatments. Our data can be modeled by a 13-state allosteric model that takes into account that PIP2 depletion facilitates inactivation of Kv2.1. We propose that PIP2 regulates Kv2.1 channels by interfering with the inactivation mechanism.