RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Osteoporotic vertebral fractures affect a large number of older adults OBJECTIVES: Systematically review evidence of the benefits and harms of non-surgical and non-pharmacological management of people with osteoporotic vertebral fractures compared with standard care (control); and evaluate the benefits and harms of non-surgical and non-pharmacological management of people with osteoporotic vertebral fractures compared with an alternative non-pharmacological, non-invasive intervention. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Five electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, and COCHRANE) were searched. Eligible trials included participants with primary osteoporosis and at least one vertebral fracture diagnosed on radiographs, with treatment that was non-surgical and non-pharmacological involving more than one session. RESULTS: Twenty randomized controlled trials were included with 2083 participants with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Exercise, bracing, multimodal therapy, electrotherapy, and taping were investigated interventions. Meta-analyses provided low certainty evidence that exercise interventions compared to no exercise were effective in reducing pain in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures (mean difference (MD)= 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08, 1.93), and low certainty evidence that rigid bracing intervention compared with no bracing was effective in reducing pain in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures (MD= 2.61; 95%CI: 0.95, 4.27). Meta-analyses showed no differences in harms between exercise and no exercise groups. No health-related quality of life or activity improvements were demonstrated for exercise interventions, bracing, electrotherapy, or multimodal interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise and rigid bracing as management for patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures may have a small benefit for pain without increasing risk of harm. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42012002936.
Assuntos
Fraturas por Osteoporose , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral , Idoso , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Dor , Qualidade de Vida , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapiaRESUMO
La osteoporosis es una enfermedad sistémica que deteriora la calidad del hueso y su arquitectura. Como consecuencia, predispone a fracturas por fragilidad, entre las cuales las fracturas vertebrales son frecuentes. Estas se asocian a una gran morbimortalidad. La vertebroplastia ha surgido en 1984 como alter-nativa terapéutica para tratar algunos tumores vertebrales y fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas dolorosas. Este procedimiento consiste en la inyección de cemento guiado por imágenes, para estabilizar la vértebra fracturada y disminuir el dolor. La vertebroplastia puede ser realizada con anestesia local, sedación o anestesia general. La fuga de cemento fuera de la vértebra es una complicación común; sin embargo esto no suele tener traducción clínica y solamente se trata de un hallazgo imagenológico. En este artículo revisaremos las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, la eficacia, controversias y las complicaciones de la vertebroplastia percutánea. (AU)
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone quality deterioration. As a consequence of this deterioration, osteoporosis results in high fracture risk due to bone fragility. Fractures to the spine are common in this scenario, and relate to an increased morbi-mortality. Vertebroplasty emerged in 1984 as an alternative to treat painful vertebral tumors and osteoporotic vertebral fractures. This procedure relies on image guided cement injection to achieve pain relief and strengthen the vertebral body. Vertebroplasty can be performed under local anesthesia, mild sedation, or general anesthesia. Among its complications, cement leakage is common but it is rarely associated with any symptoms and it is usually an imaging finding. In this article, we will review indications and contraindications, effectiveness, controversies and complications related to percutaneous vertebroplasty. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Vertebroplastia/métodos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Dor Crônica/terapia , Administração Cutânea , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Resultado do Tratamento , Vertebroplastia/efeitos adversos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/classificaçãoRESUMO
This study shows a diagnostic and therapeutic gap for osteoporosis in patients with fragility fractures of the hip, distal radius, and vertebrae. Patients with fragility fractures treated in Mexico fail to receive an osteoporosis diagnosis, referral, and follow-up treatment. The therapeutic gap is higher than reported in other countries. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent and disabling disease. While there is typically a gap between osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment after a fragility fracture, this gap has not been measured in Mexico. The study aimed to describe and quantify the gap between osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment after an incident fragility fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive and 3-year retrospective chart review study was conducted on patients over the age of 50 with a diagnosis of an incident acute low-energy fracture of either the hip, distal radius, or vertebrae. RESULTS: We included 838 patients with a mean age of 76.3 ± 12.2 years. The sample was mostly women (665 participants, 79.4%); 589 (70.3%) had a hip fracture, 173 (20.6%) had a distal radius fracture, and 76 (9.1%) had a vertebral fracture. Only 28 (3.3%) had a previous diagnosis and were taking a pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis; 11 (1.3%) received their diagnosis while hospitalized. Immediately after the fracture, and 1 and 3 years later, 144 (17.1%), 71 (8.4%), and 96 (11.4%) respectively received a pharmacological treatment, 195 (23.2%), 65 (7.7%), and 45 (5.3%) supplementation, and 16 (1.9%), 16 (1.9%), and 21 (2.5%) a non-pharmacologic treatment. No significant differences in treatment prescriptions were found after a second or third fracture. CONCLUSION: The study quantifies the too high frequency of failure to diagnose and treat osteoporosis in patients with fragility fractures. Measures should be established to reduce the yawning gap between osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment after a fragility fracture.
Assuntos
Conservadores da Densidade Óssea , Osteoporose , Fraturas por Osteoporose , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
La fractura osteoporótica es una entidad clínica que afecta seriamente la calidad y expectativa de vida del paciente, agregándose un impacto socioeconómico elevado, superando incluso a los gastos de patologías como el infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y cáncer de mama, y cuya incidencia y prevalencia va en aumento a medida que la población mundial envejece. La gran mayoría de los casos cursan inadvertidos y sub diagnosticados, dejando a tres de cuatro pacientes, sin tratamiento y expuestos a nuevos eventos. El foco mundial en los países desarrollados como estrategia de enfrentamiento de esta patología endémica ha sido el de la prevención, vale decir medicina primaria. Sin embargo, una vez diagnosticada la fractura osteoporótica, no existe consenso en el tipo de tratamiento óptimo, así como sus plazos en estos pacientes. La mayoría de las guías internacionales y los trabajos publicados, presentan diferencias en el manejo de esta lesión.
The osteoporotic fracture is a clinical entity that seriously affects the quality and life expectancy of the patient, adding a high socioeconomic impact, even exceeding the expenses of pathologies such as acute myocardial stroke, vascular cerebral stroke and breast cancer, and whose incidence and prevalence is increasing as the world population ages. The vast majority of cases are non-diagnosed, leaving three of four patients with non treatment at all. The target in developed countries as a strategy to confront this endemic pathology has been prevention, or, primary medicine. However, once the osteoporotic fracture is diagnosed, there is no consensus on the type of optimal treatment, as well as its deadlines in these patients. The majority of international guidelines and published articles show differences in the management and treatment of this fracture.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Fraturas por Osteoporose/classificaçãoRESUMO
Fracture healing is a well-orchestrated and coordinated process and begins with the inflammatory stage involving the infiltration of immune cells and the release of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) stimulation is effective in promoting fracture healing. The study hypothesis was that the innate immune response was impaired in osteoporotic fracture and LMHFV could positively modulate it. 9-month-old ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic rats were randomised into sham (SHAM), OVX control (OVX), OVX-vibration (OVX-VT) or OVX vibration plus administration of COX-2 specific non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (OVX-VT-NSAID). LMHFV (35 Hz, 0.3 g) was given 20 min/d and 5 d/week to the treatment groups. Healing and innate immune response were evaluated by weekly radiographs, endpoint micro-computed tomography (µCT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and histomorphometry at weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8 post-treatment. Results showed that OVX slightly elevated systemic inflammation but impaired the innate immune response locally at the fracture site, with significantly lower expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 but higher IL-10 expression during the early stage of healing. LMHFV was effective in accelerating the delayed fracture healing in OVX bones by partly restoring the impaired innate immune response at the fracture site, accompanied by promoted progression of macrophage polarisation from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. In conclusion, vibration treatment could positively modulate the impaired innate immune response and promote macrophage polarisation in osteoporotic-fracture healing.
Assuntos
Consolidação da Fratura , Macrófagos/citologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Vibração/uso terapêutico , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Estrogênios/deficiência , Feminino , Imunidade Inata , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fraturas por Osteoporose/etiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Existe escasa información respecto al estudio y manejo de la osteoporosis en los pacientes que han sufrido fractura por fragilidad en Chile. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiologia, aproximación diagnóstica y manejo realizado a pacientes hospitalizados por fractura por fragilidad (muñeca, cadera, columna) que ingresaron al Servicio de Traumatología (ST) del Hospital de Antofagasta (HRA). Método: Estudio retrospectivo, se revisó registros de pacientes hospitalizados en ST y se identificó a pacientes que presentaron fractura por fragilidad. Se revisó sus fichas clínicas (período enero 2015-diciembre 2016). Se analizaron factores de riesgos, exámenes realizados, terapias y controles médicos al alta. Resultados: Fueron 971 ingresos y 100 pacientes con fractura por fragilidad. 88% fueron mujeres cuya edad promedio fue 73,1 años. El factor de riesgo más común fue la postmenopausia y antecedente de fractura previa. Las fracturas se distribuyeron en cadera 64%, muñeca 35% y columna 1%. A solo 3 pacientes se le pidió densitometría ósea. En ninguno fue evaluada vitamina D ni PTH. Al 7% se indicó calcio y vitamina D post fractura, a 4% se indicó antiresortivos. En ningún paciente se promovió el consumo de lácteos. Discusión: Las fracturas osteoporóticas en el HRA son inadecuadamente estudiadas para descarte de factores modificables y son farmacológicamente subtratadas, con el riesgo de nueva aparición de fracturas por fragilidad y morbimortalidad asociada. Es importante reforzar en los servicios de traumatología la importancia del manejo médico postfracturas y eventualmente incorporar la participación de otros especialistas en el manejo de estos pacientes durante la hospitalización y al alta.
We have poor information regarding study and management of osteoporosis in patient who have a fragility fracture in Chile. Objetive: Describe epidemiology, diagnostic approach and management performed on patients hospitalized for fragility fracture in Traumatology Service(ST) of the Antofagasta Hospital(HRA). Method: Retrospective study, we reviewed your clinical record (period January 2015-December 2016). Risk factor, laboratory test performed, therapies and medical controls at discharge were analyzed. Resuls: 971 patient admited to ST, 100 were fragility fracture. 88% were women with average age 73,1 years old. The mosts commons risk factors were chronic kidney failure and anticonvulsants treatment. The fractures were 64% of hip, 35% wrist, and 1% column. Only 3 patients have bone densitometry. None had vitamin D or PTH evaluated. Calcium and vitamin D after fracture were indicated at 7%, antiresorptives were indicated at 4%. In none diary consumption were promoted. Discussion: Osteoporotic fractures in HRA are inadequately studied to rule out modifiable factors and they are pharmacologically subtracted, with risk of new fractures an mobility and mortality. Is important remember in the ST importance of the medical management postfracture and the multidisciplinary work.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso Fragilizado , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/complicações , Centros de Traumatologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
Los pacientes con fracturas por fragilidad presentan elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad, lo que implica además un alto costo para el erario público. Luego de una fractura por osteoporosis, la mayoría de los pacientes no recibe una adecuada evaluación y tratamiento. Para suplir este vacío de atención médica se crearon distintas políticas; la mejor de ellas son los Servicios de Enlace de Pacientes con Fracturas (Fracture Liaison Service, en inglés). Estos programas tienen una vigencia internacional de más de diez años y son patrocinados por organismos internacionales. La finalidad de estos servicios es la prevención secundaria de fracturas. La modalidad de trabajo tiene como objetivo facilitar y asegurar la rápida identificación, el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de esta población en diferentes contextos asistenciales. La experiencia internacional demuestra que estos servicios son exitosos pues logran incrementar el inicio y la adherencia al tratamiento, disminuir las tasas de mortalidad, de morbilidad y de nuevas fracturas, y son costo-efectivos. En nuestro medio, el inicio de los Servicios de Enlace es reciente. El propósito de esta actualización es realizar una revisión de los fundamentos, características, modalidad operativa y los logros obtenidos por dichos programas. Las fracturas por fragilidad ósea constituyen un problema importante para la salud pública. Esta presentación tiene como objetivo alertar y motivar a la comunidad médica a intervenir de manera sistemática y dinámica para mejorar el cuidado habitual en esta población de pacientes. (AU)
Fragility fractures are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates and higher costs. After a fracture, most patients do not receive adequate assessment and treatment. To fill this gap in medical care, different policies have been created; the best of them being the Fracture Liaison Services. These programs have been in place for over ten years worldwide and are sponsored by international organisms and societies. The purpose of the Fracture Liaison Services is secondary fracture prevention. Their goal is to ensure the rapid identification, diagnosis and treatment of this population in different clinical contexts. They increase treatment adherence and decrease mortality and morbidity rates and the incidence of new fractures. International experience shows that these services are successful and costeffective. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fraturas por Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Osteoporose , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/mortalidade , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Conforto do Paciente , Cooperação e Adesão ao TratamentoRESUMO
Objective: Osteoporosis is under-diagnosed and under-treated worldwide. Information on the burden of osteoporosis in Latin American countries is limited. This study aimed to estimate the economic burden of osteoporosis in adults aged 50-89 years in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. Methods: Analyses were conducted using a burden of illness model. Where possible, country-specific model inputs were informed by a systematic review and expert opinion. Osteoporosis-related fracture costs were calculated for hospitalizations, testing, surgeries, prescription drugs, and patient productivity losses. Costs were expressed in 2018 USD for the annual burden, annual burden per 1,000 at risk, and projected 5-year burden. No discounting was applied. Results: Over 840,000 osteoporosis-related fractures were predicted to occur in 2018, amounting to a total annual cost of â¼1.17 billion USD. The total projected 5-year cost was â¼6.25 billion USD. Annual costs were highest in Mexico (411 million USD), followed by Argentina (360 million USD), Brazil (310 million USD), and Colombia (94 million USD). The average burden per 1,000 at risk was greatest in Argentina (32,583 USD), followed by Mexico (16,671 USD), Colombia (8,240 USD), and Brazil (6,130 USD). Conclusions: Over the next 5 years, â¼4,485,352 fractures are anticipated to occur in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. To control and prevent these fractures, stakeholders must work together to close the care gap. Efforts to identify individuals at high fracture risk, initiate treatment, and improve long-term treatment persistence will be essential in minimizing the financial and patient burden of osteoporosis in Latin America.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Osteoporose/economia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/economia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colômbia , Feminino , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/terapia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To identify the use of carbon nanomaterials in bone regeneration and present new data on the regenerative capacity of bone tissue in osteopenic rats treated with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). RECENT FINDINGS: The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the nanomaterials are suitable for the fabrication of scaffolds intended for bone regeneration. The in vitro tests suggested a non-toxicity of the GNRs as well as improved biocompatibility and bone mineralization activity. Here, for the first time, we evaluated the potential of GNRs in remodeling and repairing bone defects in osteoporotic animal models in vivo. Interestingly, bone mineralization and the initiation of the remodeling cycle by osteoclasts/osteoblasts were observed after the implantation of GNRs, thus implying healthy bone remodeling when using GNRs. This study, therefore, has opened our perspectives and certainly calls for more attention to the use of carbon nanomaterials for a wide range of osteoporosis applications.