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The crystal structure determination of metal complexes of curcuminoids is a relevant topic to assess their unequivocal molecular structure. We report herein the first two X-ray crystal structures of homoleptic metal complexes of a curcuminoid, namely Dimethoxycurcumin (DiMeOC), with gallium and indium. Such successful achievement can be attributed to the suppression of interactions from the phenolic groups, which favor an appropriate molecular setup, rendering Dimethoxycurcumin gallium ((DiMeOC)2-Ga) and Dimethoxycurcumin indium ((DiMeOC)3-In) crystals. Surprisingly, the conformation of ligands in the crystal structures shows differences in each metal complex. Thus, the ligands in the (DiMeOC)2-Ga complex show two different conformers in the two molecules of the asymmetric unit. However, the ligands in the (DiMeOC)3-In complex exhibit three different conformations within the same molecule of the asymmetric unit, constituting the first such case described for an ML3 complex. The cytotoxic activity of the (DiMeOC)2-Ga complex is 4-fold higher than cisplatin against the K562 cell line and has comparable activity towards U251 and PC-3 cell lines. Interestingly, this complex exhibit three times lesser toxicity than cisplatin and even slightly lesser cytotoxicity than curcumin itself.

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Gallium and indium octahedral complexes with isoniazid derivative ligands were successfully prepared. The ligands, isonicotinoyl benzoylacetone (H2L1) and 4-chlorobenzoylacetone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (H2L2), and their respective coordination compounds with gallium and indium [GaL1(HL1)] (GaL1), [GaL2(HL2)] (GaL2), [InL1(HL1)] (InL1) and [InL2(HL2)] (InL2) were investigated by NMR, ESI-MS, UV-Vis, IR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis. In vitro interaction studies with human serum albumin (HSA) evidenced a moderate affinity of all complexes with HSA through spontaneous hydrophobic interactions. The greatest suppression of HSA fluorescence was caused by GaL2 and InL2, which was associated to the higher lipophilicity of H2L2. In vitro interaction studies with CT-DNA indicated weak interactions of the biomolecule with all complexes. Cytotoxicity assays with MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), PC-3 (prostate carcinoma) and RWPE-1 (healthy human prostate epithelial) cell lines showed that complexes with H2L2 are more active and selective against MCF-7, with the greatest cytotoxicity observed for InL2 (IC50 = 10.34 ± 1.69 µM). H2L1 and H2L2 were labelled with gallium-67, and it was verified that 67GaL2 has a greater lipophilicity than 67GaL1, as well as higher stability in human serum or in the presence of apo-transferrin. Cellular uptake assays with 67GaL1 and 67GaL2 evidenced that the H2L2-containing radiocomplex has a higher accumulation in MCF-7 and PC-3 cells than the non-halogenated congener 67GaL1. The anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis assays revealed that both ligands and metal complexes are potent growth inhibitors, with MIC90 (µg mL-1) values observed from 0.419 ± 0.05 to 1.378 ± 0.21.

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A hanseníase é uma doença infecto-contagiosa, granulomatosa de evolução crônica, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. A introdução da poliquimiterapia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 1981, resultou na cura de milhões de indivíduos infectados pelo bacilo, no entanto ela ainda é considerada endêmica e negligenciada em países como o Brasil. A indústria farmacêutica não tem mostrado interesse em investir na pesquisa de novos fármacos, porém novas opções terapêuticas são importantes para o controle da endemia. Uma das alternativas de terapia para infecções que são causadas por microrganismos intracelulares é o bloqueio de ferro. Este metal tem grande importância na replicação dos patógenos no hospedeiro então, o uso de quelantes para a redução da carga parasitaria é uma das possibilidades estudadas. Um dos compostos utilizados como quelante do ferro é o mesilato de desferroxamina (DFX), que tem atividade antimicrobiana e vem sendo estudado no tratamento de diversas doenças como a talassemia. O maltolato de gálio também é um quelante capaz de se ligar ao ferro, competindo em sua via metabólica. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do DFX, administrado sozinho ou em associação com o maltolato de gálio, na replicação do Mycobacterium leprae em modelo experimental murino. Os camundongos infectados foram divididos em três grupos (controle, DFX e DFX + gálio) e o tratamento teve início 60 dias após a inoculação sendo administrado por 90 dias. Os animais receberam ração com restrição de ferro e água ad libitum. A suspensão do maltolato de gálio (150mg/kg) foi administrada diariamente via oral por gavage. O DFX foi aplicado por via intraperitoneal na concentração de 10 mg/kg, uma vez por semana durante cinco semanas. Os camundongos foram eutanasiados após 150 e 240 dias após inoculação. Em relação ao primeiro tempo de eutanásia (150 dias), não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o número de bacilos recuperados entre o controle e os animais tratados; após 240 dias, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre o número de bacilos recuperados entre o grupo controle e os animais tratados com DFX e DFX + gálio oral (p<0,0088 e p<0,0032 respectivamente). Os resultados mostraram que o uso de quelantes de ferro como o DFX e o gálio oral não impediram a replicação do bacilo, mas contribuiram para a diminuição da quantidade recuperada (carga bacilar).

Leprosy is an infectious, contagious, granulomatous disease of chronic evolution, caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The introduction of multidrug therapy by the World Health Organization in 1981 resulted in the cure of millions of individuals infected by the bacillus, however it is still considered endemic and neglected in countries like Brazil. The pharmaceutical industry has not shown interest in investing in the research of new drugs, but new therapeutic options are important for controlling the endemic disease. One of the therapy alternatives for infections that are caused by intracellular microorganisms is iron blockade. This metal is of great importance in the replication of pathogens in the host, so the use of chelators to reduce the parasite load is one of the possibilities studied. One of the compounds used as a iron chelator is desferrioxamine mesylate (DFX), which has antimicrobial activity and has been studied in the treatment of various diseases such as thalassemia. Gallium maltolate is also a chelator capable of binding to iron, competing in its metabolic pathway. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of DFX, administered alone or in association with gallium maltolate, on the replication of Mycobacterium leprae in a murine experimental model. Infected mice were divided into 3 groups (control, DFX and DFX + gallium) and treatment started 60 days after inoculation and was administered for 90 days. The animals received iron-restricted chow and water ad libitum. The suspension of gallium maltolate (150mg/kg) was administered orally daily by gavage. DFX was applied intraperitoneally at a concentration of 10 mg/kg, once a week for five weeks. The mice were euthanized after 150 and 240 days after inoculation. Regarding the first time of euthanasia (150 days), there was no statistically significant difference between the number of bacilli recovered between the control and treated animals; after 240 days, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the number of bacilli recovered between the control group and the animals treated with DFX and DFX + oral gallium (p<0.0088 and p<0.0032 respectively). The results showed that the use of iron chelators such as DFX and oral gallium did not prevent the bacillus from replicating, but contributed to a decrease in the amount recovered (bacillary load).

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Characterized as a semi-metal, gallium is a chemical element not found freely in the environment, but extracted as a by-product from other minerals. Despite of this, there are several gallium compounds with various applications, such as in the production of semiconductors, light emitting diodes; commercially as a potential cost reducer; pharmacology as cancer-related hypercalcemia, non-Hodgkin' lymphoma, breast and bladder cancer mainly and antimicrobial treatments. The latter will be emphasized in this work due to the contemporary emergence of the development of compounds with antimicrobial potential as a result of the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. So, this article discusses the main works, from the discovery of gallium to those that culminated in the current research in microbiology of the last two decades. The antimicrobial activity of gallium can be confirmed through the experimental data and be a promising mean to other investigations, especially due to its iron mimicry ability and the capacity to disrupt microorganisms' metabolism.

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In this work, a finite periodic superlattice is studied, analyzing the probability of electronic transmission for two types of semiconductor heterostructures, GaAs/AlGaAs and InSe/InP. The changes in the maxima of the quasistationary states for both materials are discussed, making variations in the number of periods of the superlattice and its shape by means of geometric parameters. The effect of a non-resonant intense laser field has been included in the system to analyze the changes in the electronic transport properties by means of the Landauer formalism. It is found that the highest tunneling current is given for the GaAs-based compared to the InSe-based system and that the intense laser field improves the current-voltage characteristics generating higher current peaks, maintaining a negative differential resistance (NDR) effect, both with and without laser field for both materials and this fact allows to tune the magnitude of the current peak with the external field and therefore extend the range of operation for multiple applications. Finally, the power of the system is discussed for different bias voltages as a function of the chemical potential.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the participation of nitric oxide (NO) in the hypotensive and vasorelaxation effect induced by PBM using an aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) diode laser (660 nm). Male Wistar rats were treated with the inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME). A red laser (660 nm; 63 J/cm2; 56 s/point) was applied to the abdominal region at six different points. Thoracic aorta was dissected for vascular reactivity study, and a laser (660 nm; 96 J/cm2; 56 s) was applied after incubation with the NO donor DETA-NO, PBS, or hydroxicobalamin. Endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with DETA-NO or CuSO4, and then, PBM (63 J/cm2) was applied, and the nitric oxide was detected. Hypertensive L-NAME rats did not exhibit a decrease in blood pressure after PBM. PBM promoted vasodilation in the aorta isolated from normotensive rats, and less effect in the aorta of L-NAME rats and the addition of the NO donor, DETA-NO, promoted greater vasodilation by PBM in the aorta of L-NAME rats. In endothelial cells, an increase in NO, after PBM, was detected; however, with the addition of CuSO4, which catalyzes the decomposition of NO storage, there was no detection of NO after PBM. The results of this study demonstrate that the hypotensive and vasodilatory effect of PBM with a red laser at 660 nm is modulated by the release of nitric oxide from the storage.

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The objectives of this work were to develop polyacrylonitrile nanofibres modified with the commercial Cyanex 272 extractor and apply them for the recovery of gallium present in aqueous solution. The nanofibres were produced using the centrifugation technique, employing Forcespinning® equipment. The average nanofibre diameter ranged from 530 to 840 nm. The highest adsorption of gallium was achieved at pH 2.5, with a pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Freundlich equilibrium isotherm model providing the best fits of the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption was spontaneous, favourable, and endothermic. The maximum capacity of the PAN/Cyanex 272 nanofibres for the recovery of gallium was 38.93 mg g-1. In successive reuse cycles, the nanofibres showed a small decrease of the adsorption capacity for the metal after the first cycle, while the efficiency remained constant in the subsequent cycles. The desorption efficiency remained constant throughout the cycles, with values in the range 80%-90%. The findings demonstrated that PAN/Cyanex 272 nanofibres have excellent potential for use as adsorbents, providing good capacity for the recovery of gallium and satisfactory stability during reuse in several cycles.

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LED lamps already conquered the market of general lighting and are expected to generate a substantial stream of e-waste in the coming years. The challenge of recycling LED lamps have emerged, and it is essential to address both environmental and economic aspects to achieve a circular economy. LED lamps contain precious and critical metals, which can be found in electrical components and in the LED itself, making them a prospective waste for recycling initiatives. However, data about the concentration and distribution of these metals in the LED lamp's components are still scarce and uncertain. This work aims to characterise the various components of different brands of LED lamps to provide novel data on the precious and critical metals' amounts. Gold and silver were found in all brands of lamp, and we highlight the occurrence of gold in all analysed components, in concentrations between 0.01% and 0.07%, which is relevant to the economic viability of future recycling routes (gold and silver can contribute with USD 4340.00 per ton of LED lamps). The critical metals gallium, yttrium, and cerium were found in LEDs, while cobalt, barium, gallium, antimony, and manganese were found in printed circuit boards (PCBs). Additionally, the elements lead, cadmium, and arsenic were characterised due to their association with environmental and human toxicity.

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Iron uptake and metabolism have become attractive targets for the development of new antibacterial drugs. In this scenario, the FDA-approved iron mimetic metal gallium [Ga (III)] has been successfully researched as an antimicrobial drug. Ga (III) inhibits microbial growth by disrupting ferric iron-dependent metabolic pathways. In this study, we revealed that gallium nitrate III (GaN) inhibits the growth of a collection of twenty polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains at concentrations ranging from 2 to 16µg/mL, using a medium, on which the low iron content and the presence of human serum better mimic the in vivo environment. GaN was also successful in protecting Caenorhabditis elegans from polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae strains lethal infection, with survival rates of >75%. GaN also exhibited synergism with polymyxin B, suggesting that a polymyxin B-GaN combination holds promise like as one alternative therapy for infections caused by resistant polymyxin B K. pneumoniae strains.

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Aim: To established a simple, controlled and reproducible method to synthesize gallium (Ga)-coated polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles (NPs). Materials & methods: PDA NPs were synthesized in alkali medium with posterior Ga shell formation due to ion chelation on the NP surface. Results: The obtained results with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of Ga on the PDA NP surface. The cytotoxicity of Ga-coated PDA NPs was evaluated in vitro at different concentrations in contact with human adipose-derived stem cells. Further cell analysis also demonstrated the benefit of Ga-coated PDA NPs, which increased the cell proliferation rate compared with noncoated PDA NPs. Conclusion: This study indicated that Ga could work as an appropriate shell for PDA NPs, inducing cell proliferation at the analyzed concentrations.

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