RESUMO
Resistance training (RT) and high-quality protein ingestion improves muscle mass (MM) and strength (MS). However, no study has evaluated the effect of ingesting milk plus soy protein (SOY) on MM and MS in postmenopausal women (PW). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding SOY to milk on MM and MS after 16 weeks of RT. Thirty-two PW were randomized and allocated into two groups: placebo and RT (PL+RT, n = 16) and SOY and RT (SOY+RT, n = 16). The SOY+RT received 25 g of SOY while the PL+RT received 25 g of maltodextrin (placebo). All supplements were given in the form of a chocolate-flavored powder added to 200 mL of milk. The RT protocol consisted of eight total body exercises at 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM), three sets of 8-12 repetitions, 2-3 times/week. No differences were found in the baseline measures between groups (age, menopause status, anthropometric and nutrition patterns), except for protein intake, which was higher in the SOY+RT. Both groups increased the MM (bioimpedance) showing no difference between groups (PL+RT = 1.5 kg; SOY+RT = 1.1 kg). For MS, the SOY+RT showed a larger (p < .05) increase in 1RM of bench press (PL+RT = 6.7 kg; SOY+RT = 12.5 kg), knee extension (PL+RT = 3.7 kg; SOY+RT = 6.7 kg), total load (PL+RT = 15.1 kg; SOY+RT = 24.2 kg), and the total load exercises/MM (PL+RT = 0.3 kg; SOY+RT = 0.9 kg). These results suggest that adding SOY to milk combined with 16 weeks of RT resulted in more significant increases in MS in PW.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Leite/química , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pós-Menopausa , Treinamento Resistido , Proteínas de Soja/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Animais , Antropometria , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Dieta , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Genisteína/urina , Humanos , Isoflavonas/urina , Rememoração Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Avaliação Nutricional , Proteínas de Soja/urinaRESUMO
We evaluated the relationship of spot urinary concentrations of phytoestrogens with total prostate cancer and tumor grade in a hospital-based case-control study in Jamaica. Urine samples were analyzed for genistein, daidzein, equol (isoflavones), and enterolactone (lignan) among newly diagnosed cases (n = 175) and controls (n = 194). Urinary concentrations of enterolactone (lignan) were higher among cases. There were no significant differences in median concentrations of isoflavone excretion. Compared with non-producers of equol (reference tertile), men who produced equol were at decreased risk of total prostate cancer (tertile 2: OR, 0.42; CI, 0.23-0.75) (tertile 3: OR, 0.48; CI, 0.26-0.87) (p (trend), 0.020) and high-grade disease (tertile 2: OR, 0.31; CI, 0.15-0.61) (tertile 3: OR, 0.29; CI, 0.13-0.60) (p (trend), 0.001). Higher concentrations of enterolactone were positively related to total prostate cancer (OR, 1.85; CI, 1.01-3.44; p (trend), 0.027) as well as high-grade disease (OR, 2.46; CI, 1.11-5.46; p (trend), 0.023). There were no associations between urinary excretion of genistein and daidzein with risk of prostate cancer. Producers of equol (isoflavone) may be at reduced risk of total- and high-grade prostate cancer whereas enterolactone may increase the likelihood of disease.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/etiologia , Fitoestrógenos/urina , Neoplasias da Próstata/etiologia , Idoso , Carcinoma/epidemiologia , Carcinoma/urina , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Equol , Genisteína/urina , Humanos , Isoflavonas/urina , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Lignanas/urina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/urina , RiscoRESUMO
Functional foods (FF) are aimed to exert beneficial health effects. The isoflavones daidzein and genistein are bioactive phytoestrogens that may act as functional food ingredients. This study measured urinary excretion of these isoflavones contained in a powdered novel FF oriented to the elderly population, ready to consume as such or included into culinary preparations. The ingredients containing isoflavones were soybean flour, soybean protein (Glycine max L) and red clover extract (Trifolium pratense L). The study involved 30 volunteers of both sexes, 60 to 75 years old, who consumed 50 g of FF (n=16) or placebo food without isoflavones (n=14). The 24-hour urinary excretion of genistein and daidzein were determined before and after the intake of the mentioned foods by HPLC with diode array detector. The 24-h urinary concentration of genistein was 2.06+1.41 ppm and the daidzein concentration was 8.80 +/- 4.55 ppm. None of the individuals in the placebo group exhibited detectable amounts of isoflavones in urine. The study demonstrates that both phytoestrogens contained in the FF are bioavailable, first step to confirm their ability to exert bioactive effects. The study opens the possibility to verify the effects of both isoflavones to reduce risk factors of non transmissible chronically diseases.
Los alimentos funcionales (AF) ejercen efectos beneficiosos en la salud. Las isoflavonas daidzeína y genisteína son fitoestrógenos bioactivos que pueden actuar como ingredientes alimentarios funcionales. En este trabajo se evalúa la excreción urinaria de 24 horas de estas isoflavonas contenidas en un nuevo AF en polvo, de preparación instantánea, para ser consumido solo o incorporado en preparaciones, especialmente orientado a adultos mayores. Los ingredientes aportadores de isoflavonas son harina de soya, proteína de soya (Glycine max L.) y extracto de trébol rojo (Trifoliumpratense L.). El estudio se realizó en 30 voluntarios seleccionados de ambos sexos, de 60 a 75 años, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos, que consumieron una porción de 50 g de alimento funcional (n=16) o alimento placebo sin ingredientes aportadores de isoflavonas (n=14). La excreción urinaria de daidzeína y genisteína se determinó en la orina de 24 horas antes de la ingesta y posterior a la ingestión del alimento, y fueron cuantificadas por HPLC con detector de arreglo de diodo. La concentración urinaria de genisteína fue 2,06 +/- 1,41 ppm y la de daidzeína fue 8,80 +/- 4,55 ppm. En el grupo placebo las isoflavonas no fueron detectadas en la orina. El estudio muestra que las isoflavonas ingeridas a través del AF son biodisponibles, primer paso para poner en evidencia su carácter bioactivo. El trabajo abre la posibilidad de verificar los efectos de las isoflavonas contenidas en estos AF sobre la disminución del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alimento Funcional , Isoflavonas/farmacocinética , Isoflavonas/urina , Disponibilidade Biológica , Genisteína/farmacocinética , Genisteína/urinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of soy isoflavone supplementation on profile lipid and endogenous hormone levels. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 47 postmenopausal women 47-66 y of age received 40 mg of isoflavone (n = 25) or 40 mg of casein placebo (n = 22). Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed by evaluating lipid profile at baseline and after 6 mo of treatment. To examine the effects of this regime on endogenous hormone levels, follicle-stimulating hormone and beta-estradiol were measured. Urinary isoflavone concentrations (genistein and daidzein) were measured as markers of both compliance and absorption using high performance liquid chromatography. Baseline characteristics were compared by the unpaired Student's t-test. Within-group changes were determined by paired Student's t-test and comparison between the isoflavone and casein placebo groups were determined by analysis of variance. RESULTS: Lipid levels (low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol) similarly decreased in both groups. High-density lipoprotein increased significantly in both groups and cannot thus be attributable to treatment; the reason for such variation is unknown and can be attributed to chance or to bias (even that of a real placebo effect in both groups or perhaps in spontaneous changes in exercise and dietary habits of patients after their inclusion). Furthermore, in both groups very low-density lipoprotein and triacylglycerol levels increased in a non-significant manner. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study do not support any biologically significant estrogenic effects of isoflavone on the parameters assessed. Further research will be necessary to definitively assess the safety and efficacy of isoflavone.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Colesterol/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/prevenção & controle , Isoflavonas/administração & dosagem , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Biomarcadores/urina , Brasil , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Caseínas/administração & dosagem , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Estrogênios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Genisteína/urina , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Isoflavonas/urina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente , Pós-Menopausa/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of soy isoflavone supplementation on hemostasis in healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 47 postmenopausal women 47-66 y of age received 40 mg of soy isoflavone (n = 25) or 40 mg of casein placebo (n = 22) once a day for 6 mo. Levels of factors VII and X, fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin complex, prothrombin fragments 1 plus 2, antithrombin, protein C, total and free protein S, plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and D-dimers were measured at baseline and 6 mo. Urinary isoflavone concentrations (genistein and daidzein) were measured as a marker of compliance and absorption using high-performance liquid chromatography. Baseline characteristics were compared by unpaired Student's t test. Within-group changes and comparison between the isoflavone and casein placebo groups were determined by a mixed effects model. RESULTS: The levels of hemostatic variables did not change significantly throughout the study in the isoflavone group; however, the isoflavone group showed a statistically significant reduction in plasma concentration of prothrombin fragments 1 plus 2; both groups showed a statistically significant reduction in antithrombin, protein C, and free protein S levels. A significant increase in D-dimers was observed only in the isoflavone group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels increased significantly in the placebo group. However, these changes were not statistically different between groups. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study do not support a biologically significant estrogenic effect of soy isoflavone on coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. However, further research will be necessary to definitively assess the safety and efficacy of isoflavone.