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Herein, we provide a supplemental description of Caballerotrema annulatum (Diesing, 1850) Ostrowski de Núñez and Sattmann, 2002 (Digenea: Caballerotrematidae Tkach, Kudlai, and Kostadinova, 2016) based on specimens collected from the intestine of an electric eel, Electrophorus cf. varii (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) captured in the Amazon River (Colombia). This caballerotrematid can be differentiated from its congeners by the following combination of morphological features: body surface spines forming contiguous transverse rows, concentric (wrapping dorso-ventrally around body), distributing into posterior body half (vs. restricted to anterior body half in Caballerotrema brasiliensePrudhoe, 1960; indeterminate for Caballerotrema aruanenseThatcher, 1980 and Caballerotrema piscicola [Stunkard, 1960] Kostadinova and Gibson, 2001); head collar lacking projections (vs. having them in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola), narrow (head collar more narrow than maximum body width vs. the head collar being obviously wider than the body in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); corner spines clustered (vs. corner spines distributing as 2 separated pairs in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); pharynx approximately at level of the corner spines (vs. pharynx far anterior to corner spines in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); and testes ovoid and nonoverlapping (C. aruanense; vs. sinuous and overlapping in C. brasiliense and C. piscicola). Based on our results, we revise the diagnosis of CaballerotremaPrudhoe, 1960 to include features associated with the shape and distribution of body surface spines, orientation and position of head collar spines, cirrus sac, seminal vesicle, oviduct, Laurer's canal, oötype, vitellarium, and transverse vitelline ducts. We performed Bayesian inference analyses using the partial large subunit ribosomal (28S) DNA gene. Our 28S sequence of C. annulatum was recovered sister to that of Caballerotrema sp. (which is the only other caballerotrematid sequence available in GenBank) from an arapaima, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Peruvian Amazon. Our sequence of C. annulatum comprises the only caballerotrematid sequenced tethered to a morphological description and a voucher specimen in a lending museum. The present study is a new host record and new locality record for C. annulatum. The phylogeny comprises the most resolved and taxon-rich evolutionary hypothesis for Echinostomatoidea published to date.

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The aim of this study was to report the first record of Trichodina heterodentata in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo. Banded knifefish cultivated in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, in the central western region of Brazil, experienced fish mortality rates of 3-4% per tank. Macroscopic analysis found that fish had lesions on their skin and gills. Smears of the integument and gills were confectioned and air-dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate to identify the Trichodinidae species causing the lesions. The trichodinid were identified as T. heterodentata, and their characteristics were compared to those from T. heterodentata recorded from other species of host fish. It was observed that the presence of T. heterodentata was associated with inadequate fish management, low water quality, high rates of stocking density, and inadequate nutritional management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata em tuviras Gymnotus carapo. Um cultivo de tuviras no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, apresentou taxas de mortalidade de peixes de 3-4% por tanque. A análise macroscópica constatou que os peixes tinham lesões na pele e brânquias. Raspados do tegumento e brânquias foram confeccionadas e secas ao ar à temperatura ambiente e impregnadas com nitrato de prata para identificar as espécies de Trichodinidae causadoras das lesões. Os tricodinídeos foram identificados como T. heterodentata, e suas características foram comparadas com as de T. heterodentata registradas para outras espécies de peixes hospedeiros. Observou-se que a presença de T. heterodentata estava associada ao manejo inadequado dos peixes, baixa qualidade da água, altas taxas de densidade de estocagem e manejo nutricional inadequado.

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RESUMO

The aim of this study was to report the first record of Trichodina heterodentata in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo. Banded knifefish cultivated in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, in the central western region of Brazil, experienced fish mortality rates of 3-4% per tank. Macroscopic analysis found that fish had lesions on their skin and gills. Smears of the integument and gills were confectioned and air-dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate to identify the Trichodinidae species causing the lesions. The trichodinid were identified as T. heterodentata, and their characteristics were compared to those from T. heterodentata recorded from other species of host fish. It was observed that the presence of T. heterodentata was associated with inadequate fish management, low water quality, high rates of stocking density, and inadequate nutritional management.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata em tuviras Gymnotus carapo. Um cultivo de tuviras no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, apresentou taxas de mortalidade de peixes de 3-4% por tanque. A análise macroscópica constatou que os peixes tinham lesões na pele e brânquias. Raspados do tegumento e brânquias foram confeccionadas e secas ao ar à temperatura ambiente e impregnadas com nitrato de prata para identificar as espécies de Trichodinidae causadoras das lesões. Os tricodinídeos foram identificados como T. heterodentata, e suas características foram comparadas com as de T. heterodentata registradas para outras espécies de peixes hospedeiros. Observou-se que a presença de T. heterodentata estava associada ao manejo inadequado dos peixes, baixa qualidade da água, altas taxas de densidade de estocagem e manejo nutricional inadequado.(AU)

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A total of 30 specimens of the Amazonian electric knifefish, Brachyhypopomus beebei Schultz, 1944 (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), were collected from the Peixe-Boi River in the state of Pará, Brazil (1°0659 S; 47°1826 W). Fragments of the brain tissue were extracted for analysis via optical microscopy, and 18 specimens (60%) presented microparasites of the genus Myxobolus, with unequal capsules. The spores were 18.6 µm (17.7-19.8 µm) long and 8.6 µm (8.4-9.0 µm) wide; the largest polar capsule was 13.0 µm (12.4-13.4 µm) long and 5.6 µm (5.3-6.0 µm) wide, and the smallest capsule was 5.0 µm (4.5-5.3 µm) long and 2.5 µm (2.3-2.6 µm) wide. Infected brain fragments were extracted for histological processing and staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen. Some fragments were conserved in ethanol for molecular genetics analysis. A partial sequence of the 18S DNA gene was obtained from the spores, which did not correspond to any other sequences deposited in GenBank, although it did form a clade with other Myxobolus parasites of the nervous system. The morphological data, together with molecular phylogeny, supported the designation of a new species Myxobolus freitasi n. sp.(AU)

Um total de 30 espécimes do peixe-faca elétrico da Amazônia, Brachyhypopomus beebei Schultz, 1944 (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), foram coletados no rio Peixe-Mani, no estado do Pará, Brasil (1 ° 06'59 S; 47 ° 18 ' 26 W). Fragmentos de tecido cerebral foram extraídos para análise em microscopia óptica, sendo que 18 espécimes (60%) apresentavam microparasitos do gênero Myxobolus, com cápsulas desiguais. Os esporos apresentavam 18,6 µm (17,7-19,8 µm) de comprimento e 8,6 µm (8,4-9,0 µm) de largura; a maior cápsula polar tinha 13,0 µm (12,4-13,4 µm) de comprimento e 5,6 µm (5,3-6,0 µm) de largura, e a menor cápsula tinha 5,0 µm (4,5-5,3 µm) de comprimento e 2,5 µm (2,3-2,6 µm) de largura. Fragmentos cerebrais infectados foram extraídos para processamento histológico e coloração com hematoxilina-eosina e Ziehl-Neelsen. Alguns fragmentos foram conservados em etanol para análise genética molecular. Dos esporos, foi obtida uma sequência parcial do gene 18S do DNA, que não correspondeu a nenhuma outra sequência depositada no GenBank, embora tenha formado um clado com outros parasitas do gênero Myxobolus do sistema nervoso. Os dados morfológicos, juntamente com a filogenia molecular, apoiaram a designação de uma nova espécie Myxobolus freitasi n. sp.(AU)

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Seven new species of Urocleidoides from the gills and skin of nine Neotropical fish hosts (Anostomidae, Parodontidae, and Gymnotidae) are described: Urocleidoides digitabulum n. sp. on Leporinus friderici, Leporinus octofasciatus, and Megaleporinus elongatus (Anostomidae); Urocleidoides solarivaginatus n. sp. on L. friderici, L. octofasciatus, and Leporinus striatus (Anostomidae); Urocleidoides falxus n. sp. and Urocleidoides sapucaiensis n. sp. on M. elongatus; Urocleidoides tenuis n. sp. on Apareiodon piracicabae and Apareiodon affinis (Parodontidae); Urocleidoides sinus n. sp. on L. striatus, Schizodon nasutus, and Schizodon intermedius (Anostomidae); and Urocleidoides uncinus n. sp. on Gymnotus sylvius (Gymnotidae). Urocleidoides paradoxus was also found in this study on L. friderici and included in the phylogenetic analysis. Molecular data (partial 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I) were obtained for U. digitabulum n. sp., U. tenuis n. sp., U. sinus n. sp., and U. uncinus n. sp. The identification of Urocleidoides is amended herein to include all taxonomic modifications observed in this genus over time and add new characteristics observed in the species in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Urocleidoides digitabulum n. sp. and Urocleidoides sinus n. sp. (parasites of anostomids) closely related in the tree topologies. Furthermore, the new species described herein parasitized phylogenetically distant host species (Characiformes and Gymnotiformes), suggesting the effect of the dynamic process of ecological fitting.

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Gymnotiformes are currently recognized as electric fish, the vast majority of which emit low power electrical discharges. Clinostomum trematodes have been the subject of numerous investigations in several host species due to the ability of metacercariae of this genus to infect the muscles, fins and internal organs of fish. The present study aimed to record, for the first time, the occurrence of parasitism by Clinostomum marginatum in Gymnotiformes from the natural environments of two tributaries of the Amazon River in the Brazilian Amazon. Two specimens of Gymnotus coropinae, ten specimens of Brachyhypopomus brevirostris, two specimens of Gymnorhamphycthys petiti and one specimen of Microsternarchus bilineatus were captured. Infection with C. marginatum was identified in the form of 12 encysted metacercariae in the epidermis, with a prevalence of 0.1%, a mean infection intensity of 12/fish and an average abundance of 1.2. This is the first record of parasitism by the C. marginatum in South American Gymnotiformes of the B. brevirostris species.

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Integrative taxonomy uses several sources of information to establish more robust species delimitation criteria. In this study, we followed that approach to describe two new species of allocreadiid trematodes from freshwater fish distributed in locations across Middle America. The new species were first recognized by using sequences of the domains D1-D3 of the ribosomal 28S rRNA gene and then, morphological data (light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), host association, and geographical distribution were considered as additional sources of information to complement the species delimitation and description. Auriculostoma tica n. sp. was found in the intestine of Gymnotus maculosus Albert and Miller in Costa Rica, while Wallinia anindoi n. sp. was found in the intestine of Astyanax aeneus (Günther) in Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico, as well as in a location of Guatemala. A phylogenetic analysis combining newly generated sequences of the two new species along with those available for other allocreadiids in GenBank, revealed that isolates of each species are reciprocally monophyletic, and also their interrelationships: Au. tica n. sp. is a sister taxon of Auriculostoma totonacapanensis Razo-Mendivil et al., 2014, and W. anindoi n. sp. is a sister taxon of Wallinia brasiliensis Dias, et al., 2018. Genetic distances for the 28S rRNA gene were estimated among the American species of allocreadiids and further supported the validity of the new species.

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This study evaluated the endohelminthic parasites of native baitfish Gymnotus spp. collected from different baitfish farming in the Pantanal basin, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. From 99 fish collected for parasitological analysis, all of them were found to be parasitized by at least 1 parasite per host. A total of 4504 parasites were collected comprising the following taxa: Digenea, Nematoda, Pentastomida and Acanthocephala. Rondonia rondoni and Goezia sp. as well as Alofia sp. Were registered for the first time in farmed Gymnotus spp. The parasite species diversity in the host is discussed in this study.

Este estudo avaliou os parasitos endohelmintos do peixe nativo Gymnotus spp. coletado de diferentes isqueiros comerciais na bacia do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Central. De 99 peixes coletados para análise parasitológica, todos estavam parasitados por pelo menos um parasito por hospedeiro. Um total de 4504 parasitos foram coletados compreendendo os seguintes táxons: Digenea, Nematoda, Pentastomida e Acanthocephala. Rondonia rondoni e Goezia sp. bem como Alofia sp. foram registrados pela primeira vez em Gymnotus spp. A diversidade de espécies de parasitos no hospedeiro é discutida neste estudo.

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This study evaluated the endohelminthic parasites of native baitfish Gymnotus spp. collected from different baitfish farming in the Pantanal basin, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. From 99 fish collected for parasitological analysis, all of them were found to be parasitized by at least 1 parasite per host. A total of 4504 parasites were collected comprising the following taxa: Digenea, Nematoda, Pentastomida and Acanthocephala. Rondonia rondoni and Goezia sp. as well as Alofia sp. Were registered for the first time in farmed Gymnotus spp. The parasite species diversity in the host is discussed in this study.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os parasitos endohelmintos do peixe nativo Gymnotus spp. coletado de diferentes isqueiros comerciais na bacia do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Central. De 99 peixes coletados para análise parasitológica, todos estavam parasitados por pelo menos um parasito por hospedeiro. Um total de 4504 parasitos foram coletados compreendendo os seguintes táxons: Digenea, Nematoda, Pentastomida e Acanthocephala. Rondonia rondoni e Goezia sp. bem como Alofia sp. foram registrados pela primeira vez em Gymnotus spp. A diversidade de espécies de parasitos no hospedeiro é discutida neste estudo.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric measures and morphological aspects of nematode-cysts in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus, and the presence of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) associated with the periphery of cysts and in the liver parenchyma. Adult specimens, 34 female (123.1 ± 43.9g) and 45 male (135.5 ± 43.4g), from Paraguay River, Corumbá, Brazil, were used. The number of nematode-cysts was determined in 79 livers and 25 of them randomly selected for histopathological analysis and morphometric measures of nematode-cysts (mean diameter, thickness of collagen layer, and cyst-wall layer). The percentage of cysts with MMCs on the periphery and density in the liver parenchyma was estimated. The average number of macroscopic cysts was of 48.7 ± 2.78. Granulomatous reaction was observed surrounding the cysts. Diameter, collagen layer and cyst-wall measurements were 293.0 ± 75.18 (µm), 17.72 ± 6.01 (µm) and 12.21 ± 9.51 (µm), respectively. The number of nematode-cysts was correlated with hepatosomatic index, (r=0.26, P<0.05). Collagen layer was correlated with cyst diameter (r=0.62, P<0.01). Pericystic and parenchymatous MMCs were moderately (r=0.48) and highly (r=0.90) correlated with nematode-cysts number. Morphological characteristics of hepatic tissue and cysts-nematodes measures suggest that G. inaequilabiatus acts as a paratenic host to nematodes in the larval stage.

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