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Introducción: La cirugía desempeña un papel fundamental en el tratamiento de las afecciones de la glándula tiroides. Tener noción de la frecuencia real de sus diferentes patologías en la población a la que se le brinda atención en salud es de gran importancia para el buen manejo médico-quirúrgico. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de patologías tiroideas con tratamiento quirúrgico en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central "Dr. Emilio Cubas" del Instituto de Previsión Social, de enero de 2008 a diciembre de 2013. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, basado en datos secundarios colectados de las historias clínicas, fechas operatorias e informes de anatomía patológica. Resultados: El 2,1% correspondió a patología tiroidea, promedio de 104,5 casos/año, estadía hospitalaria de 3,4 días, predominio del sexo femenino 15:1 y un rango mayor de presentación a los 41-50 años. El 67,3% procedió de las Regiones Sanitarias: Central y Distrito capital. El motivo de consulta más frecuente (77,2%) fue por el aumento de la glándula tiroides. La distribución por agrupación histopatológica fue: Bocio (60,0%), Cáncer (22,8%), Autoinmunes (9,4%) y Adenoma (7,8%). La Tiroidectomía Total (41,8%) fue la técnica quirúrgica más empleada. Conclusión: Las patologías tiroideas con tratamiento quirúrgico fueron más frecuentes en mujeres. La mayor parte procedió del Departamento Central del Paraguay. El Bocio Coloide Multinodular es la patogenia más frecuente entre las Patologías Benignas y el Cáncer Papilar en las Patologías Malignas. Existe un aumento progresivo de casos quirúrgicos tiroideos por año. La Tiroidectomía Total es la técnica más utilizada como tratamiento quirúrgico. La estancia hospitalaria es elevada. Palabras clave: Epidemiología - Glándula Tiroides -Patología Quirúrgica - Tiroidectomía - Paraguay

Introduction: Surgery plays a fundamental role in the treatment of the thyroid glands diseases. Knowing the actual frequency of its different diseases in the population receiving health care service is of great importance in order to offer a proper medical and surgical treatment. Objective: Determine the frequency of thyroid diseases with surgical treatment in the Department of General Surgery, at the Central Hospital "Dr. Emilio Cubas" of the Institute of Social Security, from January 2008 to December 2013. Methodology: A retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of secondary data collected from medical records, surgery records and pathological anatomy reports. Results: Thyroid disease represented 2,1% of the surgeries, averaging 104,5 cases/year, 3,4 days of hospitalization, 15:1 female predominance and a higher incidence at ages 41-50. 67,3% of cases were from the Central and Capital District Health Regions. In 77,2% of cases, the reason for consultation was the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The distribution by histopathological groups was: Goiter (60,0%), Cancer (22,8%), Autoimmune Disease (9,4%) and Adenoma (7,8%). Total Thyroidectomy was the preferred surgical technique (41,8%). Conclusion: Thyroid diseases with surgical treatment are more common in women. Most patients come from the Central Department of Paraguay. Multinodular colloid goiter is the most common pathogenesis among the benign diseases, and papillary cancer among the malignant ones. There is a steady increase in thyroid surgical cases per year. The total thyroidectomy is the most frequently used surgical treatment. The hospitalization period is elevated. Keywords: Epidemiology - Thyroid Gland ­Surgical Pathology- Thyroidectomy - Paraguay

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El núcleo supraquiasmático (NSQ) es el principal reloj biológico de los mamíferos y sincroniza la actividad de la glándula pineal al ciclo luz-oscuridad a través de una vía polisináptica. El efecto de asa de retroalimentación neuroendocrina se lleva a cabo por la melatonina. El presente trabajo pretende demostrar que la glándula pineal modula la sensibilidad a la luz en el NSQ. Se utilizaron ratas Wistar, y se asignaron a 3 grupos: grupo A (falsa pinealectomía -sham-, sin luz), grupo B (falsa pinealectomía -sham- + luz) y grupo C al cual se le realizó la pinealectomía + luz, después de la manipulación se sacrifican para realizar inmunohistoquímica para c-Fos y al final conteo celular por técnica de estereología. Se obtuvo una reducción del 46,8% del promedio de células inmunorreactivas a c-Fos en el grupo C en comparación del grupo B. Este trabajo muestra que la sensibilidad a la luz está modulada por la actividad de la glándula pineal.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main and major biological clock in mammals and is responsible for the synchronization of the pineal gland to the light/darkness cycle through a polysynaptic pathway. The neuroendocrine feedback loop effect is carried out by melatonin. This study was carried out to demonstrate that the pineal gland adjusts the sensibility to light in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Wistar rats were allocated in 3 groups: Group A (sham pinalectomy, without light), group B (sham pinealectomy + light) and group C which underwent real pinalectomy + light. After the intervention the animals were slain to perform immunohistochemistry for c-Fos and cell counting by stereology technique. A 46.8% average reduction in c-Fos immunoreactive cells was achieved in-group C as compared with group B. The present work shows that sensibility to the light is modulate by the activity of the pineal gland.

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This work investigates the effects of androgenic gland (AG) ablation on the structure of the reproductive system, development of secondary sexual characters and somatic growth in Cherax quadricarinatus males. The AG ablation, which was performed at an early developmental stage (initial weight: 1.85±0.03 g), had no effect on the somatic growth parameters (specific growth rate and growth increment), but it prevented the re-formation of male gonopores and appendices masculinae. However, the red patch differentiation and chelae size were similar to those in control males. All the ablated animals developed a male reproductive system. Testis structure was macroscopically and histologically normal. The distal portion of the vas deferens (DVD) was enlarged in some animals, with histological alterations of the epithelium and the structure of the spermatophore. Results suggest that the higher growth in males than in females may be due to an indirect effect of the AG on energy investment in reproduction rather than to a direct effect of an androgen. This is the first report of a potential action of the AG on the secretory activity of the distal VD and the structural organization of the spermatophore. Although the AG may play a role in the development of male copulatory organs, its association with the red patch development deserves further research. The results obtained in the present study support and complement those from intersexes of the same species.

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