RESUMO
To date, there is no information in the literature regarding the bioaccessibility of capsaicinoids from natural sources. The effect of ripening and heat-processing on the in vitro bioaccessibility of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin was studied in the absence and presence of two dietary fat types. The capsaicinoid bioaccessibility was also studied during the frozen storage of peppers for 6 months. Fresh green peppers showed the highest capsaicinoid bioaccessibility, as compared with that of other experimental groups. The bioaccessibility of capsaicinoids from green peppers decreased as the intensity of heat treatment increased. The dietary fat increased the bioaccessibility of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in digestions with red peppers, especially that of dihydrocapsaicin. The bioaccessibility of capsaicinoids was altered by frozen storage. The Caco-2 cells incorporated capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin (8.4% and 10.9%, respectively) but they were probably metabolized by cells.
Assuntos
Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Capsaicina/farmacocinética , Capsicum/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Capsaicina/química , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Manipulação de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Congelamento , Temperatura Alta , HumanosRESUMO
Poor response to tuberculosis (TB) therapy might be attributable to subtherapeutic levels in drug-compliant patients. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters can be affected by several factors, such as comorbidities or the interaction of TB drugs with food. This study aimed to determine the PK of isoniazid (INH) in a Peruvian TB population under observed daily and twice-weekly (i.e., biweekly) therapy. Isoniazid levels were analyzed at 2 and 6 h after drug intake using liquid chromatography mass spectrometric methods. A total of 107 recruited patients had available PK data; of these 107 patients, 42.1% received biweekly isoniazid. The mean biweekly dose (12.8 mg/kg of body weight/day) was significantly lower than the nominal dose of 15 mg/kg/day (P < 0.001), and this effect was particularly marked in patients with concurrent diabetes and in males. The median maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 6 h (AUC0-6) were 2.77 mg/liter and 9.71 mg · h/liter, respectively, for daily administration and 8.74 mg/liter and 37.8 mg · h/liter, respectively, for biweekly administration. There were no differences in the Cmax with respect to gender, diabetes mellitus (DM) status, or HIV status. Food was weakly associated with lower levels of isoniazid during the continuation phase. Overall, 34% of patients during the intensive phase and 33.3% during the continuation phase did not reach the Cmax reference value. However, low levels of INH were not associated with poorer clinical outcomes. In our population, INH exposure was affected by weight-adjusted dose and by food, but comorbidities did not indicate any effect on PK. We were unable to demonstrate a clear relationship between the Cmax and treatment outcome in this data set. Twice-weekly weight-adjusted dosing of INH appears to be quite robust with respect to important potentially influential patient factors under program conditions.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/farmacocinética , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Interações Alimento-Droga , Isoniazida/farmacocinética , Rifampina/farmacocinética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Área Sob a Curva , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/patologia , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Fatores Sexuais , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated the association of severe anatomical coronary artery disease (CAD) with postprandial triglycerides (TG) concentrations. Nevertheless the relationship between less severe atherosclerosis plaque burden and postprandial TG is less established. OBJECTIVE: to study the relationship between postprandial TG and CAD detected by coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 130 patients who underwent an oral fat tolerance test were enrolled (85 with CAD detected by CTA and 45 without). Postprandial lipemia was studied by measuring TG from T0h to T6h with 2-h intervals, and analyzed the TG change over time using a longitudinal multivariable linear mixed effects model with the log normal of the TG as the primary outcome. RESULTS: The majority of individuals with CAD had non-obstructive disease (63.3%) Patients with CAD had a slower clearance of postprandial TG change from 4 h to 6 h (p<0.05) compared to patients without CAD. These results remained significant after adjustment for fasting TG and glucose, age, gender, body mass index, and waist circumference. However, those differences did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for fasting HDL-C. CONCLUSION: Patients with mild (<25% lumen obstruction) and moderate CAD (25-50% lumen obstruction) detected by coronary CTA had an impaired postprandial metabolism, with a delayed TG clearance, when compared to individuals with no CAD. This difference was partially explained by the lower HDL-C. Thus, though postprandial TG may contribute to the development of CAD, this association is partially related to low HDL-C.
Assuntos
Angiografia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta , Período Pós-Prandial/fisiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Antropometria , Glicemia/análise , Calcinose/sangue , Calcinose/diagnóstico por imagem , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose Coronária/sangue , Estenose Coronária/diagnóstico por imagem , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Jejum/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Placa Aterosclerótica/sangue , Placa Aterosclerótica/diagnóstico por imagem , Fumar/sangue , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
PURPOSE: Steatorrhea is one of the most common complications in reconstruction after total gastrectomy. Many reconstruction techniques after total gastrectomy have been developed in order to avoid these undesirable effects, but each one of them has some inconvenience. In this experiment, a modified Rosanov technique that keeps duodenal transit, evaluation of fat absorption after gastrectomy was tested. METHODS: Three groups of rats with the same characteristics were used. Total gastrectomy was performed in two groups: one was operated on and transit was reestablished by the Roux-en-Y technique (group Y), while the other was submitted to the modified Rosanov technique (group R). Following surgery, a handmade hyper fatty diet (11% of fat) was offered. A third group (control - group C) was not operated but was submitted to the same conditions of the other groups, and used for reference steatocrit values. The animals underwent laparotomy 14 days after surgery and had their feces collected from cecum to determine their steatocrit by analysis of their values. RESULTS: Steatocrit values for groups R and C (mean 5.16% and 4.15% respectively) were similar (p > 0.1), while group Y had significantly higher values (mean = 28.18%, p = 0.0001 - p < 0,05). This was attributed to the fact that group R animals had their duodenal transit patent, decreasing the complications expected in the Roux-en-Y reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Steatorrhea in the modified Rosanov technique was similar to the control group, while Roux-en-Y reconstruction presented higher steatorrhea and fat malabsorption.
Assuntos
Anastomose em-Y de Roux/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Duodeno/cirurgia , Gastrectomia/efeitos adversos , Absorção Intestinal , Esteatorreia/prevenção & controle , Animais , Estudos de Viabilidade , Gastrectomia/métodos , Trânsito Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Jejuno/cirurgia , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Esteatorreia/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Unabsorbed fat and bile acids may react with calcium in the intestinal lumen, limiting the amount of free calcium binding with oxalate and thereby raising intestinal oxalate absorption leading to hyperoxaluria. The aim of the present study was to determine whether orlistat (Xenical), a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor, might increase urinary oxalate in an experimental rat model. METHODS: Thirty-nine male adult Wistar rats were fed a standard diet alone (controls) or supplemented with either 2% sodium oxalate (NaOx) or 3.2 mL of soy oil, or with both (NaOx + soy oil) for 4 weeks (diet period). Orlistat (16 mg/day) was added to the diet from the 5th to the 8th week (diet + orlistat period). Urinary oxalate (uOx), calcium (uCa), magnesium (uMg), and citrate (uCit) were determined and the ion-activity product of calcium oxalate [AP (CaOx) index(rat)] was estimated. RESULTS: Compared to baseline uOx significantly increased after diet + orlistat in controls (0.64 +/- 0.1 mg/24 hours vs. 0.56 +/-0.1 mg/24 hours), soy oil (0.80 +/- 0.3 mg/24 hours vs. 0.49 +/-0.2 mg/24 hours), and NaOx (2.48 +/- 0.8 mg/24 hours vs. 0.57 +/- 0.2 mg/24 hours), but the most marked increase occurred in NaOx + soy oil (3.87 +/- 0.7 mg/24 hours vs. 0.47 +/- 0.1 mg/24 hours). All groups except controls presented a significant reduction in uCa and uMg. Orlistat induced a significant increase in AP (CaOx) index(rat) compared, respectively, to baseline and to the diet period in NaOx (4.52 +/- 2.34 mg/24 hours vs. 0.94 +/- 0.86 and 1.53 +/- 0.93 mg/24 hours) and NaOx + soy oil (6.49 +/- 4.03 mg/24 hours vs. 0.54 +/- 0.17 and 1.76 +/- 1.32 mg/24 hours). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the use of lipase inhibitors, especially under a diet rich in oxalate alone or associated with fat, leads to a significant and marked increase in urinary oxalate and a slight reduction in uCa and uMg that, taken together, resulted in an increase in AP (CaOx) index(rat), elevating the risk of stone formation.
Assuntos
Oxalato de Cálcio/urina , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Cálculos Renais/urina , Lipase/antagonistas & inibidores , Síndromes de Malabsorção/urina , Animais , Peso Corporal , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Fezes/química , Cálculos Renais/epidemiologia , Cálculos Renais/etiologia , Lactonas/farmacologia , Síndromes de Malabsorção/induzido quimicamente , Síndromes de Malabsorção/epidemiologia , Masculino , Orlistate , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Dietary lipids have traditionally been considered as solely part of the exchangeable energy supply. The main consideration in infant nutrition has been the amount of fat that can be tolerated and digested by infants and young children. The significance of the composition of dietary fat has received little attention. Presently, there is a growing interest in the quality of dietary lipid supply in early childhood as a major determinant of growth, infant development and long-term health. Thus, the selection of dietary lipids during the first years of life is now considered to be critically important for health and good nutrition throughout the life course. Over the past decades interest has focused on the role of essential lipids in central nervous system development and of fatty acids and cholesterol in lipoprotein metabolism throughout life. Lipids are structural components of all tissues and are indispensable for cell and plasma membrane synthesis. The brain, retina and other neural tissues are particularly rich in long-chain PUFA. Some (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids are precursors for eicosanoid formation; these are powerful mediators of numerous cell and tissue functions. Recommendations for infant nutrition and implications of these for the nutrient composition of complementary foods are presented and discussed. There is more to fat than its role as a key fuel in energy metabolism and body energy storage; lipids are essential for tissue growth, cardiovascular health, brain development and function throughout the life course.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Fortificados , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Necessidades Nutricionais , Absorção , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Colesterol na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/metabolismo , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dietary habits are considered to be responsible for a fatty liver. The aims of this work are to study the effects of different lipid sources on rat hepatic structure. METHODS: Twenty 21-day-old to 18-month-old male rats were fed one of the following diets: soybean oil, canola oil, lard and egg yolk (LE), or canola oil+lard and egg yolk (CA+LE). The blood serum triglyceride samples were analyzed. The following hepatic biometry and the stereology parameters were determined: densities of volume (V(v)) and surface (S(v)), absolute volume (V) and surface (S) of the hepatocytes (h), fat globules (g), and hepatic sinusoids (s), and numerical density of the hepatocytes (N(v)[h]). RESULTS: The largest values of V(v)[h], S(v)[h], V[h], and S[h] were found in the LE group. However, the largest values of V(v)[g], S(v)[g], and S[g] were found in the CA+LE group, and the smallest values of those parameters were found in the LE group. On the other hand, V[g] was larger in the CA+LE group. V(v)[s] and V[s] were larger in the LE group and smaller in the CA+ LE group. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of canola oil or soybean oil resulted in similar effects on hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, and fat globules. Long-term administration of lard and egg yolk attenuates hepatic fat accumulation and increases hepatic sinusoids. The administration of the canola oil and lard and egg yolk mixture increases hepatic fat accumulation, reducing the hepatic sinusoids.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Animais , Gema de Ovo , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/farmacocinética , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/patologia , Masculino , Óleo de Brassica napus , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Óleo de Soja/farmacocinética , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
The ability of a novel chitosan formulation to influence gastrointestinal fat absorption in vivo was examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study by determining the content of total fat in feces in two groups of subjects. Twenty-nine normal healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Twenty-four participants completed the test period with the chitosan formulation, and 21 completed the placebo phase of study. During the placebo and the test periods, the subjects were administered six capsules three times daily 10 minutes before meals for three days and for the two days of the stool collection. A daily serving of six tablets of the test compound contained 2100 mg chitosan and 300 mg psyllium husk seeds. In respect to the baseline period, the test compound increased fat excretion significantly whether the test period preceded or proceeded the placebo period (p<0.02 and p<0.05 respectively). In contrast, essentially no changes were seen during the placebo loading periods. Compared to the difference between placebo period and its baseline period, a statistically significant increase in fecal fat excretion was observed over baseline following oral supplementation of a novel formulation of chitosan and psyllium husk seeds [+3.63 gm/day +/- 0.83 (SEM) vs. -0.15 gm/day +/- 0.94 (SEM) (p=0.004)]. The average daily increase in fecal fat of 3-4 grams over control could account for a decrease in calorie consumption of 30-40 kcal per day. A total of 19 subjects completed both parts of the study. Examining the data from these 19 subjects by ANOVA, it was found that the period when the test compounds were given was statistically significantly different from the placebo baseline, placebo experimental, and test baseline periods. Using multiple comparisons, it was ascertained that the novel formulation containing chitosan plus psyllium husk seeds increases fecal fat excretion.
Assuntos
Quitina/análogos & derivados , Quitina/administração & dosagem , Fezes/química , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/análise , Adulto , Quitosana , Estudos Cross-Over , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacocinética , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Psyllium/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Motility and exocrine and endocrine secretions of the gastrointestinal tract are modified during postprandial periods. Experimental evidence suggests that nutrients stimulate small-intestine absorption, but the mechanisms involved are uncertain. Further, the effects of mixing nutrients with different physicochemical compositions on absorption and motility are not completely elucidated. With the use of a canine model, we investigated the effects of a mixture of different lipids and proteins on small-intestine motility and absorption. Two cannulae, one in the proximal duodenum and one in the distal ileum, were implanted in the dogs. Absorption of a continuous duodenal infusion of eight test mixtures consisting of long- and medium-chain fatty-acid triacylglycerols, soy protein and its hydrolysate, casein and its hydrolysate, and variable amounts of glucose, and glucose polymer were analyzed by measuring the volume, concentration, and total amount of triacylglycerols, nitrogen, and glucose recovered from the ileal cannula. Significant differences in absorption were observed across test mixtures. Significantly lower absorption of H(2)O and nutrients was observed with test mixtures prepared with medium-chain fatty-acid triacylglycerols and soy protein compared with test mixtures prepared with corn oil, casein, and hydrolysates of both proteins. We concluded that the physicochemical characteristics of nutrients in elemental diets continuously infused into the duodenum are important for determining small-intestine absorption.