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This study evaluated the ability of the Explicit Discrimination Scale (EDS) to produce comparable estimates among respondents according to gender, color/race, and socioeconomic status. Analysis was based on data from two studies with students from Brazilian public universities. An abridged version of the EDS with eight items was evaluated by the alignment method. Findings indicated violation of invariance between color/race and gender groups. Reports of discriminatory experiences had better comparability between socioeconomic status strata. This study showed that EDS should be used with caution, especially to compare discrimination estimates between respondents of different colors/races and genders. The observed violation of invariance reinforces the need for additional research examining whether such a scenario persists in larger and more diverse samples from Brazil.

O objetivo foi avaliar a capacidade da Escala de Discriminação Explícita (EDE) de produzir estimativas comparáveis entre grupos de gênero, cor/raça e posição socioeconômica. A análise se baseou em dados de dois estudos, realizados com estudantes de universidades públicas brasileiras. Uma versão abreviada da EDE com oito itens foi avaliada, utilizando o método alignment (alinhamento). Nossos achados indicaram violação de invariância entre grupos de cor/raça e gênero. Os relatos de experiências discriminatórias tiveram melhor comparabilidade entre estratos de posição socioeconômica. Este estudo demonstrou que a EDE deve ser utilizada com cautela, especialmente para fazer comparações de estimativas de discriminação entre respondentes de cor/raça e gênero distintos. A violação de invariância observada reforça a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais, examinando se tal cenário se mantém em amostras mais amplas e diversas do país.

El objetivo fue evaluar la capacidad de la Escala de Discriminación Explícita (EDE) para producir estimaciones comparables entre grupos de género, color/raza y posición socioeconómica. El análisis se basó en los datos de dos estudios, realizados con estudiantes de universidades públicas brasileñas. Se evaluó una versión abreviada de la EDE con 8 ítems, utilizando el método alignment (alineación). Nuestros hallazgos indicaron una violación de la invariancia entre los grupos de color/raza y género. Los informes de experiencias discriminatorias fueron más comparables entre los estratos de posición socioeconómica. Este estudio demostró que la EDE debe usarse con precaución, especialmente para hacer comparaciones de estimaciones de discriminación entre encuestados distintos de color/raza y género. La violación de la invariancia observada refuerza la necesidad de investigaciones adicionales, examinando si tal escenario se mantiene muestras más amplias y diversas del país.

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BACKGROUND: A steady decline in the number of cases of malaria was observed in the 2000s in French Guiana. This enabled regional health policies to shift their public health goal from control to elimination. To include inhabitants in this strategy, the main objective of this study was to describe knowledge about malaria, and related attitudes and practices in persons living in the French Guiana border. METHODS: We conducted a survey in people over 15 years old living in the twelve neighbourhoods of Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock with the highest malaria incidence. It comprised a 147-item questionnaire which collected data on socio-demographic characteristics and included a Knowledge Attitude and Practices survey on malaria. Knowledge-related data were studied using exploratory statistical methods to derive summary variables. A binary variable assessing level of knowledge was proposed and then assessed using exploratory approaches. RESULTS: The mean age of the 844 participants was 37.2 years [15.8], the male/female sex ratio was 0.8. In terms of nationality, 485 (57.5%) participants were Brazilian and 352 (41.7%) French. One third (305, 36.1%) spoke Brazilian Portuguese as their native language, 295 (34.9%) the Amerindian language Palikur, 36 (4.3%) French. The symptoms of malaria and prevention means were poorly known by 213 (25.2%) and 378 (44.8%) respondents, respectively. A quarter (206, 24.4%) did not know that malaria can be fatal. Overall, 251 people (29.7%) had an overall poor level of knowledge about malaria. Being under 25 years old, living in a native Amerindian neighbourhood, having an Amerindian mother tongue language, having risk behaviours related to gold mining were significantly associated with a poor level of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to describe the poor level of knowledge about malaria in populations living in the malaria endemic border area along the Oyapock river in French Guiana. Results will allow to reinforce, to diversify and to culturally adapt prevention messages and health promotion to increase their effectiveness with a view to quickly reaching the goal of malaria elimination through empowerment.

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Social units, such as households and schools, can play an important role in controlling epidemic outbreaks. In this work, we study an epidemic model with a prompt quarantine measure on networks with cliques (a clique is a fully connected subgraph representing a social unit). According to this strategy, newly infected individuals are detected and quarantined (along with their close contacts) with probability f. Numerical simulations reveal that epidemic outbreaks in networks with cliques are abruptly suppressed at a transition point f_{c}. However, small outbreaks show features of a second-order phase transition around f_{c}. Therefore, our model can exhibit properties of both discontinuous and continuous phase transitions. Next, we show analytically that the probability of small outbreaks goes continuously to 1 at f_{c} in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, we find that our model exhibits a backward bifurcation phenomenon.

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Food biodiversity is essential for improving nutrition and reducing hunger in populations worldwide. However, in middle and low-income countries, the biodiversity of food production does not necessarily represent food consumption patterns by population. We used Brazil, one of the world's megabiodiverse countries, as a case study to investigate the following questions: what is the prevalence of consumption of biodiverse foods in Brazil, and what are the socioeconomic factors that influence their consumption throughout the country? We used data from a Brazilian representative national dietary survey to estimate the frequency of food consumption of unconventional food plants, edible mushrooms, and wild meat, in according to socioeconomic variables. Thus, we investigated the socioeconomic predictors of Unconventional Food Plants consumption using methods of Machine Learning (ML) and multiple zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression. We showed that biodiverse food consumption in Brazil is low, just related by 1.3% of the population, varying in according to area, ethnicity, age, food insecurity, sex, and educational level. Our findings of low utilization of biodiversity suggest an important mismatch between the rich biodiversity of the country and its representation in the human diet.

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BACKGROUND: The impact of diabetes mellitus has been shown to be differentially expressed between social groups. OBJECTIVE: To estimate inequality gaps in diabetes mellitus mortality through absolute and relative measures according to geographic distribution and social conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diabetes mellitus-related deaths recorded in Mexico between 2010 and 2019 were analyzed, and inequality measurements at the state level were calculated by gender. RESULTS: National age-adjusted diabetes mellitus mortality rate showed an increase during the study period. CONCLUSION: The inequalities present in diabetes mortality should be considered for the design of health strategies.

ANTECEDENTES: Se ha demostrado que el impacto de la diabetes mellitus se expresa de manera diferenciada entre los grupos sociales. OBJETIVO: Estimar las brechas en la desigualdad en la mortalidad por diabetes mellitus a través de medidas absolutas y relativas según distribución geográfica y condiciones sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las muertes registradas en México por diabetes mellitus entre 2010 y 2019 y se calcularon las mediciones de desigualdad a nivel estatal por sexo. RESULTADOS: La tasa de mortalidad nacional por diabetes mellitus ajustada por edad mostró un incremento durante el periodo estudiado. CONCLUSIÓN: Las desigualdades presentes en la mortalidad por diabetes deben considerarse para el diseño de estrategias de salud.

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Asymptomatic carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for subsequent clinical infection. Diminishing returns from mitigation efforts emphasize the need to better understand colonization, spread, and transmission of this opportunistic pathogen. While contact with other people presents opportunities for pathogen exposure and transmission, diversity of social connections may be protective against pathogens such as the common cold. This study examined whether social relationship resources, including the amount and diversity of social contacts, are associated with S. aureus colonization. Participants were community members (N = 443; 68% Hispanic) in naturally occurring social groups in southwestern Arizona. Four types of social relationships and loneliness were assessed, and samples from the skin, nose and throat were obtained to ascertain S. aureus colonization. Overall S. aureus prevalence was 64.8%. Neither the amount nor the diversity of social contacts were associated with S. aureus colonization. The concurrent validity of the social relationship assessments was supported by their moderate intercorrelations and by their positive association with self-rated health. The results suggest that the association of social network diversity and susceptibility to the common cold does not extend to S. aureus colonization. Conversely, colonization prevalence was not higher among those with more social contacts. The latter pattern suggests that social transmission may be relatively infrequent or that more intimate forms of social interaction may drive transmission and colonization resulting in high community prevalence of S. aureus colonization. These data inform communicable disease control efforts.

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This study aimed to describe the characteristics of elderly people abuse notifications by gender and to assess notification patterns according to gender. We analyzed data from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) in 2017. We carried out a descriptive analysis of victim characteristics, violence, and the probable perpetrator according to gender. Pearson's χ2 test was used to assess the significance between groups. Then, we verified the main relationships between the studied characteristics and the victim's gender by simple correspondence analysis (SCA). Thus, 17,311 cases/suspicions of elderly people abuse were notified, corresponding to 7.2% of the total number of violence notifications. Of these victims, 50.4% were white, 42.3% were married, and 17.2% had a disability/disorder; 76.9% occurred at home, 62.8% included physical violence, and 49.5% were cases of repeated violence. Most perpetrators were men (62%), and violence by two or more perpetrators was observed in 62.8% of the cases. SCA evidenced inequalities in older adults' gender, which proved to be higher among women. Physical violence was the most common among younger and old individuals, whereas neglect/abandonment tended to occur more frequently among the oldest individuals, and was most often committed by daughters. In sum, this study demonstrated evidence of gender-based violence, especially among older adults. Disability proved to be an essential characteristic for neglect/abandonment in older adults. In this context, policies are needed to reduce gender inequalities and implement a care network for older adults who are victims of violence.

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Este estudo visa analisar e descrever teoricamente o trabalho com grupos vivenciais de sonhos na perspectiva da Psicologia Analítica. Essa interface prediz uma intervenção que supera a prática psicológica tradicional focada no indivíduo, e assim, esta pesquisa resultou na descrição do desenvolvimento do método grupal e vivencial com sonhos. A partir da pesquisa bibliográfica apresentada pelos principais autores dessa área como: Freitas, Gallbach, Mendes, Silva, Parisi, Yalom, Zimerman entre outros. Por meio da experiência destes autores, foi possível identificar que a dinâmica dos grupos fomentou a construção de uma identidade grupal, no qual os participantes sentem-se acolhidos para expressar os sonhos por meio de técnicas expressivas empregadas e realizando associações e amplificações pessoais e arquetípicas. Os grupos vivenciais, desta forma apresentam-se como uma importante ferramenta de intervenção e possibilidade terapêutica transformadora, principalmente quando comparado às novas metodologias empregadas na área saúde. Assim, o grupo torna-se um instrumento terapêutico para o desenvolvimento psicológico por meio do processo grupal numa perspectiva de acolhimento, compartilhamento e aceitação incondicional entre os participantes. Este método mostrou-se ser adaptável conforme o contexto em que será aplicado, perfil dos membros e objetivos selecionados.(AU)

This study is a theoretical approach to the work with dreams within the perspective of Analytical Psychology as a possibility of intervention within the scope of mental health. This interface predicts an intervention that goes beyond traditional individual-focused psychological practice, and thus this research resulted in the description of the development of the group and experiential method of dreams. From the bibliographical research presented by the main authors of this area as: Freitas, Gallbach, Mendes, Silva, Parisi, Yalom, Zimerman among others. Through the experience of these authors, it was possible to identify that the group dynamics fostered the construction of a group identity, in which participants feel welcomed to express their dreams through expressive techniques employed and performing personal and archetypal associations and amplifications. The experiential groups, thus, present themselves as an important intervention tool and transformative therapeutic possibility, especially when compared to the new methodologies employed in the health area. Thus, the group becomes a therapeutic instrument for psychological development through the group process in a perspective of welcoming, sharing and unconditional acceptance among the participants. This method has been shown to be adaptable according to the context in which it will beapplied, member profile and selected objectives.(AU)

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Este artigo objetivou apresentar uma revisão sistemática referente a avaliação de grupos de promoção da saúde no envelhecimento. Nas consultas realizadas nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), e Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde (Medline) foram identificados 15 artigos, publicados no período de 2012-2016, o que possibilitou a construção das seguintes categorias temáticas: oficinas de educação em saúde, práticas recreativas, práticas corporais, e estimulação cognitiva. Nestes estudos, a avaliação de grupos de promoção da saúde focalizou a dimensão dos resultados, os efeitos das intervenções mediante os relatos dos participantes. Verificou-se a predominância da estratégia de avaliação por meio de grupos focais, em seguida os questionários, e em menor proporção os instrumentos quantitativos de estado geral de saúde e qualidade de vida. Os resultados indicaram que a adesão dos participantes nas intervenções possibilitou melhorias na interação social, nos estados emocionais, no autocuidado com a saúde integral, e na construção de estilos de vida saudáveis devido as aplicações dos conhecimentos obtidos nas atividades cotidianas. Nas avaliações quantitativas foram identificadas mudanças positivas no estado geral de saúde e qualidade de vida. Estes resultados indicam a necessidade de avaliar grupos de promoção da saúde, isto possibilita fundamentar práticas baseadas em evidências e promover saúde para que os idosos desenvolvam a cidadania e o protagonismo, aspectos centrais nas propostas das políticas públicas de saúde do Brasil.(AU)

This article want show a review about the evaluation of groups of health promotionin the aging. In the consultation made it based in on data’s of Literature of Latin America and Caribbean in Health Science (Lilacs), and International Literature in Health Science (Medline) were identified 15 articles, released between in 2012-2016, what make possible the construction of the follow categories: Workshop about health education, recreation practices, body practices, and cognitive stimulation. On these studies, the evaluation of the groups of health promotion had focus on the dimension of the results, the effects of the interventions according with the participants reports. Was check it the predominance of the strategies of evaluation by focal groups, and after the questionnaires, and the small proportion the quantitative instruments of general health state and life quality. The results designated that the accession of the participants on the interventions made possible an improvement of the social interaction, emotional states, self-care with the health, and the construction of life styles according with the applications of knowledge learned in the routine activites. In the quantitative evaluations were identified positive changes on the general health state and life quality. These results indicate the necessity of evaluation of groups of health promotion, this make possible instruct practices based in evidences and promote health for aged people develop citizenry, central aspects on the proposes of health public policies of Brazil.(AU)

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