RESUMO
Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes con retinopatía diabética desde el punto de vista epidemiológico y clínico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre del año 2017 hasta octubre de 2019, en una población de 42 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con tiempo de diabetes mellitus mayor de 10 años, y edades de 55 años o más (60,0 por ciento); el mayor porcentaje correspondió al color de piel negra (66,7 por ciento ); la agudeza visual mayor de 0,6 se presentó en el 49,4 por ciento de los casos; la retinopatía diabética proliferativa fue la más presentada con 55,9 por ciento. Hubo predominio, además, de los valores de hemoglobina glicosilada por encima del 7 por ciento y de la normoalbuminuria con 46,7 y 66,7 por ciento, respectivamente, en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: Los valores elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada y la normoalbuminuria se asocian, desde el punto de vista clínico, a la retinopatía diabética proliferativa(AU)
Objective: Characterize diabetic retinopathy patients from a clinical and epidemiological point of view. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted of 42 type 2 diabetic patients at Santiago de Cuba Ophthalmology Center from October 2017 to October 2019. Results: A predominance was found of patients who had had diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years and were aged 55 years or over (60.0 percent); black skin color prevailed with 66.7 percent; visual acuity above 0.6 was present in 49.4 percent of the cases, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy was the most common type (55.9 percent). In both groups glycosylated hemoglobin values above 7 percent prevailed, whereas normal albuminuria was predominant with 46.7 percent and 66.7 percent, respectively. Conclusions: High glycosylated hemoglobin and normal albuminuria values are clinically associated to proliferative diabetic retinopathy(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/efeitos adversos , Retinopatia Diabética/epidemiologia , Albuminúria/etiologia , Acuidade Visual , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Hemoglobinúria/diagnósticoRESUMO
Abstract Background Cardiovascular events are seen more frequently after the age of 60 and they are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Arterial stiffness is a property that can be expressed by pulse wave velocity and this value is assumed to be a predictor of cardiovascular events. Patients with chronic kidney disease and dysregulated blood sugar have increased atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, but the relationship between physiological levels of Hba1c and arterial stiffness is less clear in chronic kidney disease patients without diabetes mellitus. Objectives Here, we aimed to investigate the degree of arterial stiffness among non-diabetic, non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients with physiological HbA1c levels. Methods We enrolled 51 patients who were followed up at Ege University Hospital Nephrology Department between February and June 2015. Non-diabetic, non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients were included in the study. Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity were measured with an applanation tonometry device (Sphygmocor Vx Software Atcor Medical, Australia). Correlations between pulse wave velocity and the aforementioned parameters were investigated (see below). Results We detected a significant correlation between pulse wave velocity and systolic blood pressure (p=0.0001) and Hba1c (p=0.044) separately. There was an inverse correlation with creatinine clearance (p=0.04). We also detected a significant correlation with serum phosphorus level (p=0.0077) and furosemide use (p=0.014). No correlations were found among the other parameters. Conclusions Arterial stiffness is an important predictor of cardiovascular events and measuring it is an inexpensive method for estimating morbidity and mortality. Our study supports the importance of measuring arterial stiffness and of controlling blood glucose levels, even at physiological Hba1c values, especially for chronic kidney disease patients.
Resumo Contexto Os eventos cardiovasculares são mais frequentes em pessoas com mais de 60 anos, e sugere-se que sejam causas significativas de morbidade e mortalidade. A rigidez arterial é expressa pela velocidade da onda de pulso, e presume-se que esse valor seja um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares. Os pacientes com doença renal crônica e desregulação do açúcar no sangue têm aterosclerose e rigidez arterial aumentadas. No entanto, a relação entre os níveis fisiológicos de Hba1c e a rigidez arterial entre pacientes com doença renal crônica sem diabetes melito é menos clara. Objetivos Buscamos investigar o grau de rigidez entre os pacientes sem diabetes e portadores de doença renal crônica sem dependência de diálise com níveis fisiológicos de HbA1c. Métodos Incluímos 51 pacientes, sem diabetes e com doença renal crônica sem dependência de diálise, que estavam em acompanhamento no Departamento de Nefrologia do Ege University Hospital entre fevereiro e junho de 2015. A pressão sanguínea e a velocidade da onda do pulso foram medidas com um dispositivo de tonometria de aplanação (Sphygmocor Vx Software Atcor Medical, Austrália). A correlação entre a velocidade da onda de pulso e os parâmetros mencionados anteriormente foi investigada. Resultados Detectamos correlação significativa entre a velocidade da onda de pulso e a pressão arterial sistólica (p = 0,0001) e Hba1c (p = 0,044) separadamente. Foi constatada correlação inversa com a depuração de creatinina (p = 0,04). Também detectamos correlação significativa com o nível de fósforo sérico (p = 0,0077) e o uso de furosemida (p = 0,014). Não foi encontrada correlação entre outros parâmetros. Conclusões A rigidez arterial é um preditor importante de eventos cardiovasculares, e a sua medição é um método de baixo custo para estimar a morbidade e mortalidade. Nosso estudo corrobora a importância da medição da rigidez arterial e do controle dos níveis de glicemia sanguínea mesmo em valores de Hba1c fisiológicos, principalmente para pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Rigidez Vascular , Métodos de Análise Laboratorial e de Campo , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Aterosclerose/complicações , Análise de Onda de PulsoRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la relación de la hemoglobina glicosilada y la albuminuria con la progresión de la retinopatía diabética. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba desde octubre del año 2017 hasta octubre de 2019. La muestra fue de 42 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con tiempo de diabetes mellitus mayor de 10 años y las edades de 55 años o más con el 60,0 por ciento. El color de piel negra fue mayor con 66,7 por ciento; la agudeza visual mayor de 0,6 se presentó en el 49,4 por ciento y la retinopatía diabética proliferativa fue la más presentada con 55,9 por ciento. Predominaron además valores de hemoglobina glicosilada mayores de 7 por ciento en ambos grupos y la normoalbuminuria fue la que predominó en ambos grupos con 46,7 y 66,7 por ciento. Conclusiones: Los valores elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada y la normoalbuminuria se asocian de forma clínica a retinopatía diabética proliferativa(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the relationship of glycosylated hemoglobin and albuminuria to progression of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Santiago de Cuba Ophthalmology Center from October 2017 to October 2019. The sample was 42 type 2 diabetic patients. Results: A predominance was found of patients with diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years and the 55 years and over age group (60.0 percent). Black skin color prevailed with 66.7 percent, visual acuity above 0.6 was present in 49.4 percent, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy was the most common type (55.9 percent). In both groups glycosylated hemoglobin values above 7 percent prevailed and normal albuminuria was predominant with 46.7 percent and 66.7 percent. Conclusions: High glycosylated hemoglobin and normal albuminuria values are clinically associated to proliferative diabetic retinopathy(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/efeitos adversos , Acuidade Visual , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico , Albuminúria/etiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Introducción: la hemoglobina glucosilada es utilizada para evaluar el grado de control glucémico. Se ha publicado que la disminución de este indicador en el 2 % reduce la aparición o progresión de las complicaciones micro- o macrovasculares. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de la hemoglobina glucosilada en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con macroangiopatía diabética de los miembros inferiores. Métodos: se estudiaron 100 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con o sin macroangiopatía diabética de los miembros inferiores; 36 hombres y 64 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 61,8 años (44-79 años). Se cuantificó el grado de glucosilación de la hemoglobina y se calculó su valor de referencia. Se identificó y describió el tipo de asociación del indicador con diferentes factores de riesgo y con el tipo de macroangiopatía diabética. Resultados: se escogió el valor de 8,6 por ciento de hemoglobina glucosilada por ser el punto de corte con los mayores valores de sensibilidad (73,7 por ciento), especificidad (83,7 por ciento) y razón de probabilidad (4,52). Se constató un mal control glucémico en el 48,3 por ciento de los pacientes, donde la mayor proporción correspondió a la macroangiopatía de tipo ocluido (44,8 por ciento). En los pacientes descompensados fue la dislipidemia el factor de riesgo que más predominó (58,3 por ciento), así como la combinación del tabaquismo con la hipertensión arterial (35,3 por ciento). Conclusión: los pacientes diabéticos de tipo 2 con macroangiopatía diabética de los miembros inferiores de tipo ocluido mostraron valores muy elevados de hemoglobina glucosilada indicativo de un mal control metabólico(AU)
Introduction: glycosylated hemoglobin is used to evaluate the level of glycemic control. It has been reported that its decrease by 2 % reduces the occurrence or progression of micro or macrovascular complications. Objective: to determine the behavior of glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes patients with macroangiopathy in lower limbs. Method: study of one hundred type 2 diabetic patients with/without diabetic macroangiopathy in their lower limbs; 36 were males and 64 females averagely aged 61.8 years (44-74 years). The level of hemoglobin glycosylation was quantitated as well as the reference value was estimated. The kind of association of this indicator with several risk factors and with the type of diabetic macroangiopathy was also established and described. Results: the reference value of 8.6 percent of the glycosylated hemoglobin was chosen because it was the cutoff point with the highest sensitivity (73.7 percent), specificity (83.7 percent) and probability odds (4.52) values. Poor glycemic control was confirmed in 48.3 percent of patients, mainly affected by occluded macroangiopathy (44.8 percent). In decompensated patients, dyslipidemia was the predominant risk factor (58.3 percent) along with the combination of smoking and blood hypertension (35.3 percent). Conclusions: the type 2 diabetic patients with occluded diabetic macroangiopathy of the lower limbs showed very high glycosylated hemoglobin values indicative of poor metabolic control(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/efeitos adversos , Índice Glicêmico/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaçõesRESUMO
Fundamentos: Valores elevados de hemoglobinaglicada (A1C) estão associados a maior incidência de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, porém sua correlação com a gravidade da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) não está bem estabelecida.Objetivo: Correlacionar A1C com extensão e gravidade anatômica da DAC em hospital de referência em Cardiologia em Curitiba.Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal prospectivo no qual pacientes hospitalizados consecutivamente por síndrome coronariana aguda foram estratificados à admissão em três grupos: diabéticos, hiperglicêmicos e euglicêmicos (grupo-controle) com base na glicemia de admissão e jejum. Foram comparados quanto à glicemia de admissão, jejum, A1C, HDL, triglicerídeos, CK-MB atividade, circunferência abdominal, proteína C-reativa ultrassensível e pressão arterial. Para avaliar extensão e gravidade da DAC, realizou-se cateterismo cardíaco. Resultados: De 150 pacientes, 38% eram hiperglicêmicos à admissão, 36% diabéticos e 26% euglicêmicos. A A1C variou entre 8,17±1,08% nos diabéticos, 6,29±0,53% nos hiperglicêmicos e 6,16±0,55% no grupo-controle, com diferença significativa. A diferença da glicemia de admissão, jejum, e CK-MB também foi significativa. A média das obstruções coronarianas significativas e críticas foi, respectivamente, 1,18 e 0,97 por paciente, sem correlação com A1C. Conclusão: A1C não se correlacionou com extensão e gravidade anatômica da doença arterial coronarianana amostra estudada.
Background: Elevated glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels are associated with higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events, but its correlation with the anatomical severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is not well established. Objective: To correlate A1C with the extent and severity of CAD in a Cardiology Reference Hospital in Curitiba. Methods: A prospective longitudinal observational study in which patients hospitalized consecutively for acute coronary syndrome were segmented into three groups: diabetics, hyperglycemics and euglycemics (control group), based on admission glycemia and fasting blood glucose. They were compared for admission glycemia, fasting blood glucose, A1C, HDL, triglycerides, CK-MB activity, abdominal circumference, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein and blood pressure. Cardiac catheterization was performed to evaluate CAD extent and severity. Results: Of 150 patients, 38% were hyperglycemic at admission, 36% were diabetic and 26% were euglycemic. The A1C varied between 8.17±1.08 in the diabetics, 6.29±0.53 in the hyperglycemics and 6.16±0.55 for the control group, with a significant difference. Admission glycemia, fasting blood glucose and CK-MB were also significantly different. The mean significant and critical coronary obstructions were respectively 1.18 and 0.97 per patient, not correlated to A1C. Conclusion: A1C is not correlated with the anatomical severity and extent of CAD in the sample studied.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/efeitos adversos , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción: el control metabólico es el propósito principal en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: caracterizar el control metabólico en un grupo de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 84 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 atendidos en el servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario William Soler entre febrero de 2010 y agosto de 2011. Se determinó hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) con un intervalo de entre 90 y 120 días. Para la determinación de la HbA1c se utilizó el método cuantitativo turbidimétrico con el reactivo fabricado por Futura System. Los resultados trimestrales de HbA1c se relacionaron con la edad, el sexo, el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes mellitus, el peso corporal en kilogramos y la dosis total diaria de insulina. Resultados: la edad promedio de los pacientes del sexo masculino fue 11,6 años (DS 4,6) y la de los del sexo femenino, 12,4 años (DS 4,5). La edad media al inicio del estudio fue 12,23 años (DS 4,42) y la edad media al diagnóstico de la diabetes, 8,27 años (DS 4,28). El tiempo promedio de evolución de la diabetes fue 3,79 años (DS 3,17) y la dosis media diaria de insulina por kilogramo de peso corporal fue de 0,91 unidades (DS 0,26). Los valores de la HbA1c se mantuvieron por encima de 10 por ciento, salvo las dos últimas determinaciones, que mostraron valores significativamente menores que los meses anteriores, y fueron independientes de las variables sexo, tiempo de evolución, edad de diagnóstico y dosis promedio diaria de insulina por kilogramo de peso corporal. Conclusiones: una relación clínica adecuada y la mejoría en el cumplimiento del tratamiento fueron elementos decisivos en la mejoría del control metabólico en nuestros pacientes(AU)
Introduction: the metabolic control is the main objective of the diabetes mellitus treatment. Objective: to characterize the metabolic control in a group of children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus. Methods: a prospective study was conducted in 84 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, who had been seen at the endocrinology service of William Soler university pediatric hospital from February 2010 to August 2011. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was estimated in a period of 90 to 120 days. The quantitative turbidimetric method served to determine hemoglobin A1c by using Futura System reagent. The quarterly results of HbA1c were compared by age, sex, time of evolution of diabetes mellitus, body weight in kg and total daily dosage of insulin. Results: the average age of male patients was 11.6 years (SD= 4,6) and of female patients was 12,4 years (SD= 4.5). The mean age at the beginning of the study was 12,23 years (SD= 4.42) and the mean age at time of diagnosis was 8.27 years (SD= 4.28). The average time of evolution for diabetes was 3.79 years (SD= 3.17) and the daily mean dose of insulin per kg of bodyweight was 0,91 units (SD= 0.26). The HbA1c values were kept over 10 percent, except for the two last estimations that showed significantly lower values than those of previous months and were not dependent on the variables sex, time of evolution, age at time of diagnosis and daily average dose of insulin per kilogram of bodyweight. Conclusions: adequate clinical relation and improved adherence to treatment are decisive elements for the improvement of the metabolic control in these patients(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Metabolismo/fisiologia , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/efeitos adversos , Estudos Prospectivos , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Cooperação e Adesão ao TratamentoRESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de la nefropatía diabética incipiente (NDI) en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de diagnóstico reciente, negativos en relación con los anticuerpos antislotes pancreáticos (ICA) y la antidescarboxilasa del ácido glutámico (AGAD). Se estudiaron 183 personas con DM2 (ICA y AGAD negativos), atendidas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético, con la evaluación de las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, índice de masa corporal (IMC), edad al debut, tipo de tratamiento de la DM, presencia de retinopatía diabética (RD) y la presión arterial, así como la glucemia en ayunas y posprandial. Se determinó ICA, AGAD, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1), glucemia en ayuna y postprandial 2 horas después del desayuno y del almuerzo, así como excreción urinaria de albúmina (EUA) en orina de 24 horas. No se incluyó a pacientes con ND diabética clínica (EUA ³ 300 mg/L), con nefropatía no diabética, ni con otras causas o condiciones de aumento de EUA. Los sujetos se dividieron en 2 grupos: normoalbuminúricos (EUA £ 20 mg/L) N = 163, y microalbuminúricos (NDI incipiente EUA > 20 a < 300 mg/L) N = 20. La NDI en las personas con DM2 de diagnóstico reciente se observó en el 10,9 por ciento (20/183). Fueron encontradas diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los normoalbuminúricos con los microalbuminúricos en las edades 52,6 ± 9,9 años vs. 57,5 ± 7,5 años (p < 0,03); en la presión arterial sistólica: 127 ± 19,8 vs. 139,0 ± 22,9 mmHg (p < 0,01) y diastólica: 81,4 ± 11,3 vs 88,0 ± 11,0 mmHg (p< 0,01), así como en el IMC: 27,0 ± 5,0 vs. 32,2 ± 6,4 (p < 0,00001). Se comprobó algún tipo de RD en 26 pacientes (20 normoalbuminúricos y 6 microalbuminúricos). La HbA1 fue más elevada en los microalbuminúricos de 9,4 ± 8,7 por ciento que en los normoalbuminúricos de 7,2 ± 1,5 por ciento (p < 0,002). La NDI puede estar presente en un porcentaje elevado de personas con DM2 de diagnóstico reciente. La edad, los valores de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica aumentados, el incremento del IMC y los valores elevados de HbA1 constituyen los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la NDI. Algunos de ellos pueden ser modificados con una terapéutica adecuada(AU)
The objective of this paper was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of incipient diabetic nephropathy(IDN) in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus of recent diagnosis negatives for pancreatic islet cell antibodies (ICA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies(AGAD). One-hundred and three persons with DM2 (negative ICA and AGAD), seen at the Diabetic Care Center, were studied and evaluated according to the following variables: age, sex, smoking, body mass index (BMI); age of onset of diabetes, type of DM treatment, presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and blood pressure as well as glucemia at fasting and postprandial. The study determined ICA, AGAD, glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1), glucemia at fasting and postprandial two hours after breakfast and lunch as well as urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in urine collected for 24 hours. Patients with clinical diabetic nephropathy (UAE ³ 300 mg/L), non-diabetic nephropathy or other causes or conditions leading to increased UAE were excluded. The patients were divided into two groups: normoalbuminuric (UAE £ 20 mg/L) N = 163 and microalbuminuric (incipient DN, UAE >20 a < 300 mg/L) N = 20. IDN in persons recently diagnosed with DM2 was observed in 10,9 percent of cases (20/183). Statistically significant differences were found when comparing normoalbuminurics to microalbuminurics at ages 52,6 ± 9,9 years vs. 57,5 ± 7,5 years (p< 0,03); their systolic: 127 ± 19,8 vs 139,0 ± 22,9 mmHg (p< 0,01) and diastolic blood pressure: 81,4 ± 11,3 vs 88,0 ± 11,0 mmHg (p < 0,01) as well as their BMI: 27,0 ± 5,0 vs 32,2 ± 6,4 (p< 0,00001). It was observed some sort of DR in 26 patients (20 normoalbuminurics and 6 microalbuminurics. HbA1 was higher in microalbuminurics with 9,4± 8,7 percent than in normoalbuminurics with 7,2± 1,5 percent (p < 0,002.) IDN may be present in a high percentage of persons recently diagnosed with DM2. Age, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, the increase of BMI and raised HbA1 values are the main risk factors associated to IDN. Some of them can be changed if an adequate therapy is applied(AU)