RESUMO
This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and molecular features associated with HAV transmission in adults in Rio de Janeiro during a period of increased registered cases of HAV (2017-2018). Socio-epidemiological data and serum samples from anti-HAV IgM+ individuals were obtained. HAV RNA was RT-PCR amplified and sequenced for further phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. From fifty-two HAV IgM+ individuals, most were men (78.85%; p = 0.024), aged 20-30 years old (84.61%; p < 0.001), resided in the Rio de Janeiro north zone (31/52; 59.62%; p = 0.001), and are men who have sex with men (MSM) (57.69%; p = 0.002). Sexual practices were more frequent (96%) than others risk factors (food-borne (44%), water-borne (42.31%), and parenteral (34.62%)). Individuals who traveled to endemic regions had a 7.19-fold (1.93-36.04; p < 0.01) increased risk of HAV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct clades of subgenotype IA, three of them comprised sequences from European/Asian MSM outbreaks and one from Brazilian endemic strains. Bayesian Inference showed that the imported strains were introduced to Brazil during large mass sportive events. Sexual orientation and sexual practices may play a role in acquiring HAV infection. Public policies targeting key populations must be implemented to prevent further dissemination of HAV and other STIs.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite A/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/virologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Genótipo , Hepatite A/sangue , Hepatite A/transmissão , Vírus da Hepatite A/classificação , Vírus da Hepatite A/genética , Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Comportamento Sexual , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported worldwide and associated primarily with sexual transmission through oral-anal sex. Here, we provide the molecular and evolutionary description of a European strain, linked to HAV outbreaks among MSM, detected in a Brazilian homosexual couple. Bayesian analysis provided evidence that the viral isolates were introduced in Brazil from Spain between the end of 2016 and the beginning of 2017.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Vírus da Hepatite A/genética , Hepatite A/transmissão , Homossexualidade Masculina , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil , Evolução Molecular , Hepatite A/diagnóstico , Hepatite A/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar a epidemiologia das hepatites virais. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado por meio da análise de dados obtidos do banco de dados da plataforma do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde relativos ao Estado de Minas Gerais, com as variáveis número de casos, hepatite viral CID 10 (B15 a B19), faixa etária, forma de transmissão, sexo e etnia no período de 2010 a 2017. RESULTADOS: Somaram-se 14.308 casos de hepatite A, B e C entre 2010 e 2017 em Minas Gerais. A hepatite C foi a mais prevalente com 50%, seguido da hepatite B com 39% e da hepatite A com 11%. O sexo masculino (70,2%) contrastou com o feminino (50,8%) no panorama geral. Quanto à etnia, foram obtidos 38% na parda e 37,5% na branca, em contraste com 0,4% na indígena. A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 40 a 59 anos com 54% dos casos. Surpreendeu a manutenção do número de casos registrados de vírus C transmitidos via transfusão sanguínea, provavelmente antes do reconhecimento do vírus, nos anos 1990 (1.002 casos), além da existência de casos de vírus A transmitidos via sexual (30 casos). CONCLUSÃO: Em Minas Gerais, a epidemiologia das hepatites virais seguiu a tendência global em faixa etária e número de casos. Todavia tornase imprescindível considerar novas abordagens de prevenção e controle com foco em educação sexual em saúde independente, principalmente nas faixas etárias jovens e avançadas. (AU)
OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the epidemiology of viral hepatitis. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiological study based on the analysis of data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System in the state of Minas Gerais, with the following variables: viral hepatitis ICD 10 (B15-B19), age range, way of transmission, gender, and ethnicity, from 2010 to 2017. RESULTS: There were 14,308 cases of hepatitis A, B, and C from 2010 to 2017 in the state of Minas Gerais. Hepatitis C vírus was the most prevalent with 50%, followed by hepatitis B virus with 39%, and hepatitis A virus with 11%. The male gender (70.2%) contrasted with the female (50.8%) in the general panorama. As for ethnicity, 38% were in the brown people, and 37.5% in the white people, compared to 0,4% in the indigenous people. The most affected age group was 40-59 years, with 54% of the cases. Surprisingly, the number of registered cases of C virus transmitted by blood transfusion was steady, probably before the virus was recognized in the 1990s (1002 cases), and there were cases of virus A transmitted via sexual intercourse (30 cases). CONCLUSION: In Minas Gerais, the epidemiology of viral hepatitis follows the global trend in terms of age range and number of cases; however, it is imperative to consider new approaches in prevention and control, focusing on sexually independent health education, mainly in the young and advanced age groups. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Hepatite Viral Humana/classificação , Hepatite Viral Humana/transmissão , Hepatite Viral Humana/epidemiologia , Demografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Hepatite C/transmissão , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Distribuição por Etnia , Hepatite A/transmissão , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/transmissão , Hepatite B/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many low- to middle-income countries have completed or are in the process of transitioning from high or intermediate to low endemicity for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Because the risk of severe hepatitis A disease increases with age at infection, decreased incidence that leaves older children and adults susceptible to HAV infection may actually increase the population-level burden of disease from HAV. Mathematical models can be helpful for projecting future epidemiological profiles for HAV. METHODS: An age-specific deterministic, dynamic compartmental transmission model with stratification by setting (rural versus urban) was calibrated with country-specific data on demography, urbanization, and seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies. HAV transmission was modeled as a function of setting-specific access to safe water. The model was then used to project various HAV-related epidemiological outcomes in Brazil and in Mexico from 1950 to 2050. RESULTS: The projected epidemiological outcomes were qualitatively similar in the 2 countries. The age at the midpoint of population immunity (AMPI) increased considerably and the mean age of symptomatic HAV cases shifted from childhood to early adulthood. The projected overall incidence rate of HAV infections decreased by about two thirds as safe water access improved. However, the incidence rate of symptomatic HAV infections remained roughly the same over the projection period. The incidence rates of HAV infections (all and symptomatic alone) were projected to become similar in rural and urban settings in the next decades. CONCLUSION: This model featuring population age structure, urbanization and access to safe water as key contributors to the epidemiological transition for HAV was previously validated with data from Thailand and fits equally well with data from Latin American countries. Assuming no introduction of a vaccination program over the projection period, both Brazil and Mexico were projected to experience a continued decrease in HAV incidence rates without any substantial decrease in the incidence rates of symptomatic HAV infections.
Assuntos
Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/transmissão , Modelos Estatísticos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Demografia , Feminino , Hepatite A/imunologia , Hepatite A/virologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Rural , Urbanização , Abastecimento de Água , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since hepatitis A virus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, outbreaks in nurseries are favored by constant diaper changes and failures in hygienic measures. The purpose of this investigation was to describe an outbreak of hepatitis A between November 2012 and February 2013 at a nursery in Mexicali, Baja California, as well as the measures adopted for its control. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted on the outbreak and the control measures, calculating the rates of attack and establishing proportions using the Wilson's scale. Pupils, workers or family members with symptoms consistent with hepatitis A were considered to be suspected cases. First-occurrence hepatitis A records were reviewed on the Weekly Disease Surveillance Report at the involved medical units and on the nursery's infirmary records. RESULTS: The global attack rate was 13.1 %, and in those captive in the nursery, 9.5 %. Jaundice, biliuria and abdominal pain were the most important clinical data. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. The outbreak lasted 86 days. Control measures were based on epidemiological surveillance reinforcement and preventive hygienic measures. CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak showed a spreading trend, it affected mainly children and showed the importance of health education and epidemiological surveillance maintenance, extensive to the familial setting.
INTRODUCCIÓN: dado que el virus de la hepatitis A se transmite vía fecal-oral, en las guarderías los brotes son favorecidos por los cambios constantes de pañal y las fallas en las medidas higiénicas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir un brote de hepatitis A entre noviembre de 2012 y febrero de 2013 en una guardería de Mexicali, Baja California, así como las medidas adoptadas para su control. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo del brote y de las medidas de control, con cálculo de tasas de ataque y determinación de proporciones por escala de Wilson. Se consideró caso sospechoso a los alumnos, trabajadores o familiares que presentaran sintomatología compatible con hepatitis A. Se revisaron los registros de primera vez de hepatitis A del Informe Semanal de Casos Nuevos de Enfermedades de las unidades médicas involucradas y de los registros de enfermería de la guardería. RESULTADOS: la tasa de ataque global fue de 13.1 % y en los cautivos de la guardería, de 9.5 %. La ictericia, la coluria y el dolor abdominal fueron los principales datos clínicos. No se presentaron defunciones ni hospitalizaciones. El brote duró 86 días. Las medidas de control se basaron en el reforzamiento de la vigilancia epidemiológica y de las medidas higiénicas preventivas. CONCLUSIONES: el brote mostró una tendencia a la propagación, afectó principalmente a los niños y denotó la importancia de la educación en salud y del mantenimiento de la vigilancia epidemiológica, con extensión al medio familiar.
Assuntos
Creches , Surtos de Doenças , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Busca de Comunicante , Feminino , Hepatite A/diagnóstico , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Hepatite A/transmissão , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The person-to-person transmission of the hepatitis A virus primarily occurs in enclosed spaces, particularly in the presence of inadequate hygiene conditions and a high proportion of susceptible individuals. Thus, intimate family contact stands out as a risk factor for HAV infection dissemination. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of household HAV transmission. Blood samples were collected from patients with hepatitis A (index cases) and their family members (contacts) that were referred to an ambulatory care clinic specializing in viral hepatitis. A total of 97 samples were collected from 30 families with a confirmed hepatitis A case (index case). Serological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis of hepatitis A were conducted on all samples. HAV infection (anti-HAV IgM + and/or HAV RNA +) was detected in 34.3% (23/67) of the contacts; 34.3% (23/67) of the contacts were immune to HAV, and 31.4% (21/67) were susceptible. In the household contacts, HAV immunity was significantly associated with older age; susceptibility to infection and HAV infection were associated with younger age. Household outbreaks were detected in 16/30 families studied. Co-circulation of subgenotypes IA and IB was found in the household outbreaks, and person-to-person transmission was evidenced in six of the household outbreaks, with 100% homology between the index case and contact strains. The results demonstrated the relevance of HAV household transmission, reaffirming the need for hepatitis A vaccine administration in susceptible contacts and effective infection control procedures to prevent the extension of household outbreaks.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Saúde da Família , Vírus da Hepatite A Humana/genética , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Características da Família , Feminino , Hepatite A/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite A Humana/classificação , Vírus da Hepatite A Humana/fisiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A hepatite é uma doença caracterizada pela inflamação das células do fígado que pode ser causada principalmente por vírus, uso de medicamentos, álcool e outras drogas. Pode levar a insuficiência hepática aguda, cirrose e câncer do fígado. O Boletim Epidemiológico foi elaborado a partir das bases de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM), no período de 2009 a 2013 da população residente no estado de Goiás. A análise define o padrão epidemiológico da doença, a partir de estudo descritivo e analítico com referência temporal e características pessoais. No período de 2009 a 2013 foram notificados 32.609 casos suspeitos de hepatites virais, deste total 9104 casos foram confirmados, onde 966 confirmados de hepatite A, 7.083 casos confirmados de hepatite B e 890 suspeitos de hepatite C. Em julho de 2013, iniciou - se no estado de Goiás o tratamento da Hepatite C com as novas drogas disponibilizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS). Atualmente, 140 portadores do vírus da hepatite C foram cadastrados no Hospital de Doenças Tropicais (HDT) e 5 no Serviço de Tratamento Especializado (SAE) do Município de Anápolis totalizando 145 usuários para tratamento da terapia tripla.
Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of liver cells that can be caused mainly by viruses, drug use, alcohol and other drugs. It can lead to acute liver failure, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The Epidemiological Bulletin was prepared from the databases of the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and Mortality Information System (SIM), from 2009 to 2013 of the population living in the state of Goiás. The analysis defines the epidemiological pattern of the disease, based on a descriptive and analytical study with temporal reference and personal characteristics. In the period from 2009 to 2013, 32,609 suspected cases of viral hepatitis were reported, of this total 9104 cases were confirmed, where 966 confirmed hepatitis A, 7,083 confirmed cases of hepatitis B and 890 suspected cases of hepatitis C. In July 2013, the treatment of Hepatitis C with the new drugs made available by the Ministry of Health (MS) began in the state of Goiás. Currently, 140 carriers of hepatitis C virus were registered at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (HDT) and 5 in the Specialized Treatment Service (SAE) of the Municipality of Anápolis totaling 145 users for treatment of triple therapy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Hepatite Viral Humana/transmissão , Hepatite Viral Humana/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/transmissão , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/transmissão , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/transmissão , Hepatite B/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the transmission pattern of hepatitis A (HA) infection based on a primary dataset from the Brazilian National Hepatitis Survey in a pre-vaccination context. The national survey conducted in urban areas disclosed two epidemiological scenarios with low and intermediate HA endemicity. METHODS: A catalytic model of HA transmission was built based on a national seroprevalence survey (2005 to 2009). The seroprevalence data from 7,062 individuals aged 5-69 years from all the Brazilian macro-regions were included. We built up three models: fully homogeneous mixing model, with constant contact pattern; the highly assortative model and the highly assortative model with the additional component accounting for contacts with infected food/water. Curves of prevalence, force of infection (FOI) and the number of new infections with 99% confidence intervals (CIs) were compared between the intermediate (North, Northeast, Midwest and Federal District) and low (South and Southeast) endemicity areas. A contour plot was also constructed. RESULTS: The anti- HAV IgG seroprevalence was 68.8% (95% CI, 64.8%-72.5%) and 33.7% (95% CI, 32.4%-35.1%) for the intermediate and low endemicity areas, respectively, according to the field data analysis. The models showed that a higher force of infection was identified in the 10- to 19-year-old age cohort (â¼9,000 infected individuals per year per 100,000 susceptible persons) in the intermediate endemicity area, whereas a higher force of infection occurred in the 15- to 29-year-old age cohort (â¼6,000 infected individuals per year per 100,000 susceptible persons) for the other macro-regions. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the shift of Brazil toward intermediate and low endemicity levels with the shift of the risk of infection to older age groups. These estimates of HA force of infection stratified by age and endemicity levels are useful information to characterize the pre-vaccination scenario in Brazil.
Assuntos
Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/transmissão , Modelos Biológicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
There are indications of a shift in the pattern of hepatitis A (HAV) in Mexico from high to intermediate endemicity, progressively increasing the mean age of infection and the proportion of cases which are symptomatic. This study estimated the potential impact of universal infant HAV vaccination in Mexico with two doses of Havrix™ at 12 and 18 mo of age on all HAV infections and symptomatic HAV infections. We developed a dynamic transmission model that accounts for changes in demography and HAV epidemiology. It was calibrated using Mexican age-specific seroprevalence and symptomatic HAV incidence data. With 70% first-dose coverage and 85% second-dose coverage, the calibrated model projected that HAV vaccination would reduce the incidence of all HAV infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic) after the first 25 y of vaccination by 71-76% (minimum and maximum for different transmission scenarios). The projected reduction in cumulative incidence of symptomatic HAV infections over the first 25 y of vaccination was 45-51%. With 90% first-dose coverage and 85% second-dose coverage, the projected reduction in incidence of all HAV infections was 85-93%, and the projected reduction in the cumulative incidence of symptomatic HAV infections was 61-67%, over a 25-y time frame. Sensitivity analyses indicated that second-dose coverage is important under the conservative base-case assumptions made about the duration of vaccine protection. The model indicated that universal infant HAV vaccination could substantially reduce the burden of HAV disease in Mexico.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hepatite A/transmissão , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hepatitis A is a viral disease with a significant public health impact, especially in developing countries. Improvements in sewage services could prevent hepatitis A virus (HAV) dissemination into the environment and minimize the risk of infection. The aim of this study was to monitor HAV for one year in urban sewage samples from the largest wastewater treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess environmental contamination with HAV and its dissemination after treatment by an activated sludge process. For this purpose, 48 samples (24 raw sewage samples and 24 treated effluent samples) were collected from August 2009 to July 2010 for HAV detection. Using quantitative real-time PCR 14 (58%) raw sewage samples were positive for HAV, and the highest viral genome loads were detected in the spring and summer. HAV was not detected in treated effluent samples, which suggests that the viral loads observed could be easily removed by the activated sludge process, thus preventing the dissemination of HAV into the environment. All of the HAV strains sequenced belonged to subgenotype IA, which clustered closely with Brazilian and Argentine HAV strains. These data demonstrate that environmental monitoring can be a useful tool in epidemiological studies.