RESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hematological and hepatic alterations and possible association with serum levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), p,p'-DDE, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) among residents in an area heavily contaminated with organochlorine (OC) pesticides. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 415 male and 432 female residents aged >14 years. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for OC pesticides concentrations and biochemical parameters. Frequencies of hematological and hepatic alterations were calculated for each gender. Association between beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene), and HCB levels and presence of alterations was determined by logistic regression stratified by gender and controlling for confounders. Highest frequencies were observed for eosinophilia (23% men and 18% women), low hemoglobin (12% men and 15% women), and low erythrocyte count (12% men). High levels of bilirubin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were observed, respectively, in 10, 11, and 12% of men and <10% of women. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was elevated in 26 and 25% of males and females, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed associations between eosinophilia and beta-HCH in men (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.01-1.12) and women (OR = 1.05, 96%CI = 0.99-1.11), p,p'-DDE in men (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.99-1.06) and women (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.99-1.06), and HCB in women (OR = 1.54, 95%IC = 0.85-4.45). Beta-HCH was found to be associated with increased risk of elevated bilirubin in females (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.07-1.29) and males (OR = 4.21, 95%CI = 1.87-9.47 for fourth vs. first quintile). Thus, OC pesticides may exert adverse effects on hematopoietic tissue and liver in populations chronically exposed to high levels of these compounds.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/induzido quimicamente , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Doenças Hematológicas/induzido quimicamente , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/toxicidade , Doença Ambiental/sangue , Doença Ambiental/epidemiologia , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Feminino , Doenças Hematológicas/sangue , Doenças Hematológicas/epidemiologia , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorobenzeno/toxicidade , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Indústrias , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/sangue , Risco , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several studies have investigated the effects of organochlorine (OC) pesticides on adverse reproductive outcomes. However, few previous studies explored their effects on sex hormones. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between serum concentrations of OC pesticides and levels of sex hormones in adult population in a rural area in Brazil heavily contaminated with these pesticides. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 304 men and 300 women was undertaken. Wet weight serum concentrations of 19 OC pesticides (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane [DDT] and hexachlorocyclohexane [HCH], among others) were determined in all participants. Testosterone levels were obtained for men and estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for women. Associations between OC pesticides and sex hormones were evaluated using linear regression models. RESULTS: Prevalence of women with non-physiological hyperprolactinemia was 4%. After adjusting for serum lipids and confounders, heptachlor and o,p'-DDT concentrations in men were associated with lower testosterone levels, while peri- and postmenopausal women (N=77) showed inverse associations between LH and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD (dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane), endosulfan 1 and 2, aldrin and mirex, as well as between FSH and p,p'-DDD, endosulfan 1 and aldrin. Premenopausal women (N=210) did not show statistically significant associations between OC pesticides and sex hormones. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations between OC pesticide concentrations and testosterone in men and LH and FSH in peri-/postmenopausal women, together with the high proportion of women with elevated prolactin, suggest that these OC compounds may have triggered anti-androgenic effects in men and estrogenic effects in women in this population.
Assuntos
DDT/sangue , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , DDT/efeitos adversos , Disruptores Endócrinos/efeitos adversos , Disruptores Endócrinos/sangue , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Feminino , Hexaclorobenzeno/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Hiperprolactinemia/epidemiologia , Hiperprolactinemia/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in the living environment are thought to have detrimental health effects on the population, with pregnant women and the developing foetus being at highest risk. We report on the levels of selected POPs in maternal blood of 155 delivering women residing in seven regions within the São Paulo State, Brazil. The following selected POPs were measured in the maternal whole blood: 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (IUPAC Nos. 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 156, 163, 170, 180, 183, 187, 194); dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane p,p'-DDT, diphenyldichloroethylene p,p'-DDE and other pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-HCH, ß-HCH, γ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane derivatives cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, cis-nonachlor and trans-nonachlor. Statistical comparisons between regions were performed only on compounds having concentrations above LOD in 70% of the samples. PCB118 congener was found to be highest in the industrial site (mean 4.97 ng/g lipids); PCB138 congener concentration was highest in the Urban 3 site (mean 4.27 ng/g lipids) and congener PCB153 was highest in the industrial and Urban 3 sites with mean concentration of 7.2 ng/g lipids and 5.89ng/g lipids respectively. Large differences in levels of p,p'-DDE between regions were observed with the Urban 3 and industrial sites having the highest concentrations of 645 ng/g lipids and 417 ng/g lipids, respectively; ß-HCH was found to be highest in the Rural 1 site; the γ-HCH in Rural 1 and industrial; the HCB in the Rural 1 and industrial sites and oxy-chlordane and t-NC in the Rural 2 sites. An association between levels of some contaminants and maternal age and parity was also found.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Exposição Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Clordano/sangue , Parto Obstétrico/estatística & dados numéricos , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to monitor the levels of organochlorine pesticides HCB; α-, ß-, γ-HCH; pp'DDE; op'DDT; and pp'DDT in blood serum of Veracruz, Mexico inhabitants. Organochlorine pesticides were analyzed in 150 blood serum samples that constituted that which remained after clinical analyses, using gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). The results were expressed as milligrams per kilogram on fat basis and micrograms per liter on wet weight. Only the following pesticides were detected: p,p'-DDE was the major organochlorine component, detected in 100% of samples at mean 15.8 mg/kg and 8.4 µg/L; p,p'-DDT was presented in 41.3.% of monitored samples at mean 3.1 mg/kg and 1.4 µg/L; ß-HCH was found in 48.6% of the samples at mean 4.9 mg/kg and 2.7 µg/L; op'DDT was determined to be in only 3.3% of monitored samples at mean 2.7 mg/kg and 1.4 µg/L. The pooled samples divided according to sex showed significant differences of ß-HCH and pp'DDE concentrations in females. The samples grouped according to age presented the third tertile as more contaminated in both sexes, indicating age as a positively associated factor with serum organochlorine pesticide levels in Veracruz inhabitants.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DDT/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chemicals that are highly resistant to biodegradation and have proven adverse health effects. The objectives of this study were to determine concentrations of three selected organochlorine pesticides (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB) and three specific PCB congeners (PCB 138, 153, 180) in adipose tissue and serum samples from an urban adult population (n=112) in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, and to investigate their relationships within and between the two matrices and with selected socio-demographic characteristics. The percentages of samples positive for these compounds ranged from 40% for PCB 180 to 100% for p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue, and from 21% for HCB to 93% for p,p'-DDE in serum. Median number of residues per sample was five for adipose tissue and three for serum. Geometric mean concentrations indicate a considerable historical and recent exposure to organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in this population. Adipose tissue:serum ratios ranged from 149.3 to 590.3 (wet basis) and from 0.9 to 3.5 (lipid basis). We found positive and statistically significant correlations between adipose tissue and serum concentrations only in p,p'-DDE and HCB. This novel study in Bolivia underlines the need for human biomonitoring to assess exposure to environmental pollutants in South America.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Tecido Adiposo/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bolívia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cidades , DDT/análise , DDT/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Feminino , Hexaclorobenzeno/análise , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Praguicidas/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides accumulate in lipid rich compartments of organisms. During pregnancy, the compounds pass through the placental barrier appear in cord blood. The aim of this study was to monitor the levels of organochlorine pesticides in 70 umbilical cord blood samples taken during deliveries in Veracruz in 2009. For organochlorine pesticides, only the presence ß-HCH (4%, 3.9 µg/L median concentration on wet weight), pp'DDE (100%, 0.7 µg/L) and pp'DDT (4%, 1.4 µg/L) were detected. The total pool of samples divided according to sex of new born babies, showed no statistical differences among median concentrations. The number of deliveries considered as a determinant contamination factor affirmed there were no statistical differences among median concentrations; however pp'DDE levels increased from the one to two childbirth groups. Age of pregnant women as a discriminate factor manifests in a significant increase in contamination levels among first, second and third tertile. In general, umbilical cord blood samples in Veracruz contained organochlorine pesticides, especially pp'DDE, confirming the presence of these compounds in the environment and their transfer from the mother to the developing fetus.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Sangue Fetal/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Adulto , DDT/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
The region of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz hosts one of the largest and most important industrial areas of Mexico and Latin America. Industrial development and rapid population growth, have triggered a severe impact on aquatic ecosystems of the region. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of POPs in sediment and in muscle tissue of five fish species from different trophic levels in downstream residents of the Coatzacoalcos River, and their integration with DNA damage in the fish, evaluated with the comet assay in whole blood as a biological indicator of stress, in order to obtain a baseline of the ecological condition of the region. The compounds detected in sediment and in muscle tissue were hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, ß-, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Sediment concentrations of these pollutants (except for mirex) exceeded the values of protection provided by international guidelines, suggesting a potential risk to aquatic life in the region. DNA damage recorded in the fish species is evidence of exposure to a mix of genotoxic pollutants, which combined with exposure to POPs, reflects the degree of environmental stress of aquatic organisms in the region. The results of this study show the importance of determining the presence of contaminants in the environment, the bioaccumulation in tissues and their effects on exposed organisms, providing an integrated approach in assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Peixes/fisiologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/sangue , Animais , Ensaio Cometa , DDT/sangue , DDT/toxicidade , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/toxicidade , Peixes/sangue , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorobenzeno/toxicidade , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Resíduos Industriais/efeitos adversos , América Latina , México , Mirex/toxicidade , Músculos/química , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Organochlorine (OC) pesticide use was restricted starting in the 1970s in developed countries and the 1980s and 1990s in developing countries. Current exposure to OC pesticides - dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane (99% pure gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH)), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) - occurs on a limited basis. We measured para, para' (p,p')-DDE, p,p'-DDT, ortho, para' (o,p')-DDT, HCB, beta (beta)-HCH (the most persistent isomer of technical-grade HCH) and gamma-HCH in serum from 426 low-income pregnant Latina women living in an agricultural community in California. Detection frequencies were 94% to 100%. Median levels (ng/g lipid) of p,p'-DDE (1,052), p,p'-DDT (13), beta-HCH (37) and HCB (65) were significantly higher than United States population levels. Multivariate analyses of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, beta-HCH and HCB indicate that time spent living outside the United States and birthplace in an area of Mexico with recent use of OC pesticides were significant predictors of exposure. Time spent living in the United States was associated with increased serum levels of p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH, but the increase for each year lived in the United States was lower than for each year lived outside the United States. There was no difference between the increase of HCB levels over time spent in or outside the United States, suggesting current and thus preventable exposure routes. However, we observed no associations between serum levels of any OC compound and current intake of saturated fat or agricultural take-home exposure risk factors. Lactation history and recent weight gain were negatively associated with serum levels of some, but not all OC compounds studied. Smoking history was borderline associated with elevated HCB levels. We observed no significant associations with body mass index. Although the weight of evidence from this study indicates that most exposure occurred before moving to the United States, the results for HCB indicate the possibility of ongoing exposure in this country.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Exposição Ambiental , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Resíduos de Praguicidas/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Gravidez/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , California , DDT/sangue , Feminino , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hispânico ou Latino/etnologia , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , México/etnologia , Resíduos de Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the associations of serum levels of p,pacute;-DDE and two other persistent organochlorine pesticides, beta-HCH and HCB, in relation to preterm birth. METHODS: During 1995 we performed a case-cohort study and 233 mothers were recruited at three large maternity hospitals in Mexico City. Serum levels were obtained shortly after delivery. RESULTS: A non-significant increased risk of preterm birth in relation to serum p,p'-DDE levels was observed. There was also a suggestion of an increased risk of preterm birth among women in the highest tertile of beta-HCH (adjusted odds ratio 1.85, 95% CI = 0.94-3.66, p value for test of trend p = 0.08) compared with the lowest tertile. No association was found between HCB serum levels and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that p,pacute;-DDE and other organochlorine pesticides may pose a risk to preterm birth in countries that continue to use such insecticides for malaria control.
Assuntos
Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/efeitos adversos , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Exposição Ambiental , Hexaclorobenzeno/efeitos adversos , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Inseticidas/efeitos adversos , Inseticidas/sangue , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Controle de Insetos , Malária/prevenção & controle , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Information on the association between exposure to beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the incidence of breast cancer is inconclusive. However, exposure to such compounds is a public health concern in Mexico and is subject to recent regulation. Serum levels of beta-HCH, HCB and PCBs were analysed in 95 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases and 95 hospital controls, 20-79 years of age, from Mexico City, enrolled between March 1994 and April 1996. After adjusting for established risk factors, there was no evidence of a relationship between beta-HCH, HCB and PCBs and breast cancer risk (OR for beta-HCH tertile 3 versus tertile 1: 1.05 95% CI 0.46-2.40; OR for HCB tertile 3 versus tertile 1: 0.46 95% CI 0.20-1.07; OR for PCBs 1.31 95% CI 0.33-5.21 for the high category of exposure). This study lends no support to the case for a role for beta-HCH, HCB or PCBs in breast cancer aetiology.