RESUMO
The use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is a worldwide public health concern given that high levels of these compounds in humans and animals can lead to serious health problems. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of 15 organochlorine pesticides in the serum of 547 blood donors in the São Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR) in 2009 and to investigate factors associated with higher levels of these compounds. The OCPs were determined by gas chromatography with micro electron capture detection. Multiple ordinal logistic regression models were employed to determine the factors associated with higher levels. Only ß-HCH and p,p'-DDE had a significant number of samples above the limit of quantification. Factors associated with higher levels of ß-HCH were age within 26 to 35 years (OR = 3.1 [1.05-9.09]), age within 36 to 45 years (OR = 18.27 [6.89-48.91]), and female gender (OR = 0.44 [0.24-0.82] for men). p,p'-DDE levels were associated with age within 26 to 35 years (OR = 2.65 [1.20-3.45]), age within 36 to 45 years (OR = 4.59 [2.64-7.92]), female gender (OR = 0.86 [0.43-0.94] for men), and previous work with pesticides (OR = 2.88 [1.22-6.84]). Lower levels of p,p'-DDE were associated with an income of 3 to 5 minimum wages (OR = 0.38 [0.19-0.75]) and with intake of foods from animal origin up to twice a week (OR = 0.15 [0.03-0.72]) and more than twice a week (OR = 0.10 [0.02-0.47]). The results of this study indicate that the study group was not exposed to high levels of OCPs.
Assuntos
Doadores de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Animais , Brasil , Cromatografia Gasosa , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Alimentos , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , MasculinoRESUMO
We propose a semiparametric nonlinear mixed-effects model (SNMM) using penalized splines to classify longitudinal data and improve the prediction of a binary outcome. The work is motivated by a study in which different hormone levels were measured during the early stages of pregnancy, and the challenge is using this information to predict normal versus abnormal pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this paper is to compare models and estimation strategies on the basis of alternative formulations of SNMMs depending on the characteristics of the data set under consideration. For our motivating example, we address the classification problem using a particular case of the SNMM in which the parameter space has a finite dimensional component (fixed effects and variance components) and an infinite dimensional component (unknown function) that need to be estimated. The nonparametric component of the model is estimated using penalized splines. For the parametric component, we compare the advantages of using random effects versus direct modeling of the correlation structure of the errors. Numerical studies show that our approach improves over other existing methods for the analysis of this type of data. Furthermore, the results obtained using our method support the idea that explicit modeling of the serial correlation of the error term improves the prediction accuracy with respect to a model with random effects, but independent errors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assuntos
Estudos Longitudinais , Modelos Estatísticos , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Gravidez/sangue , Trimestres da Gravidez/sangueRESUMO
The adverse effect of pesticides on non-target wildlife and human health is a primary concern in the world, but in Mexico, we do not know which wildlife species are at the greatest risk. The aim of this study was to determine organochlorine pesticides in mice of two agricultural fields in Sinaloa, Culiacan and Guasave. Procedures of extraction, analysis, and quantification were followed according to the modified EPA 8081b method. In three mouse tissues (gonad, brain, and blood), γBHC and decachlorobiphenyl with a frequency higher than 50% and endosulfan sulfate with 43% were observed. The wildlife fauna living in agricultural areas are at great risk due to: (1) diversity of the chemicals used for pest control, like mice, and (2) variety of organochlorine pesticides in direct or indirect contact with non-target organisms, affecting the health of animals and humans (toxic effects and accumulation).
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Gônadas/metabolismo , Agricultura , Animais , Endossulfano/análogos & derivados , Endossulfano/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , México , Camundongos , Praguicidas/sangue , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Poluentes Químicos da Água/sangueRESUMO
Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were quantified in samples of feathers (n = 17) and blood (n = 15) of the ferruginous pygmy owl (Glaucidium brasilianum). The individuals were captured near the Protected Natural Area Cerro Sonsonate, Chiapas, Mexico, between February and June 2014. In both tissues, pesticides belonging to seven organochlorine chemical families were detected. However, the organochlorine pesticide concentrations differed between feathers and blood. The highest concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes were found in feathers (0.63 ± 0.89 µg/g), whereas the highest concentrations of ΣDrines were found in blood (0.31 ± 0.47 µg/mL). By using the summed concentrations for each of the seven families of pesticides found in feathers, we did not find any significant correlation between the pesticides and pectoral muscle or body weight (p > 0.15). The ΣDDT group was the only pesticide family that showed a positive correlation with owl body weight (r = 0.60, p = 0.05); the concentrations of these pesticides were also high in feather and blood tissues (r = 0.87, p = 0.02). Our results confirm that ferruginous pygmy owls in the study area are exposed to these pesticides.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Estrigiformes/metabolismo , Animais , Plumas/química , Plumas/metabolismo , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , México , Praguicidas/análiseRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides, due to their hydrophobic nature and persistence, accumulate in tissues rich in lipids, which had been used as a biomarker for environmental pollution. In humans, organochlorine pesticides are continuously circulating and equilibrating among body compartments. The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in blood serum and compare their levels to the total lipid contents in Veracruz, México inhabitants. Our hypothesis is that concentrations of organochlorine pesticides will increase just as lipid concentrations. Levels of organochlorine pesticides were divided in ascending tertils according to their total lipid content. The linear trend model applied surprisingly reveals that the average level of all organochlorine pesticides decreases as the lipid concentration increases. From one tertil to the next ß-HCH, it shows a decrease of -3.19 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis, pp.'DDE levels decrease by -3.70 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis and pp.'DDT levels decrease -1.13 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis. We conclude that the levels and the orderly sequence of organochlorine pesticide distributions in the blood serum maintain an inverse relationship to total lipid blood serum concentrations.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , DDT/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , MéxicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hematological and hepatic alterations and possible association with serum levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), p,p'-DDE, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) among residents in an area heavily contaminated with organochlorine (OC) pesticides. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 415 male and 432 female residents aged >14 years. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for OC pesticides concentrations and biochemical parameters. Frequencies of hematological and hepatic alterations were calculated for each gender. Association between beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene), and HCB levels and presence of alterations was determined by logistic regression stratified by gender and controlling for confounders. Highest frequencies were observed for eosinophilia (23% men and 18% women), low hemoglobin (12% men and 15% women), and low erythrocyte count (12% men). High levels of bilirubin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were observed, respectively, in 10, 11, and 12% of men and <10% of women. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was elevated in 26 and 25% of males and females, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed associations between eosinophilia and beta-HCH in men (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.01-1.12) and women (OR = 1.05, 96%CI = 0.99-1.11), p,p'-DDE in men (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.99-1.06) and women (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.99-1.06), and HCB in women (OR = 1.54, 95%IC = 0.85-4.45). Beta-HCH was found to be associated with increased risk of elevated bilirubin in females (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.07-1.29) and males (OR = 4.21, 95%CI = 1.87-9.47 for fourth vs. first quintile). Thus, OC pesticides may exert adverse effects on hematopoietic tissue and liver in populations chronically exposed to high levels of these compounds.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/induzido quimicamente , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Doenças Hematológicas/induzido quimicamente , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/toxicidade , Doença Ambiental/sangue , Doença Ambiental/epidemiologia , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Feminino , Doenças Hematológicas/sangue , Doenças Hematológicas/epidemiologia , Hexaclorobenzeno/sangue , Hexaclorobenzeno/toxicidade , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Indústrias , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/sangue , Risco , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides and PCB (POPs) concentrations were determined in the blood and eggs of green and hawksbill turtles. We compared concentrations between species, analyzed the relationship between turtle size and the POPs concentrations and the relationship between the concentrations in the blood of the nesting turtles and their eggs. We expected higher concentrations in the hawksbill turtle because of its higher trophic level, but concentrations were not higher in all the cases. Significant differences were found in δ-HCH blood concentrations. Lindane, heptachlor epoxide and PCB 101 concentrations were significantly higher in the hawksbill eggs. The relationship between the size of the turtles and the POP concentrations in the eggs of the hawksbills showed a negative correlation. No correlation was found between the size of the female and concentrations in the blood. In eggs, only the hawksbill turtles exhibited negative correlation in the concentration of mirex and PCB 44 and size.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Exposição Materna , Óvulo/metabolismo , Praguicidas/sangue , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Tartarugas/sangue , Animais , Feminino , Heptacloro Epóxido/metabolismo , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , México , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Especificidade da Espécie , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Tartarugas/metabolismoRESUMO
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides are endocrine disruptors altering the thyroid hormonal system. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between exposure to OC pesticides and thyroid status in adults from a rural area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, heavily contaminated with OC pesticides. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 303 men and 305 women >14 years old. Concentrations of 19 OC pesticides and levels of free thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin (TgAg) antibodies were analyzed in serum samples. Associations between OC pesticides concentrations and values of biochemical thyroid parameters were determined using multivariate regression models stratified by gender. Prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and the presence of TPOAb antibodies were higher than those described for euthyroid populations elsewhere. After adjusting for confounders, total T3 levels were associated with lower concentrations of endosulphan 2 in men and with higher alpha-chlordane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulphan 2, and methoxychlor in women. Levels of free T4 showed inverse association with beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p'-DDT in men, and were positively associated with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT in women. TSH levels were associated with higher beta-HCH in men. A positive association was observed between exposure methoxychlor in males and presence of TPOAb, but no association with TPOAb was found in women. These results suggest that OC pesticides can affect the thyroid system through gender-specific mechanisms that may differ among compounds. Further detailed investigations and health monitoring should be warranted for this population.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , DDT/sangue , DDT/toxicidade , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Feminino , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Hipertireoidismo/sangue , Hipertireoidismo/induzido quimicamente , Hipertireoidismo/epidemiologia , Iodeto Peroxidase/sangue , Iodeto Peroxidase/imunologia , Masculino , Metoxicloro/sangue , Metoxicloro/toxicidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) exposure in children living in nine hot spots in four Mexican states. We analyzed HCH (α, ß, and γ-isomers) in blood using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. HCH exposure level in 261 children was assessed and approximately 75 % of the children studied had detectable levels of HCH. These levels ranged from 188 to 40,096.7 ng/g lipid. The highest mean levels were found in Lacanja (5,446.9 ng/g lipid), an indigenous community in Chiapas, Mexico. Our data indicate high exposure to HCH in children living in these communities.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to persistent organic pollutants and 1-hydroxypyrene in children living in an endemic malaria zone in Mexico. The blood levels for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and lindane ranged from 15.4 to 17,886.5 ng/g lipid, 6,624.3 to 100,119.0 ng/g lipid, and 351.1 to 6,153.8 ng/g lipid, respectively. For total polychlorinated biphenyls the blood levels ranged from 2,584.9 to 14,547.9 ng/g lipid. Regarding urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels, the mean level was 2.9 ± 3.1 µmol/mol creatinine. In conclusion, the children in our study are exposed to levels higher than normal to mixtures of environmental contaminants.