RESUMO
The main organochlorinated compounds used on agricultural crops are often recalcitrant, affecting nontarget organisms and contaminating rivers or groundwater. Diuron (N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N',N'-dimethylurea) is a chlorinated herbicide widely used in sugarcane plantations. Here, we evaluated the ability of 13 basidiomycete strains of growing in a contaminated culture medium and degrading the xenobiotic. Dissipation rates in culture medium with initial 25 mg/L of diuron ranged from 7.3 to 96.8%, being Pluteus cubensis SXS 320 the most efficient strain, leaving no detectable residues after diuron metabolism. Pycnoporus sanguineus MCA 16 removed 56% of diuron after 40 days of cultivation, producing three metabolites more polar than parental herbicide, two of them identified as being DCPU and DCPMU. Despite of the strong inductive effect of diuron upon laccase synthesis and secretion, the application of crude enzymatic extracts of P. sanguineus did not catalyzed the breakdown of the herbicide in vitro, indicating that diuron biodegradation was not related to this oxidative enzyme.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Diurona/farmacocinética , Herbicidas/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinética , Agaricales/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/efeitos dos fármacos , Basidiomycota/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Diurona/toxicidade , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Lacase/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Polyporaceae/metabolismo , Floresta Úmida , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Environmental chemicals originating from human activities, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), may interfere with the endocrine system of aquatic organisms. The effect of these chemicals on biota and human populations is of high public concern but remains poorly understood, especially in aquatic environments of South America. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability of POPs and the related effects in caged male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in four cascading reservoirs of the Iguaçu River, Southern Brazil. POPs including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in the reservoir water and tissue samples of tilapia after two months of exposure. The PCB levels in water (14.7â¯ngâ¯L-1) were 14 times higher than the limits permitted by the Brazilian legislation in the Salto Santiago (SS) reservoir. Similarly, concentrations of aldrin and its metabolites (6.05â¯ngâ¯L-1) detected in the water sample of the Salto Osório (SO) reservoir were also above the permitted limits. RT-qPCR analysis revealed different transcript levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A and CYP3A) in the liver among the four groups, with induced activity in tilapia from the SS reservoir. Quantification of the CYP3A mRNA expression and catalytic activity showed higher values for fish caged at the SS reservoir. The fish from this site also had a higher number of eosinophils observed in the testes. Although overt measurements of endocrine disruption were not observed in caged fish, alteration of CYP enzymes with co-occurrence of organochlorine contaminants in water may suggest bioavailability of contaminants from agricultural sources to biota. Additional studies with feral or caged animals for a longer duration may be necessary to evaluate the risks of the waterways to humans and wildlife.
Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Disruptores Endócrinos/farmacocinética , Fígado/metabolismo , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Tilápia/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinética , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Brasil , Disruptores Endócrinos/análise , Peixes , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/farmacocinética , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Masculino , Praguicidas/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacocinética , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Vector-borne diseases have increased pesticide use in urban areas (UA) and agricultural areas (AA) in Mexico. Breast milk can be contaminated by pesticide exposure. The objective of the study was to measure breast milk intake by deuterium oxide dilution as well as organochlorine and pyrethroid transfer from mother to infant in AA and UA of Sonora, Mexico. Human milk intake was determined by the 'dose-to-mother' technique using deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution. Mothers' body composition was also assessed by this technique and the intercept method. Pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin) and organochlorine pesticide residues (p,p'- DDT, p,p'- DDE, p,p'- DDD) in breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography. Sixty-two lactating women and their infants participated in the study, 32 lived in the UA and 30 lived in the AA. Breast milk intake was approximately 100 mL higher in the AA than in the UA 799 ± 193 and 707 ± 201 mL/day, respectively (p < 0.05). The concentrations of p,p'- DDT and cypermethrin levels in breast milk were higher in the UA than in the AA (p < 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). None of the pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides studied surpassed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in milk for humans according to EPA and FAO/WHO. In conclusion, breast milk intake was higher in the AA compared to the UA. The p,p'- DDT and cypermethrin levels in breast milk were higher in the UA compared to the AA. Since pesticide levels in human milk did not exceed the ADI, breastfeeding is still a safe practice and should be encouraged.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/efeitos adversos , Óxido de Deutério/farmacocinética , Leite Humano/química , Praguicidas/análise , Adulto , Agricultura , Cromatografia Gasosa , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Lactente , México , Mães , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Piretrinas/análise , Piretrinas/farmacocinética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
DDT and Lindane (gamma-HCH) which were used until 1999 in Mexico, have provided great benefits in the combat of vectors that spread infection-borne diseases and in agriculture for crop protection. The persistence in the environment and their accumulative properties results in bioconcentration in lipid rich tissues of the human body that reflect the extent of environmental pollution. Human adipose tissue samples were taken during 2009 from abdominal cavities of 69 pregnant women by cesarean surgery and from 34 samples of control donors by autopsy in Veracruz State. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with ECD. The results of mean levels (mg/kg on fat basis) were higher in controls compared to pregnant women beta-HCH 0.064 vs 0.027; pp'DDE 1.187 vs. 0.745; op'DDT 0.016 vs. 0.011; pp'DDT 0.117 vs. 0.099 and Sigma-DDT 1.337 vs. 0.854. The pregnant women group was divided according to age: up to 20, 20-30, and more than 30 years, and presented an increase for the more persistent pesticides with age in terms of mean concentrations and a more pronounced higher correlation in medians levels. Pairing Body Mass Index to organochlorine pesticide mean levels revealed no correlation between these factors in pregnant women.
Assuntos
Gordura Abdominal/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Exposição Materna , Praguicidas/análise , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cesárea , Cidades , DDT/análise , DDT/farmacocinética , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Feminino , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/farmacocinética , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Blubber from stranded South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) was sampled between 1991 and 2005 on the Peninsula Valdés in Argentina and analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pollutants. Mean blubber concentrations, expressed on an extractable basis, were 686 (SD = 1,060) ng g(-1) for dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (tDDT) and 735 (SD = 787) ng g(-1) for polychlorinated byphenils (PCB). The OC levels were well below those associated with adverse sublethal effects and lethality in mammals. OC concentrations showed statistically significant associations with age that were positive in males and negative in females. These trends are consistent with the majority of marine mammal populations studied. There were no trends in the levels of tDDT or PCB over time. In spite of the low levels detected, OC contamination was present consistently over the 14-year period, suggesting continuous inputs from geographic redistribution.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Leões-Marinhos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Masculino , Resíduos de Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Leões-Marinhos/metabolismo , América do Sul , Distribuição Tecidual , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The present study reports unique data on concentrations of several classes of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in blubber biopsies from healthy living fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Gulf of California, Mexico, one of the most isolated and unstudied population in the world. OC levels in this population were generally lower than levels reported in fin whales from other regions. The rank order of OCs were SigmaDDTs (range from 300 to 2400 ng g(-1) lw) > SigmaPCBs (range from 40 to 290 ng g(-1) lw) > SigmaHCHs (range from
Assuntos
Baleia Comum/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinética , Tecido Adiposo/química , Animais , California , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Masculino , México , Praguicidas/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
We report concentrations of several classes of organochlorines (OCs) in the blubber of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from the Gulf of California. Summed OC levels measured in 34 wild-ranging animals were, in general, lower than those previously reported in sea lions from the eastern Pacific. The rank order of OCs was SigmaDDTs (mean=3400 ng g(-1 ) lipid weight [lw]) > SigmaPCBs (1400 ng g(-1 ) lw) > SigmaHCHs (50 ng g(-1 ) lw) >or= SigmaCHLORs (46 ng g(-1 ) lw). The most abundant OC measured was the DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE. No significant differences in OC profiles were found between genders or rookeries. Although the mean concentrations of OCs measured in adult males and females were similar, only adult females had significantly higher (p<0.05) mean blubber concentrations of summation SigmaDDTs and summation SigmaHCHs than pups.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Leões-Marinhos/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Tecido Adiposo/química , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Masculino , México , Oceano Pacífico , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Artificial water reservoirs are important for fauna in arid-semiarid regions, because they provide suitable habitats for species that depend on water, such as amphibians. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are toxic, persistent compounds that tend to bioaccumulate and bioconcentrate. We evaluated contaminant levels in anurans from an artificial lake (Embalse La Florida) in a semiarid region of the Midwest Argentina. This lake is one of the few sources of permanent water in the area. OCPs were detected in all individuals. Levels ranged from 2.34 +/- 0.62 ng/g wet mass of heptachlors to 9.76 +/- 1.76 ng/g wet mass of hexachlorocyclohexanes. The distribution pattern of OCP was Sigma HCH > Sigma DDT > endosulfan > Sigma chlordane > metoxichlor > Sigma aldrin > Sigmaheptachlor. Contaminant levels in individuals were positively correlated with contaminant levels in the water. Burden differed between species, but not among sites differing in water contaminant levels. Results suggest that anurans may concentrate OCPs and thus provide an important source of exposure for amphibian predators. This study provides important information for potential risk assessment of amphibians in the region and contributes to our understanding of the extent of OCP contamination.
Assuntos
Anfíbios , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água Doce/química , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Anfíbios/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Anfíbios/metabolismo , Animais , Argentina , Clima Desértico , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Although concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in birds from most of the United States and Canada have decreased over the last 30 years, there is still concern that migrant birds might be exposed to elevated concentrations of OCs during migration in Latin America. The Lerma-Chapala Basin in west-central Mexico is an important migration corridor and wintering area for many species. The objectives of this study were to assess if resident and migrant birds wintering in western Michoacán, Mexico accumulated elevated concentrations of OCs during fall and spring and to determine if the stable isotopes delta(15)N, delta(13)C, and deltaD could be used to predict burdens and origins of DDE accumulation. Resident and migrant passerine insectivorous birds were collected during fall and spring (2001-2002) in northwest Michoacán, near Chapala Lake, Mexico. The carcasses were analyzed for OCs and tail feathers were analyzed for stable isotopes delta(15)N, delta(13)C, and deltaD. The OCs detected in more than 50% of the samples were: oxychlordane (79%), p,p'-DDE (100%), p,p'-DDT (57%), and total PCBs (100%). p,p'-DDE was the OC detected at the highest concentrations, whereas residues of other OCs were near or below detection limits. Overall, there were no significant differences in concentrations of OCs between seasons or between resident and migrant birds. Concentrations of DDE and oxychlordane were somewhat higher in migrant and resident birds during spring than in fall; however, concentrations were significantly different only for oxychlordane. Two resident birds collected in fall and spring had DDE residues >10 microg/g wet weight in carcass. There were no significant differences in delta(13)C and delta(15)N values among species, between seasons, or between migrant and resident birds. However, deltaD values were clearly different between species and helped differentiate migrant from resident birds. deltaD values also were negatively and significantly correlated with DDE concentrations in carcass. Birds with more depleted deltaD values in feathers tended to have higher DDE concentrations than those with less depleted deltaD values, suggesting a potential latitudinal accumulation of DDE. Overall, our results suggest that during fall and spring, there is not a significant buildup of persistent OCs in migrant and resident passerine insectivorous birds in northwest Michoacán, Mexico.
Assuntos
Migração Animal , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Passeriformes/metabolismo , Praguicidas/análise , Animais , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Isótopos de Carbono , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , México , Isótopos de Nitrogênio , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides (OCs) have a variety of acute and chronic pathological effects on animals, are persistent in the environment and are accumulated in adipose tissue of animals. In Argentina there are few studies reporting the OC contamination in the fauna. Moreover, no data are available for an ecologically relevant region, the arid-semiarid midwest region of Argentina. Recently, it was reported OC contamination in the water of an important artificial water reservoir of this area, the Embalse La Florida in the San Luis province. The present study aims to provide OC baseline data for birds of Embalse La Florida and to evaluate the potential risk of OC contamination for the local avifauna. We selected two fish-eating species, Podiceps major (great grebe) and Phalacrocorax brasilianus (neotropic cormorant) and one omnivore species, Pitangus sulphuratus (great kiskadee) to evaluate OC contamination. Alpha-, beta-, delta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (SigmaHCH), p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and methoxychlor (SigmaDDT), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and endosulfan (SigmaALD) and, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide(SigmaCHL) were measured in adipose tissue of two male great grebes, six neotropic cormorant (3 of each sex) and four great kiskadees (2 of each sex). We detected all OC pesticides assayed [SigmaHCH range: ND to 3168.41 ng/g fat, SigmaCHL range: ND to 4961.66 ng/g fat, SigmaALD range: 287.07 to 9161.70 ng/g fat, SigmaDDT range: 1068.98 to 6479.84 ng/g fat], with the exception of p,p'-DDT. Summed OC concentration in all bird species ranged from 2684.91 to 19231.91 ng/g fat. The omnivore had significantly greater concentrations of SigmaCHLs than fish-eating species. Females of the neotropic cormorant had significantly higher amounts of SigmaHCH and SigmaCHL than males. The OC concentrations detected in birds were lower than those reported in the literature that are associated with deleterious effects on survival or reproduction in others species of birds. This study is the first report of OC contamination in birds of the midwest region of Argentina and constitutes a starting point for future studies that evaluate temporal changes of OCs in birds in this region.