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BACKGROUND: Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) and its associated syndromes, septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) and holoprosencephaly (HPE), are midline defects that cause significant morbidity for affected people. Variants in 67 genes are associated with CH, but a vast majority of CH cases lack a genetic diagnosis. Whole exome and whole genome sequencing of CH patients identifies sequence variants in genes known to cause CH, and in new candidate genes, but many of these are variants of uncertain significance (VUS). METHODS: The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is an effort to establish gene function by knocking-out all genes in the mouse genome and generating corresponding phenotype data. We used mouse embryonic imaging data generated by the Deciphering Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD) project to screen 209 embryonic lethal and sub-viable knockout mouse lines for pituitary malformations. RESULTS: Of the 209 knockout mouse lines, we identified 51 that have embryonic pituitary malformations. These genes not only represent new candidates for CH, but also reveal new molecular pathways not previously associated with pituitary organogenesis. We used this list of candidate genes to mine whole exome sequencing data of a cohort of patients with CH, and we identified variants in two unrelated cases for two genes, MORC2 and SETD5, with CH and other syndromic features. CONCLUSIONS: The screening and analysis of IMPC phenotyping data provide proof-of-principle that recessive lethal mouse mutants generated by the knockout mouse project are an excellent source of candidate genes for congenital hypopituitarism in children.

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Introduction Hemangioblastomas of the pineal region or pituitary stalk are extremely rare. Only two cases of hemangioblastomas involving the pineal region have been reported, and four involving the pituitary stalk. The purpose of the present manuscript is to describe an unusual case of supposed hemangioblastoma found concomitantly in the pineal region and pituitary stalk of a patient diagnosed with Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. Case Report A 35-year-old female patient with a previous diagnosis of VHL complaining of occipital headaches and balance disturbances for three weeks, who previously had a cerebellar hemangioblastoma resected. The visual characteristics of the tumor suggested a friable vascular lesion with a reddish-brown surface, and an incisional biopsy was performed. The tumor consisted of a dense vascular network surrounded by fibrous stroma abundant in reticulin and composed by both fusiform and dispersed xanthomatous cells; the immunohistochemistry was immunopositive for neuronspecific enolase and immunonegative for epithelial membranous antigen. The patient has been monitored closely for 2 years, and the supratentorial masses have not presented any volume alteration. Conclusion This rare association must be taken into account in patients with VHL disease, or at least be suspected in patients who present a thickening of the pituitary stalk and a pineal-region mass. We believe a biopsy of our asymptomatic patient could have been dangerous due to inherent complications like intraoperative bleeding. We recommend close observation of asymptomatic lesions with MRIs every six months or until the lesions become symptomatic. If the pineal-region tumor does become symptomatic, gross resection via a transcallosal approach would be ideal.

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El síndrome de interrupción del tallo pituitario (PSIS) se caracteriza por la demostración neurorradiológica de un tallo pituitario ausente, interrumpido o hipoplásico, adenohipófisis aplásica/hipoplásica o neurohipófisis ectópica. Este síndrome se ha relacionado con formas severas de hipopituitarismo congénito (HPC), asociado a múltiples deficiencias de hormonas pituitarias (MPHD). Evaluamos a pacientes con HPC y PSIS, analizando los signos y los síntomas neonatales al diagnóstico, relacionándolos con las deficiencias hormonales pituitarias y signos neurorradiológicos presentes. Estudiamos retrospectivamente a 80 pacientes asistidos en el Hospital de Niños de Córdoba, con diagnóstico de HPC, de los cuales 42 (52%) presentaron PSIS; 22 mujeres y 20 varones, EC: 5 días-9,5 años. El 62% presentó MPHD y el 38% insuficiencia somatotrófica aislada (IGHD). El análisis de las variables perinatales demostró antecedentes de parto natural en el 52% (11/21) de las MPHD vs. 13% (2/15) de las IGHD. Cuatro pacientes, 2 con MPHD y 2 con IGHD presentaban antecedentes obstétricos consistentes en presentación podálica y transversa respectivamente, todos ellos resueltos mediante operación cesárea. Los signos y los síntomas perinatales fueron hipo- glucemia: 61% en MPHD vs. 19% en IGHD, p: 0,0105; ictericia: 38% en MPHD vs. 25% en IGHD; micropene: 77% en MPHD y colestasis: 19% en MPHD. Convulsiones neonatales se presentaron en el 75% de los niños con MPHD e hipoglucemia. EC media de consulta: 2,1 años en MPHD (30% en el período neonatal, 70% antes de 2 años) y 3,6 años en IGHD (44% en menores de 2 años). Los pacientes con MPHD presentaban: tallo no visible 81% (n: 21/26) vs. tallo hipoplásico: 19% (n: 5/26), p: 0,0001; en IGHD 56% (n: 9/16) vs. 44% (n: 7/16), p: 0,5067, respectivamente. El 100% de los neonatos con HPC tenían tallo pituitario ausente. Concluimos que la demostración de PSIS en niños con HPC proporciona información valiosa como predictor de la severidad fenotípica, la presencia de MPHD y de la respuesta al tratamiento. La baja frecuencia de antecedentes obstétricos posicionales potencialmente distócicos, como parte de los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos responsables de PSIS, indicaría la necesidad de analizar la importancia de posibles factores genéticos y epigenéticos involucrados. El diagnóstico precoz de HPC debe sospecharse en presencia de signos y síntomas clínicos, tales como hipoglucemia, colestasis, micropene y defectos asociados en la línea media facial. La resonancia magnética cerebral debe formar parte de los estudios complementarios en pacientes con esta presunción diagnóstica, especialmente a edades tempranas. El reconocimiento tardío de esta entidad puede aumentar la morbilidad y la mortalidad con efectos potenciales deletéreos y permanentes.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is characterised by the combination of an interrupted or thin pituitary stalk, absent or ectopic posterior pituitary, and anterior pituitary hypoplasia. It is manifested as isolated (IGHD) or combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (CPHD) of variable degrees and timing of onset, with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. PSIS may be an isolated morphological abnormality or be part of a syndrome. A retrospective evaluation is presented of clinical signs and symptoms present at early life stages, as well as an analysis of their relationship with hormone laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging in children with congenital hypopituitarism (CHP), and PSIS. This study was performed in a single centre on a sample of 42 children out of a total of 80 CHP patients, with a chronological age range between 5 days and 9.5 years from a database analysed over a period of 26 years. The study included 26/42 (62%) with CPHD and 16/42 (38%) with IGHD. The analysis of perinatal variables showed a natural delivery in 52% (11/21) of CPHD vs 13% (2/15) of IGHD. Four patients, two with CPHD and two IGHD had breech and transverse presentation respectively. All of them were resolved by caesarean section. The perinatal histories showed hypoglycaemia (61% CPHD vs 19% IGHD, P=.0105), jaundice (38% CPHDvs25% IGHD), micropenis (75%CPHD), hypoglycaemic seizures (75% CPHD), and cholestasis (19% CPHD). The mean CA of consulting for CPHD patients was 2.1 years, 30% in neonatal period and 70% before 2 years. The mean chronical age (CA) was 3.6 years in IGHD patients, with 44% of them less than 2 years. MRI showed that 81% of CPHD patients had absence of pituitary stalk vs 19% with thin pituitary stalk (P=.0001); Patients with IGHD presented 56% absence of pituitary stalk vs 44% with thin pituitary stalk (P=.5067). All (100%) of the patients diagnosed in the neonatal stage had absent pituitary stalk. The characterisation of GH deficient patients by presence and type of hypothalamic-pituitary imaging abnormality provides valuable information as a predictor of phenotypic severity, treatment response, and the potential to develop additional hormonal deficiencies. We conclude that demonstrating PSIS in children with HPC provides valuable information as a predictor of phenotypic severity, presence of MPHD, and response to treatment. The low frequency of potentially dysfunctional positional obstetric history, as part of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for PSIS, would indicate the need to analyse the importance of possible genetic and epigenetic factors involved. Early diagnosis of HPC should be suspected in the presence of clinical signs and symptoms, such as hypoglycaemia, cholestasis, micropenis, and associated facial midline defects. MRI should be part of complementary studies in patients with this diagnostic suspicion, especially at an early age. Late recognition of this entity may increase morbidity and mortality with potential permanent deleterious effects.

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Craniopharyngiomas are rare benign tumors originated from epithelial remnants of Rathke’s pouch. Its localization may cause endocrine and visual disturbances. We present a case of a 49 year old male patient referred to our Institution for management of a large supraselar Craniopharyngioma. Surgical management was performed by the Skull Base team of the San Ignacio University Hospital (Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology) using a totally Endoscopic four hands technique through a Trans Selar approach.

Los craneofaringiomas son tumores benignos poco frecuentes, originados de restos epiteliales de la bolsa de Rathke, que por su localización puede producir alteraciones visuales y endocrinas. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 49 años de edad que nos fue referido a nuestra institución para manejar un gran craneofaringioma supraselar. El manejo quirúrgico se llevó a cabo por el Grupo de Cirugía Endoscópica de Base de Cráneo del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (Neurocirugía - Otorrinolaringología), utilizando una técnica totalmente endoscópica a cuatro manos, a través de un abordaje Trans Selar. Se presenta este caso clínico para demostrar la técnica endoscópica transnasal que actualmente utilizamos para el manejo de los tumores de hipófisis, haciendo énfasis en las ventajas que ofrece estatécnica.

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Central precocious puberty (CPP) is due to premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It may be idiopathic or result from congenital or acquired CNS lesions. We describe a 7.4 year-old Brazilian girl with CPP who also presented hypertelorism, limitation of lateral neck rotation and synkinesis of the hands. Sellar and cervical column MRIs revealed pituitary duplication and rudimentary intervertebral disks. We present the clinical and imaging observations of this case, and a thorough literature review of this rare developmental abnormality.

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Pituitary duplication is a rare malformation commonly associated with other major neural/craniofacial anomalies, easily shown by magnetic resonance imaging. The authors describe two girls with duplication of the pituitary gland and thickening of the hypothalamus, facial dysmorphism and precocious pubertal development. The pathogenesis of pituitary duplication and its relationship with precocious pubertal development are discussed.

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Duplicacão pituitária é uma malformacão rara muitas vezes associada a anomalias neurais/craniofaciais, facilmente demonstradas por imagens em ressonância magnética. Os autores descrevem duas criancas do sexo feminino com duplicacão da glândula pituitária e espessamento do hipotálamo, dismorfismo facial e desenvolvimento puberal precoce. Discute-se a etiopatogenia da duplicacão hipofisária e sua relacão com o quadro de puberdade precoce.

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Los tumores hipofisiarios funcionantes más frecuentes son los productores de prolactina (prolactinomas), hormona del crecimiento (agromegalia) y ACTH (síndrome de Cushing). Existe mucha controversia con respecto al diagnóstico y manejo de estas patologías. Este artículo presenta una guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de tales tumores hipofisiarios, y ha sido elaborado por la Asociación Costarricense de Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición. La causa más frecuente de acromegalia son los tumores hipofisiarios productores de hormona de crecimiento. El diagnóstico usualmente se retarda varios años luego de haberse iniciado los cambios, por lo lento que se producen las manifestaciones clínicas. El tratamiento inicial de elección consiste en la cirugía, reservándose tratamiento médico con análogos de somatostatina como primera elección, para casos donde ha fallado el tratamiento quirúrgico. Otra posibilidad de tratamiento consiste en la radioterapia, cuya eficacia se ve limitada por el tiempo necesario para hacer efecto. Con respecto a las hiperprolactinemias, se deben descartar otras causas que produzcan elevación de prolactina. Si se identifica un prolactinoma, el tratamiento va a ser médico en la mayoría de los casos, reservándose la cirugía para aquellos macroprolactinomas con compromiso visual que no han reducido de tamaño con el tratamiento médico. El tratamiento de elección consistió en agonistas dompaminérgicos, y en Costa Rica la elección será bromocriptina, aunque hay otras opciones como cabergolina y quinagolide. En la enfermedad de Cushing existen diferentes pruebas de diagnóstico, tanto para tamizaje como para diagnóstico confirmatorio. El tratamiento inicial debe ser cirugía, seguida por radioterapia. En este caso el tratamiento médico es mucho menos eficaz que en otras dos entidades. Descriptores: acromegalia, prolactinoma, enfermedad de Cushing, guías de tratamiento.

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