RESUMO
PURPOSE: To characterize refractive errors in Paraguayan children aged 5-16 years and investigate effect of age, gender, and ethnicity. METHODS: The study was conducted at 3 schools that catered to Mennonite, indigenous, and mixed race children. Children were examined for presenting visual acuity, autorefraction with and without cycloplegia, and retinoscopy. Data were analyzed for myopia and hyperopia (SE ≤-1 D or -0.5 D and ≥2 D or ≥3 D) and astigmatism (cylinder ≥1 D). Spherical equivalent (SE) values were calculated from right eye cycloplegic autorefraction data and analyzed using general linear modelling. RESULTS: There were 190, 118, and 168 children of Mennonite, indigenous and mixed race ethnicity, respectively. SE values between right/left eyes were nonsignificant. Mean visual acuity (VA) without correction was better for Mennonites compared to indigenous or mixed race children (right eyes: 0.031, 0.090, and 0.102 logMAR units, respectively; P<0.000001). There were 2 cases of myopia in the Mennonite group (1.2%) and 2 cases in the mixed race group (1.4%) (SE ≤-0.5 D). The prevalence of hyperopia (SE ≥2 D) was 40.6%, 34.2%, and 46.3% for Mennonite, indigenous and mixed race children. Corresponding astigmatism rates were 3.2%, 9.5%, and 12.7%. Females were slightly more hyperopic than males, and the 9-11 years age group was the most hyperopic. Mennonite and mixed race children were more hyperopic than indigenous children. CONCLUSIONS: Paraguayan children were remarkably hyperopic and relatively free of myopia. Differences with regard to gender, age, and ethnicity were small.
Assuntos
Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Erros de Refração/etnologia , Acuidade Visual/fisiologia , População Branca/etnologia , Adolescente , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Astigmatismo/etnologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperopia/etnologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Miopia/etnologia , Paraguai/etnologia , Prevalência , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: To characterize refractive errors in Paraguayan children aged 5-16 years and investigate effect of age, gender, and ethnicity. METHODS:The study was conducted at 3 schools that catered to Mennonite, indigenous, and mixed race children. Children were examined for presenting visual acuity, autorefraction with and without cycloplegia, and retinoscopy. Data were analyzed for myopia and hyperopia (SE ≤-1 D or -0.5 D and ≥2 D or ≥3 D) and astigmatism (cylinder ≥1 D). Spherical equivalent (SE) values were calculated from right eye cycloplegic autorefraction data and analyzed using general linear modelling. RESULTS: There were 190, 118, and 168 children of Mennonite, indigenous and mixed race ethnicity, respectively. SE values between right/left eyes were nonsignificant. Mean visual acuity (VA) without correction was better for Mennonites compared to indigenous or mixed race children (right eyes: 0.031, 0.090, and 0.102 logMAR units, respectively; P<0.000001). There were 2 cases of myopia in the Mennonite group (1.2%) and 2 cases in the mixed race group (1.4%) (SE ≤-0.5 D). The prevalence of hyperopia (SE ≥2 D) was 40.6%, 34.2%, and 46.3% for Mennonite, indigenous and mixed race children. Corresponding astigmatism rates were 3.2%, 9.5%, and 12.7%. Females were slightly more hyperopic than males, and the 9-11 years age group was the most hyperopic. Mennonite and mixed race children were more hyperopic than indigenous children. CONCLUSIONS: Paraguayan children were remarkably hyperopic and relatively free of myopia. Differences with regard to gender, age, and ethnicity were small.
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os erros de refração em crianças paraguaias com idades entre 5 e 16 anos e investigar efeito da idade, gênero e etnia. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em três escolas que atendiam crianças de etnia Menonita, indígena e mista. As crianças foram examinadas em relação à acuidade visual, autorrefração com e sem cicloplegia, e retinoscopia. Os dados foram analisados para correção de miopia e hipermetropia (EE ≤-1 D ou -0,5D e ≥ 2D ou ≥3 D) e astigmatismo (cilindro ≥1 D). Valores equivalentes esféricos (EE) foram calculados a partir dos dados de autorrefração cicloplegiada do olho direito e analisados por meio de modelagem linear geral. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 190, 118 e 168 crianças de etnias Menonita, indígena e mista, respectivamente. Diferenças entre os valores de EE de olhos direitos e esquerdos não foram significantes. A acuidade visual (AV) sem correção foi melhor para Menonitas em relação às crianças da etnia indígena ou mista (olho direito: 0,031, 0,090 e 0,102 logMAR, respectivamente; P<0,000001). Houve 2 casos de miopia no grupo Menonita (1,2%) e 2 casos no grupo de etnia mista (1,4%) (SE ≤-0,5 D). A prevalência de hipermetropia (SE ≥2 D) foi de 40,6%, 34,2% e 46,3% para as etnias Menonita, indígena e mista. As taxas correspondentes de astigmatismo foram de 3,2%, 9,5% e 12,7%. As mulheres foram ligeiramente mais hipermétropes do que os homens, e o grupo de 9 a 11 anos de idade foi a mais hipermétrope. Crianças da etnia Menonita e mista se mostraram mais hipermétropes do que as crianças indígenas. CONCLUSÕES: As crianças paraguaias são notavelmente hipermétropes e relativamente livres de miopia. Diferenças com relação ao sexo, idade e etnia são pequenas.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , População Branca/etnologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Erros de Refração/etnologia , Acuidade Visual/fisiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Astigmatismo/etnologia , Hiperopia/etnologia , Modelos Logísticos , Miopia/etnologia , Prevalência , Paraguai/etnologia , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe 9-year changes in refractive errors and estimate incidence of myopia and hyperopia in adults of African-descent, along with associated risk factors. METHODS: The 9-year follow-up of the Barbados Eye Studies (1997-2003) reexamined 2793 surviving cohort members (81% participation). Refractive errors were determined by automated refraction. Myopia/hyperopia were defined as spherical equivalent < -0.5 diopters (D)/> +0.5 D, and the cutoff for moderate-high myopia/hyperopia was 3.0 D. Incidence rates of myopia/hyperopia were estimated by the product-limit approach, based on eyes without such conditions at baseline. Risk factors were evaluated by logistic regression in discrete time hazard models. RESULTS: Nine-year refraction changes varied by age. Persons aged 40 to 49 years experienced hyperopic shifts (median, +0.38 D), whereas persons > or =60 years had myopic shifts (median, -0.75D). Overall 9-year incidence was 12.0% for myopia and 29.5% for hyperopia; rates were 3.6% and 2.0% for moderate-high myopia and hyperopia, respectively. Myopia risk increased with age, baseline nuclear lens opacities (risk ratio [RR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.9), glaucoma (RR = 6.0, 95% CI: 3.9-9.3), and ocular hypertension (RR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-3.0), while cortical lens opacities decreased risk (RR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9). Incidence of moderate-high myopia was also related to baseline age, nuclear opacities, glaucoma, male gender (RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.8), and diabetes history (RR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.01-3.5). Hyperopia risk decreased with older age, male gender, and glaucoma diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive errors continue to develop frequently in older adults. Nuclear lens opacities, glaucoma, and diabetes increase the risk of older-onset myopia, a result of public health relevance to this and similar African-origin populations.
Assuntos
População Negra/etnologia , Hiperopia/etnologia , Miopia/etnologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Barbados/epidemiologia , Catarata/complicações , Complicações do Diabetes/complicações , Feminino , Seguimentos , Glaucoma/complicações , Humanos , Hiperopia/etiologia , Hiperopia/fisiopatologia , Incidência , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miopia/etiologia , Miopia/fisiopatologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Refração Ocular , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of myopia in the adult populations of two different ethnic communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon. METHODS: Refraction with retinoscopy after cycloplegia was performed for 507 Naporuna (an ethnic group indigenous to the jungles of the Ecuadorian Amazon) and for 776 settlers (white-mestizos from the Andes, now living in the Amazon and working for the petroleum industry). Ages ranged from 18 to 45 years. All subjects had little or no formal education. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia was 4.7% among the Naporuna and 5.5% among the settlers; the prevalence of hyperopia was higher, at 17.8% and 36.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of myopia in the two communities studied agrees with the results of other studies showing a low prevalence of myopia among groups with low levels of formal education or groups living a nonurban lifestyle.
Assuntos
Etnicidade , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Miopia/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperopia/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Refração OcularRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of refractive errors in a black adult population. METHODS: The Barbados Eye Study, a population-based study, included 4709 Barbados-born citizens, or 84% of a random sample, 40 to 84 years of age. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent <-0.5 diopters and >+0.5 diopters, respectively, based on automated refraction. Analyses included 4036 black participants without history of cataract surgery. Associations with myopia and hyperopia were evaluated in logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia was 21.9% and was higher in men (25.0%) than in women (19.5%). The prevalence of hyperopia was 46.9% and was higher in women (51.8%) than in men (40.5%). The prevalence of myopia decreased from 17% in persons 40 to 49 years of age to 11% in those 50 to 59 years of age, but increased after 60 years of age. The prevalence of hyperopia increased from 29% at 40 to 49 years of age to 65% at 50 to 59 years of age, and tended to decline thereafter. A higher prevalence of myopia was positively associated (P < 0.05) with lifetime occupations requiring nearwork, nuclear opacities, posterior subcapsular opacities, glaucoma, and ocular hypertension. Factors associated with hyperopia were the same as for myopia, except for occupation, and in the opposite direction. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalences of myopia and hyperopia were found in this large black adult population. The prevalence of myopia (hyperopia) increased (decreased) after 60 years of age, which is inconsistent with data from other studies. The high prevalence of age-related cataract, glaucoma, and other eye conditions in the Barbados Eye Study population may contribute to the findings.
Assuntos
População Negra , Hiperopia/etnologia , Miopia/etnologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Barbados/epidemiologia , Catarata/epidemiologia , Feminino , Glaucoma/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of refractive errors in a black adult population. METHODS: The Barbados Eye Study, a population-based study, included 4709 Barbados-born citizens, or 84 percent of a random sample, 40 to 84 years of age. Myopia and Hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent <-0.5 diopters and >+0.5 diopters, respectively, based on automated refraction. Analyses included 4036 black participants without history of cataract surgery. Associations with myopia and hyperopia were evaluated in logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia was 21.9 percent and was higher in men (25.0 percent) than in women (19.5 percent). The prevalence of hyperopia was 46.9 percent and was higher in women (51.8 percent) than in men (40.5 percent). The prevalence of myopia decreased from 17 percent in persons 40 to 49 years of age to 11 percent in those 50 to 59 years of age, but increased after 60 years of age. The prevalence of hyperopia increased from 29 percent at 40 to 49 years of age to 65 percent at 50 to 59 years of age, and tended to decline thereafter. A higher prevalence of myopia was positively associated (P < 0.05) with lifetime occupations requiring nearwork, nuclear opacities, posterior subcapsular opacities, glaucoma, and ocular hypertension. Factors associated with hyperopia were the same as for myopia, except for occupation, and in the opposite direction. CONCLUSION: High prevalences of myopia and hyperopia were found in this large black adult population. The prevalence of myopia (hyperopia) increased (decreased) after 60 years of age, which is inconsistent with data from other studies. The high prevalence of age-related cataract, glaucoma, and other eye conditions in the Barbados Eye Study population may contribute to the findings.(AU)