RESUMO

Severe respiratory alkalosis is a life-threatening condition, as it induces hypo- calcaemia and extreme adrenergic sensitivity leading to cerebral and myocardial vasoconstriction. We report a 37-year-old woman with previous consultations for a conversion disorder. While she was infected with SARS-CoV-2 (without pulmonary involvement), she consulted in the emergency room due to panic attacks. On admission, she developed a new conversion crisis with progressive clinical deterioration, hyperventilation, and severe respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.68, Bicarbonate 11.8 mEq/L and PaCO2 10 mmHg). Clinically, she was in a coma, with respiratory and heart rates 55 and 180 per min, a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, impaired perfusion (generalized lividity, distal coldness, and severe skin mottling) and tetany. She also had electrocardiographic changes and high troponin levels suggestive of ischemia, and hyperlactatemia. She was managed in the hospital with intravenous benzodiazepines. The clinical and laboratory manifestations resolved quickly, without the need for invasive measures and without systemic repercussions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Severe respiratory alkalosis is a life-threatening condition, as it induces hypo- calcaemia and extreme adrenergic sensitivity leading to cerebral and myocardial vasoconstriction. We report a 37-year-old woman with previous consultations for a conversion disorder. While she was infected with SARS-CoV-2 (without pulmonary involvement), she consulted in the emergency room due to panic attacks. On admission, she developed a new conversion crisis with progressive clinical deterioration, hyperventilation, and severe respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.68, Bicarbonate 11.8 mEq/L and PaCO2 10 mmHg). Clinically, she was in a coma, with respiratory and heart rates 55 and 180 per min, a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, impaired perfusion (generalized lividity, distal coldness, and severe skin mottling) and tetany. She also had electrocardiographic changes and high troponin levels suggestive of ischemia, and hyperlactatemia. She was managed in the hospital with intravenous benzodiazepines. The clinical and laboratory manifestations resolved quickly, without the need for invasive measures and without systemic repercussions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Antiepileptic drug side effects are frequent, 42% of them corresponding to cosmetic changes. The most frequent effects are weight gain, gingival hyperplasia, and hair loss. Hair changes in texture or colour are rarely reported in the literature. We present a case of hair curling after the introduction of perampanel. A 13-year-old girl with genetically confirmed Pitt-Hopkins syndrome with uncontrolled seizures, while on treatment with levetiracetam and valproic acid, was started on perampanel, reaching seizure control. After a few weeks of the introduction of the new antiepileptic drug, she developed hair curling. Hair curling is a rare cosmetic side effect, reported mainly in patients under valproic acid treatment. Perampanel is a recently introduced pharmaceutical molecule with no prior reports of hair changes as a side effect. There is no clear explanation for this side effect, but it should be discussed with patients taking valproate whenever perampanel is added to the treatment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Respiratory complaints after exercise are common in patients with rhinitis. Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) may be one of the causes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate EIB prevalence in a group of children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis, to compare the treadmill running (TR) and eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) challenge methods as diagnostic tools and to assess the association between respiratory complaints on exercise and EIB. METHODS: Patients aged between 10 and 20 years were studied at the Pulmonology Department of the Hospital das Clínicas -UFPE- Recife, Brazil. The severity of symptoms of rhinitis and exercise-related respiratory complaints in the past year were evaluated. Challenges were performed in random sequence, no more than 72 h apart and followed international guidelines. Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was determined before and 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 min after each challenge. A >10% reduction in FEV1 from baseline at two points after the challenge was considered sufficient to diagnose EIB. RESULTS: Of the thirty-five subjects evaluated, thirteen (37%) showed EIB, six by both methods, three only after TR and four only after EVH (Coens' Kappa = 0.489). There was no association between respiratory complaints after exercise and EIB (p = 0.74). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of EIB was found in this population but only moderate agreement between the challenges used to diagnose EIB. Caution should be adopted when comparing these methods or interpreting their results interchangeably. There was no association between reported respiratory symptoms after exercise and EIB.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Recientes estudios clínicos han revelado la utilidad del test del nistagmus inducido por la hiperventilación aguda, en la investigación de patologías vestibulares retrolaberínticas, neurales y de origen central, con la aparición de nistagmus paréticos o bien excitatorios. El propósito de este estudio ha sido: primero, conocer la sensibilidad de este examen según el análisis de los estudios de diferentes autores; segundo, entender la fisiopatología de este nistagmus inducido por la hiperventilación y tercero, efectuar una interpretación y análisis de este examen que permita obtener conclusiones sólidas del mejor nivel de medicina basada en evidencias. Para efectuar este estudio y análisis se procedió a una investigación exhaustiva de las publicaciones sobre el tema en los últimos 25 años, recurriendo para ello como fuentes de información a las principales bases de datos biomédicos y a la revisión en texto completo de estas publicaciones. Llamó la atención la escasez de trabajos clínicos publicados sobre el tema que no superan los 40, y también la escasez de trabajos sobre la fisiopatología del nistagmus inducido por la hiperventilación aguda. La metódica del test es muy simple por lo que su utilización resulta muy atractiva, con un escaso número de falsos positivos. La mayor parte de los estudios publicados, se focaliza en su utilización en el schwanoma vestibularyen la neuronitis vestibular. Respecto al schwanoma vestibular de un total de 107 pacientes estudiados el test fue positivo en el 80 por ciento de los casos, con aparición de nistagmus ipsilesional o contralesional. En la neuronitis vestibular la positividad del test alcanzó a 60 por ciento de un total de 272 pacientes estudiados y que estaba en relación directa con el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. En la esclerosis múltiple, en pacientes con síntomas vestibulares, la positividad del test fue de 75 por ciento, en cambio en aquellos pacientes sin síntomas vestibulares...

Recent clinical studies have revealed the usefulness of the hyperventilation-induced nystagmus in retrolabyrinthine and central vestibular diseases with the appearance either excitatory (ipsilateral) or paretic (contralateral) nystagmus. The objectives of this study have been: 1) to get to know the sensitivity of the exam, according to the best literature available; 2) to get to know the physiopathology of this hyperventilation-induced nystagmus, and 3) to carry out an analysis and interpretation of this exam in order to reach solid conclusions of the highest level in evidence based medicine. An exhaustive research of literature published on this topic in the last 25 years was carried out. The main source of information being the most important medical data-based publications and also a thorough revision of these texts. The scarce number of publications on this topic (not more than 40) is what strikes the attention most, as well as the very few studies of the physiopathology of the hyperventilation-induced nystagmus. The method of the test is a simple one; this fact makes its application an attractive one, with a low number of false positive. Most of the studies published are focused on its application in the vestibular schwannoma and in the vestibular neuritis. As to what the Vestibular schwannoma is concerned, ofa group of 107 patients studied, the test was positive in 80 percent of the cases, with the appearance of ipsilesional or contralesional nystagmus. In vestibular neuritis the test was positive in 68 percent of a number of 272 patients; this amount was in direct correlation with the time of evolution of the disease. In multiple sclerosis, in patients with vestibular symptoms, the test gave positive in 75 percent, whereas in those patients without vestibular symptoms it was positive only in 7 percent. In patients with cerebellar diseases, particularly degenerative ones this test was positive in 78 percent of the cases...

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a ocorrência da síndrome de ansiedade de separação (SAS) na população de cães de Sinop, MT. Para identificar o problema, foi desenvolvido um questionário que foi aplicado a proprietários ou guardiões de cem cães, machos e fêmeas, de raças puras e sem raça definida (SRD), oriundos de clínicas do referido município e do Hospital Veterinário da UFMT – campus Sinop. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma prevalência de 28% de cães positivos para a SAS. Os sinais mais frequentes foram vocalização excessiva (60,7%), micção inapropriada (50%), destruição de objetos (35,7%) e defecação inapropriada (17,8%). Todos os animais considerados positivos apresentavam hipervinculação aos seus donos e nove (32,1%) sofriam também de transtorno compulsivo. Tais resultados indicam que existe uma prevalência significativa de SAS na população de Sinop, devendo ser elaboradas novas pesquisas para mensurar o seu impacto sobre os animais e a sociedade.

The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of anxiety separation syndrome (ASS) in dogs from Sinop/MT, Brazil. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and applied to owners of one hundred male and female dogs of both pure breed and mixed breeds from local veterinary clinics or from the Veterinary Hospital of UFMT, Campus Sinop. Results showed 28% prevalence of ASS among the studied population. Most frequent symptoms were excessive vocalization (60.7%), inappropriate urination (50%), destructive behavior (35.7%) and inappropriate defecation (17.8%). All positive dogs showed owner hyperattachment, and 32.1% (9 animals) had compulsive disorder. Results indicated a significant prevalence of ASS in dogs from Sinop; further research should be developed to measure its impact on animals and human society.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la incidencia del síndrome de ansiedad por separación (SAS) en la población de perros de la municipalidad de Sinop, Mato Groso - Brasil. Para identificar el problema se desarrolló un cuestionario al que fueron sometidos los propietarios o responsables de cien perros, tanto machos como hembras, de razas puras y mestizos, atendidos en consultorios del referido municipio y en el Hospital Veterinario de la UFMT del campus Sinop. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una prevalencia de un 28% de perros positivos al SAS. Los signos más frecuentemente encontrados fueron vocalización excesiva (60,7%), micción inapropiada (50%), destrucción de objetos (35.7%) y defecación inadecuada (17.8%). Todos los animales considerados positivos, presentaban hipervinculación con sus dueños, y nueve de ellos (32,1%) sufrían también de trastornos compulsivos. Estos resultados indican que existe una prevalencia significativa del SAS en el municipio de Sinop, y que deberían ser realizadas nuevas investigaciones para medir su impacto sobre los animales y la sociedad.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a ocorrência da síndrome de ansiedade de separação (SAS) na população de cães de Sinop, MT. Para identificar o problema, foi desenvolvido um questionário que foi aplicado a proprietários ou guardiões de cem cães, machos e fêmeas, de raças puras e sem raça definida (SRD), oriundos de clínicas do referido município e do Hospital Veterinário da UFMT campus Sinop. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma prevalência de 28% de cães positivos para a SAS. Os sinais mais frequentes foram vocalização excessiva (60,7%), micção inapropriada (50%), destruição de objetos (35,7%) e defecação inapropriada (17,8%). Todos os animais considerados positivos apresentavam hipervinculação aos seus donos e nove (32,1%) sofriam também de transtorno compulsivo. Tais resultados indicam que existe uma prevalência significativa de SAS na população de Sinop, devendo ser elaboradas novas pesquisas para mensurar o seu impacto sobre os animais e a sociedade.(AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of anxiety separation syndrome (ASS) in dogs from Sinop/MT, Brazil. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and applied to owners of one hundred male and female dogs of both pure breed and mixed breeds from local veterinary clinics or from the Veterinary Hospital of UFMT, Campus Sinop. Results showed 28% prevalence of ASS among the studied population. Most frequent symptoms were excessive vocalization (60.7%), inappropriate urination (50%), destructive behavior (35.7%) and inappropriate defecation (17.8%). All positive dogs showed owner hyperattachment, and 32.1% (9 animals) had compulsive disorder. Results indicated a significant prevalence of ASS in dogs from Sinop; further research should be developed to measure its impact on animals and human society.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la incidencia del síndrome de ansiedad por separación (SAS) en la población de perros de la municipalidad de Sinop, Mato Groso - Brasil. Para identificar el problema se desarrolló un cuestionario al que fueron sometidos los propietarios o responsables de cien perros, tanto machos como hembras, de razas puras y mestizos, atendidos en consultorios del referido municipio y en el Hospital Veterinario de la UFMT del campus Sinop. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una prevalencia de un 28% de perros positivos al SAS. Los signos más frecuentemente encontrados fueron vocalización excesiva (60,7%), micción inapropiada (50%), destrucción de objetos (35.7%) y defecación inadecuada (17.8%). Todos los animales considerados positivos, presentaban hipervinculación con sus dueños, y nueve de ellos (32,1%) sufrían también de trastornos compulsivos. Estos resultados indican que existe una prevalencia significativa del SAS en el municipio de Sinop, y que deberían ser realizadas nuevas investigaciones para medir su impacto sobre los animales y la sociedad.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Hiperventilação é um método tradicional de ativação para descargas epileptiformes generalizadas, ou crises em eletroencefalografia. Alterações comportamentais durante crises induzidas pela hiperventilação, são avaliadas por um método clinico no qual o paciente conta, em voz alta, o número de cada incursão respiratória após cada expiração. Comprometimento da consciência é detectado por omissões, repetições ou hesitação na sequência numérica. Baseados no estudo de um caso-controle de adulto com crises de ausência, nas quais as crises só puderam ser diagnosticas, com certeza, através da utilização de um teste computadorizado da atenção visual, organizamos o presente estudo com o objetivo de estudar se a hiperventilação durante 5 minutos provocava alteração na atenção visual de voluntários normais, utilizando o teste computadorizado da atenção visual com monitorização vídeoeletroencefalográfica. Em adição verificamos a contribuição do teste para o diagnóstico sindromico de um paciente com o diagnóstico presuntivo de epilepsia de lobo temporal. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a hiperventilação durante 5 minutos não altera a atenção visual de indivíduos normais, sugerindo que este possa ser útil para uso rotineiro em encefalografia ou em monitorizações videoeletroencefalográficas, com o objetivo de detectar crises, cuja identificação seja difícil apenas pela observação visual do comportamento.

Hyperventilation has been a traditional activation method for generalized epileptiform discharges or seizumes in routine electroencephalography (EEG). Behavioral alterations during hyperventilation-induced seizures are assessed by a clinical method in which patients count aloud the number of their breaths after each expiration. Impairment of consciousness is detected by omissions, repetitions of hesitation of numbers in a counting sequence. Based on an anecdotal case-control study of a patient with epilepsy with absences, in which the absences could only be diagnosed using a continuous performance test, we organized the study aiming to study the effects of hyperventilation on attention, using the CTVA during normal breathing and in the 5 minutes hyperventilation in normal adults. Our goal was to determine if hyperventilation altered the performance of normal subjects on the different parameters of the CTVA. Our data showed that hyperventilation did not significantly change any parameter of CTVA, when normal subjects performed the test in normal breathing condition compared with their performance during HV in addition, in a case with presumptive diagnosis of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, our neuropsychological battery, which included the computadorized test of visual attention, played a critical role in elucidating the syndromic diagnosis and leading to additional tests for the correct diagnosis. Our results suggest that CTVA may be a useful tool to measure unresponsiveness in routine electroencephalography or during videoelectroencephalography monitoring.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The authors present a profile of panic disorder based on and generalized from the effects of acute and chronic hyperventilation that are characteristic of the respiratory panic disorder subtype. The review presented attempts to integrate three premises: hyperventilation is a physiological response to hypercapnia; hyperventilation can induce panic attacks; chronic hyperventilation is a protective mechanism against panic attacks. METHOD: A selective review of the literature was made using the Medline database. Reports of the interrelationships among panic disorder, hyperventilation, acidosis, and alkalosis, as well as catecholamine release and sensitivity, were selected. The findings were structured into an integrated model. DISCUSSION: The panic attacks experienced by individuals with panic disorder develop on the basis of metabolic acidosis, which is a compensatory response to chronic hyperventilation. The attacks are triggered by a sudden increase in (pCO2) when the latent (metabolic) acidosis manifests as hypercapnic acidosis. The acidotic condition induces catecholamine release. Sympathicotonia cannot arise during the hypercapnic phase, since low pH decreases catecholamine sensitivity. Catecholamines can provoke panic when hyperventilation causes the hypercapnia to switch to hypocapnic alkalosis (overcompensation) and catecholamine sensitivity begins to increase. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic approaches should address long-term regulation of the respiratory pattern and elimination of metabolic acidosis.

OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam um modelo de transtorno do pânico que se baseia nos efeitos da hiperventilação aguda e crônica, característicos do subtipo respiratório de transtorno do pânico. O modelo é generalizado a partir desses efeitos. Ele integra três características da hiperventilação: a hiperventilação é uma resposta fisiológica à hipercapnia; a hiperventilação pode induzir ataques de pânico; a hiperventilação crônica representa um mecanismo protetor contra os ataques de pânico. MÉTODO: Revisão seletiva da literatura a partir da base de dados Medline. Foram selecionados relatos referentes à inter-relação entre transtorno do pânico, hiperventilação, acidose, alcalose, liberação de catecolaminas e sensibilidade a catecolaminas, sendo os achados estruturados de modo a formar um modelo integrado. DISCUSSÃO: Os ataques de pânico do transtorno do pânico desenvolvem-se com base numa acidose metabólica, que é uma resposta compensatória à hiperventilação crônica. Os ataques são desencadeados por um súbito aumento da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (pCO2), quando a acidose (metabólica) latente se manifesta pela acidose hipercápnica. A condição acidótica induz liberação de catecolaminas. A simpaticotonia não pode manifestar-se durante a fase de hipercapnia, pois o baixo pH diminui a sensibilidade às catecolaminas. As catecolaminas podem provocar pânico quando a hipercapnia comuta para uma alcalose hipocápnica devido à supercompensação pela hiperventilação, situação na qual a sensibilidade às catecolaminas liberadas começa a aumentar. CONCLUSÃO: As abordagens terapêuticas deveriam voltar-se para a regulação em longo prazo do padrão respiratório e a eliminação da acidose metabólica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The authors present a profile of panic disorder based on and generalized from the effects of acute and chronic hyperventilation that are characteristic of the respiratory panic disorder subtype. The review presented attempts to integrate three premises: hyperventilation is a physiological response to hypercapnia; hyperventilation can induce panic attacks; chronic hyperventilation is a protective mechanism against panic attacks. METHOD: A selective review of the literature was made using the Medline database. Reports of the interrelationships among panic disorder, hyperventilation, acidosis, and alkalosis, as well as catecholamine release and sensitivity, were selected. The findings were structured into an integrated model. DISCUSSION: The panic attacks experienced by individuals with panic disorder develop on the basis of metabolic acidosis, which is a compensatory response to chronic hyperventilation. The attacks are triggered by a sudden increase in (pCO2) when the latent (metabolic) acidosis manifests as hypercapnic acidosis. The acidotic condition induces catecholamine release. Sympathicotonia cannot arise during the hypercapnic phase, since low pH decreases catecholamine sensitivity. Catecholamines can provoke panic when hyperventilation causes the hypercapnia to switch to hypocapnic alkalosis (overcompensation) and catecholamine sensitivity begins to increase. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic approaches should address long-term regulation of the respiratory pattern and elimination of metabolic acidosis.

Assuntos