RESUMO
Introducción: En los últimos años la anestesia libre de opioides ha constituido una alternativa más a las técnicas tradicionales de anestesia general. Con la exclusión de este grupo de fármacos se evitan los múltiples efectos adversos y complicaciones asociados al mismo. A pesar de que la anestesia libre de opioides tiene sus indicaciones y que ha demostrado sus beneficios en cierto grupo de pacientes, existen aún controversias en relación con su utilidad en el paciente obeso. Características como la obesidad hacen que los modelos multimodales empleados para programar la anestesia libre de opioides sean cada vez más complejos. Objetivos: Describir un caso clínico realizado con la técnica de anestesia libre de opioides que constituye la primera experiencia en Ecuador. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una paciente obesa intervenida de colecistectomía laparoscópica mediante infusión de propofol, ketamina, lidocaína, sulfato de magnesio, y dexmedetomidina. La titulación de estos fármacos se realizó mediante cálculo de concentraciones plasmáticas a través de modelos farmacocinéticos y guiada por monitorización de profundidad anestésica y analgésica, con lo cual se logró optimizar el consumo de fármacos, disminuir las complicaciones y una evolución clínica favorable. Hasta donde se conoce a nivel local y de país (Ecuador) es la primera experiencia que se reporta con esta técnica. Conclusiones: La anestesia libre de opioides puede resultar una elección en el paciente obeso ya que asegura una adecuada recuperación sin efectos adversos asociados(AU)
Introduction: In recent years, opioid-free anesthesia has become another alternative in front of traditional general anesthesia techniques. The exclusion of this group of drugs avoids the numerous adverse effects and complications associated with its usage. Although opioid-free anesthesia has its indications and has showed its benefits in a certain group of patients, there is still controversy regarding its usefulness in the obese patient. Characteristics such as obesity make the multimodal models used to program opioid-free anesthesia increasingly complex. Objectives: To describe a clinical case involving the opioid-free anesthesia technique, which is the first experience in Ecuador. Case presentation: The case is presented of a female obese patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy by infusion of propofol, ketamine, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine. Titration of these drugs was carried out by calculating plasma concentrations through pharmacokinetic models and guided by monitoring of anesthetic and analgesic depth, thus optimizing drug consumption, reducing complications and achieving a favorable clinical evolution. As far as known locally and in the country (Ecuador), this is the first reported experience with this technique. Conclusions: Opioid-free anesthesia may be a choice in the obese patient, since it ensures adequate recovery without associated adverse effects(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Colecistectomia Laparoscópica/métodos , Anestésicos Intravenosos/uso terapêutico , Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacocinética , Hipnose Anestésica/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to apply a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics approach to investigate the free propofol plasma levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting under hypothermic conditions compared with the off-pump procedure. METHODS: Nineteen patients scheduled for on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting under hypothermic conditions (n=10) or the equivalent off-pump surgery (n=9) were anesthetized with sufentanil and propofol target-controlled infusion (2 µg/mL) during surgery. The propofol concentration was then reduced to 1 µg/mL, and a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis using the maximum-effect-sigmoid model obtained by plotting the bispectral index values against the free propofol plasma levels was performed. RESULTS: Significant increases (two- to five-fold) in the free propofol plasma levels were observed in the patients subjected to coronary artery bypass grafting under hypothermic conditions. The pharmacokinetics of propofol varied according to the free drug levels in the hypothermic on-pump group versus the off-pump group. After hypothermic coronary artery bypass was initiated, the distribution volume increased, and the distribution half-life was prolonged. Propofol target-controlled infusion was discontinued when orotracheal extubation was indicated, and the time to patient extubation was significantly higher in the hypothermic on-pump group than in the off-pump group (459 versus 273 min, p=0.0048). CONCLUSIONS: The orotracheal intubation time was significantly longer in the hypothermic on-pump group than in the off-pump group. Additionally, residual hypnosis was identified through the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics approach based on decreases in drug plasma protein binding in the hypothermic on-pump group, which could explain the increased hypnosis observed with this drug in this group of patients.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacocinética , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Hipotermia Induzida , Propofol/farmacocinética , Idoso , Anestésicos Intravenosos/sangue , Monitores de Consciência , Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipnose Anestésica/normas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Duração da Cirurgia , Propofol/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to apply a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics approach to investigate the free propofol plasma levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting under hypothermic conditions compared with the off-pump procedure. METHODS: Nineteen patients scheduled for on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting under hypothermic conditions (n=10) or the equivalent off-pump surgery (n=9) were anesthetized with sufentanil and propofol target-controlled infusion (2 μg/mL) during surgery. The propofol concentration was then reduced to 1 μg/mL, and a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis using the maximum-effect-sigmoid model obtained by plotting the bispectral index values against the free propofol plasma levels was performed. RESULTS: Significant increases (two- to five-fold) in the free propofol plasma levels were observed in the patients subjected to coronary artery bypass grafting under hypothermic conditions. The pharmacokinetics of propofol varied according to the free drug levels in the hypothermic on-pump group versus the off-pump group. After hypothermic coronary artery bypass was initiated, the distribution volume increased, and the distribution half-life was prolonged. Propofol target-controlled infusion was discontinued when orotracheal extubation was indicated, and the time to patient extubation was significantly higher in the hypothermic on-pump group than in the off-pump group (459 versus 273 min, p=0.0048). CONCLUSIONS: The orotracheal intubation time was significantly longer in the hypothermic on-pump group than in the off-pump group. Additionally, residual hypnosis was identified through the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics approach based on decreases in drug plasma protein binding in the hypothermic on-pump group, which could explain the increased hypnosis observed with this drug in this group of patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Propofol/farmacocinética , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacocinética , Hipotermia Induzida , Propofol/sangue , Anestésicos Intravenosos/sangue , Ponte de Artéria Coronária sem Circulação Extracorpórea/métodos , Monitores de Consciência , Duração da Cirurgia , Hipnose Anestésica/normasRESUMO
Background and Objective. Anxiety/pain are experiences that make dental treatment difficult for children, especially during the time of anesthesia. Hypnosis is used in pediatric clinical situations to modify thinking, behavior, and perception as well as, recently, in dentistry; therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hypnosis combined with conventional behavior management techniques during infiltration anesthetic. Methods. Anxiety/pain were assessed with the FLACC scale during the anesthetic moment, as well as heart rate variability and skin conductance before and during the anesthetic moment, between the control and experimental group. Results. A marginal statistical difference (p = 0.05) was found in the heart rate between baseline and anesthetic moment, being lower in the hypnosis group. No statistically significant differences were found with the FLACC scale or in the skin conductance (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Hypnosis combined with conventional behavior management techniques decreases heart rate during anesthetic infiltration showing that there may be an improvement in anxiety/pain control through hypnotic therapy.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Odontologia/métodos , Hipnose Anestésica/métodos , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Ansiedade/psicologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
A hipnose hoje é mais que uma técnica, é uma ferramenta para mudar nosso modo de vida. Sabendo como usar a hipnose e como estruturar as sugestões para que elas sejam eficazes, pode-se então, sem problema algum, controlar, minimizar ou mesmo excluir completamente a dor (AU).
Hypnosis today is more than a technique, it is a tool to change our way of life. Knowing how to use hypnosis and how to structure the suggestions so that they are effective, it is possible without any problem to control, minimize or even completely exclude pain (AU).
Assuntos
Sedação Consciente , Ansiedade ao Tratamento Odontológico/prevenção & controle , Dor Crônica , Hipnose , Hipnose Anestésica , PsicologiaRESUMO
Uma das formas atuais para se avaliar o grau de hipnose e depressão do sistema nervoso central durante a anestesia é o índice biespectral (BIS), que fornece um valor de 0 a 100. Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações do BIS de cães durante a estimulação elétrica e mecânica supra-máxima e sob diferentes concentrações de isofluorano, a fim de verificar se existe uma relação entre este índice e a resposta motora frente à nocicepção. Utilizaram-se sete cães da raça Beagle, dois machos e cinco fêmeas, anestesiados com isofluorano nas concentrações de 2,0; 1,8; 1,6; 1,4 e 1,2%. Os diferentes tipos de estímulo foram utilizados em procedimentos anestésicos diferentes nos mesmos animais, com intervalo mínimo de 15 dias. Os valores de BIS foram anotados por 60 segundos em cada avaliação, derivando médias antes (AE) e depois (DE) de cada estímulo. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de teste t pareado ou Wilcoxon pareado (P 0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre os valores AE e DE em todas as concentrações de isofluorano, exceto 2,0% no estímulo mecânico. Também foi significativa entre a subtração desses valores, quando comparados entre estímulos, em 1,8 e 2,0%. Conclui-se que a resposta frente a estímulos supra-máximos modifica os valores de BIS em cães por meio da superficialização do plano anestésico. Sugere-se o emprego do modelo mecânico para evitar possíveis interferências de corrente elétrica e perda da confiabilidade dos dados.(AU)
One of the current methods to assess hypnosis and central depression during anesthesia is the bispectral index (BIS), which generates a number from 0 to 100. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the changes in BIS during electrical or mechanical supra-maximal stimulation in order to investigate whether there is a relation between this index and motor response to nociception. Seven beagle dogs were included, two males and five females, which were anesthetized with isoflurane at 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.2%. Different types of stimuli were employed at different procedures in the same animals with at least 15 days of interval. The BIS values were recorded during 60 seconds each time and mean values were obtained before (AE) and after (DE) the stimulus. Results were compared through paired t test or Wilcoxon's paired test (P 0.05). Significant differences were found between AE and DE values in almost every isoflurane concentration, as well as between the subtraction of these values, when compared between types of stimuli at 1.8 and 2.0%. In conclusion, the response to supra-maximal stimulation does change BIS values in dogs by decreasing the depth of anesthesia. The use of mechanical stimulation is suggested in order to avoid possible interferences of the electrical current and loss of data reliability.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Estimulação Elétrica/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Cão , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Hipnose Anestésica/veterinária , Anestesia por Inalação/veterináriaRESUMO
Objetivo: Comparar eficácia da hipnose frente ao midazolam e ao controle (sem sedação), quando utilizada como técnica sedativa antes do ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE). Método: Estudo prospectivo em 60 pacientes que realizaram ETE no Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, entre os meses de fevereiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2009. Os pacientes foram alocados em um de três grupos: sedação com midazolam intravenoso, sedação com hipnose ou controle. Os três grupos receberam lidocaína spray na garganta. Após o exame, os pacientes e médicos operadores responderam a um questionário de pesquisa. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa Bioestat 5.0. Teste utilizado foi o de Kruskal-Wallis. O teste de Dunn foi utilizado a posteriori. Resultados: O grupo da sedação hipnótica apresentou diferença significativa frente ao grupo controle, quanto ao menor grau de lembrança do procedimento (H= 20,87; gl= 2; p < 0.01) e menor grau de desconforto (H= 7,65; gl= 2; p < 0,05) pelo paciente. O grupo hipnose apresentou maior grau de facilidade para o médico operador frente aos grupos de sedação com midazolam e controle (H= 12,34; gl= 2; p < 0,01). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto ao grau de dor ou náusea. Conclusão: A hipnose, como técnica de preparo para o ETE, em pacientes susceptíveis, mostrou-se superior em relação às técnicas tradicionais, quando analisados o grau de lembrança ou do desconforto pelo paciente e, principalmente, o grau de facilidade na execução do procedimento pelo médico.
Objective: To compare the eff ectiveness of hypnosis outside the midazolam and control (without sedation), when used as a sedative before the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Method: A prospective study of 60 patients who underwent TEE in Pronto-socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco between February/2009 and December/2009, after approval by the Ethics in Research. Patients were assigned into one of three groups: sedation with midazolam intravenous, sedation with hypnosis or control. All three groups received lidocaine spray in the throat. After examination, patients and physicians operators answered a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed by the program Bioestat 5.0 using initially the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn a posteriori. Results: Th e group of hypnotic sedation showed signifi cant diff erence against the control group on the lower level of memory of the procedure (H = 20.87, df = 2; p < 0.01) and less discomfort (H = 7.65, df = 2, p < 0.05) by the patient. Th e hypnosis group had a greater degree of ease for the doctor performing the examination front groups of sedation with midazolam and control group (H = 12.34, df = 2, p < 0.01). Th ere was no signifi cant diff erence between groups regarding the degree of pain or nausea. Conclusion: As a preparation technique on TEE, hypnosis was shown to be superior when which applied in relation to traditional techniques when analyzed the degree of remembrance or discomfort by the patient and especially the degree of ease in execution of the procedure by the doctor.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana/métodos , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Hipnose Anestésica/métodos , Sedação ConscienteRESUMO
O índice bispectral (BIS) é um parâmetro multifatorial que permite a monitorização da componente hipnótico da anestesia. O BIS provê medidas quantificáveis do efeito de anestésicos no cérebro que correlacionam com a profundidade da anestesia. A monito-rização da profundidade anestésica na indução e manutenção da anestesia geral previne consciência e despertar intraoperatório, permite titular a quantidade de anestésicos adequada para promover a rápida recuperação da anestesia e evitar efeitos adversos da superdosagem dos fármacos. Desde sua introdução, a monitorização com BIS vem se tornando comum na prática anestésica. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de elucidar o papel do BIS na monitorização da hipnose na anestesia geral. Foi realizada revisão sobre o conceito de anestesia geral e monitorização da profundidade anestésica com o uso do BIS, bem como atualizações dos benefícios de seu emprego para a qualidade da anestesia, interpretação dos artefatos e drogas que podem interferir na sua utilização...
The bispectral index (BIS) is a multifactorial parameter that allows monitoring of the hypnotic component of anesthesia. The BIS provides quantitiable measures of the effect of anesthetics in the brain that correia te with the depth of anesthesia. Monitoring anesthetic depth during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia prevents intraoperative awakening and conscience and allows to holder the amount of anesthetic agents appropriate to promote a speedy recovery of anesthesia and avoid adverse effects of an overdose of drugs. Since its introduction, the BIS monitoring is becoming acommonplace in anesthetic practice. This review has the objective of elucidating the role of BIS monitor- ing in hypnosis of general anesthesia. A Literature review was conducted on the concepts of general anesthesia and monitoring of anesthetic depth using the BIS Moreover, recent articles on studies of BIS and its benetits in the quality of general anesthesia as well as the presence of artifacts and drugs that may interfere in its utilization...
Assuntos
Humanos , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Consciência no Peroperatório , Hipnose Anestésica/instrumentação , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Monitores de Consciência , Anestesia Geral/instrumentação , Eletroencefalografia/instrumentação , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por ComputadorRESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: Around the world, Tilia species have been used in traditional medicine for their properties as tranquilizer. Furthermore, Mexican species of Tilia have been grouped as Tilia americana var. mexicana, but their specific content in flavonoids is poorly described. In this study, inflorescences of Mexican Tilia were collected in three different regions of Mexico to compare their flavonoid content and anxiolytic-like response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flavonoid content was analyzed by using an HPLC-MS technique. For anxiolytic-like response, Tilia inflorescences extracts (from 10 to 300 mg/kg, i.p.) were tested in experimental models (open-field, hole-board and plus-maze tests, as well as sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis) in mice. RESULTS: HPLC-MS analysis revealed specific peaks of flavonoid composition demonstrating some differences in these compounds in flowers and bracts depending on the region of collection. No differences in the neuropharmacological activity among these samples of Tilia were found. Moreover, their effects were associated with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Dissimilarities in the flavonoid composition of Mexican Tilias might imply that these species must be re-classified in more than one species, not as a unique Tilia americana var. mexicana. Since quercetin and kaempferol aglycons demonstrated anxiolytic-like response and that no difference in the pharmacological evaluation was observed between these three Mexican Tilias, we suggest that this pharmacological effect of Tilia inflorescences involves these flavonoids occurrence independently of the kind of glycosides present in the samples reinforcing their use in traditional medicine in several regions of Mexico.