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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cyberchondria and obsessive beliefs and determine the potential risk of the former. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 777 individuals. The Cyberchondria Severity Scale and the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire were applied to the participants. Univariate and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Of the study group 382 (49.2%) were male, 395 (50.8%), female. Their ages ranged from 18 to 63 years, with an average of 32.6 (± 9.6) years. Multiple linear regression analysis found that the frequency of internet use (several times a day; n = 670), using the internet as a source of health-related information (n = 320), using the internet to research a doctor before making and/or attending an appointment with same (n = 363), halting the use of prescribed medication based on information obtained on the internet (n = 177), and obsessive beliefs were factors linked to cyberchondria. Cyberchondria and obsessive beliefs were positively related and in the final model were found to be the strongest determinants of cyberchondria. CONCLUSION: Obsessive beliefs may be a potential risk factor for cyberchondria. Since cyberchondria affects people's health related behaviors, it is important to ensure the safety of health-related information on the internet. The results of this study may guide future ones that thoroughly investigate the factors associated with cyberchondria. More comprehensive studies are needed to reveal the relationship between cyberchondria and obsessive beliefs.

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This study aimed to identify the factors associated with a delay in treatment-seeking among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder. To achieve this purpose, we conducted a cross-sectional study examining latency to treatment (LTT) and its associated correlates in 863 patients with OCD. We defined LTT as the time lag between the awareness of discomfort and/or impairment caused by symptoms and the beginning of OCD-specific treatment. To determine the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with LTT, we built an interval-censored survival model to simultaneously assess the relationship between all variables, representing the best fit to our data format. The results of our study showed that approximately one-third of OCD patients sought treatment within two years of symptom awareness, one-third between two and nine years, and one-third after ten or more years. Median LTT was 4.0 years (mean = 7.96, SD = 9.54). Longer LTT was associated with older age, early onset of OCD symptoms, presence of contamination/cleaning symptoms and full-time employment. Shorter LTT was associated with the presence of aggression symptoms and comorbidity with hypochondriasis. The results of our study confirm the understanding that LTT in OCD is influenced by several interdependent variables - some of which are modifiable. Strategies for reducing LTT should focus on older patients, who work in a full-time job, and on individuals with early onset of OCD and contamination/cleaning symptoms.

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Resumen El síndrome de Cotard, descrito en la historia por presentar diferentes tipos de delirios siendo el principal el nihilista o de negación, ha sido reportado en diversos trastornos neuropsiquiátricos; sin embargo, existe poca literatura que lo refiera en el contexto de retraso mental, por lo que el objetivo del trabajo es examinar las características del Síndrome de Cotard a propósito de un reporte de caso. Presentamos a un paciente de 19 años que cumple con los criterios para Retraso mental y Síndrome de Cortad. Se revisó la literatura, hallando sucinta data en que se presente cuadros similares. Sería muy recomendable continuar evaluando con mayor profundidad la asociación entre retraso mental y síndrome de Cotard e investigar la respuesta al tratamiento, dado que no existen protocolos en nuestra región.

Cotard syndrome, described in the history for presenting different types of delusions being the principal as the nihilistic delusion or delusion of negation, was reported on neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is little literature that refers to it in the context of mental retardation. The aim of this report case is to explore the characteristics of Cotard syndrome. We present a 19 year-old boy who complete criteria for intellectual disability and Cotard syndorme. The literature was reviewed, finding succinct data associated to cases like this. We recommend to evaluate deeply the association between intellectual disability and Cotard syndrome and to research the treatment, given that there are no protocols in our region.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate attitudes towards the disease and its association with the presence of hypochondria in students of the health sciences area. The research was developed in 279 students in the health science area, with the application of Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) test and the Illness Attitude Scale (IAS) test was performed, and the descriptive, comparative and association statistical analyses were carried out. All students answered the previously mention surveys. Values above Cut-off ≥27 were obtained in the SHAI test was 6.8% (n = 19), and the percentage of students with values ≥50 Cut-off in the test of IAS was 15.7% (n = 44). IAS subtests involving an increase in the SHAI value are IAS for the disease (W), hypochondria beliefs (HB), body concerns (BP), treatment experiences (TE), and effect of symptoms (ES) with regression values of S = 3.9 with a square R adjusted to 64.9%. Therefore, according to the surveys used, a considerable sample of students showed abnormal behaviors towards the disease associated with the hypochondria, so it is important to continue monitoring students to reduce these factors.

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Resumen El Síndrome de Cotard es una condición neuropsiquiátrica poco frecuente, descrito inicialmente por Jules Cotard como un delirio hipocondríaco y luego como Delirio de negación, en que el paciente niega la existencia de partes de su cuerpo, la propia existencia y/o del mundo entero. La aparición de un Síndrome Catatónico junto al Síndrome de Cotard es aún más infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 72 años con una Depresión psicótica, que desarrolla un Síndrome de Cotard y posteriormente Catatonía. Logra buena respuesta tras la adición de Lorazepam y Venlafaxina al esquema farmacológico en curso, por lo que se desestima el uso de Terapia Electroconvulsiva. Se constata remisión total de síntomas y posterior recuperación funcional ad integrum, siendo evaluada a través de entrevista clínica, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale e Índice de Barthel. Además, se revisan otros reportes de caso sobre esta comorbilidad, y a diferencia de la mayoría de éstos, se destaca la favorable evolución de la paciente sin necesidad de Terapia Electroconvulsiva. Aún no se ha dilucidado la relación entre ambos síndromes, aunque algunos autores han planteado la hipótesis de vías neurobiológicas compartidas y otros han postulado la aparición de síntomas catatónicos como la progresión del Síndrome de Cotard. Para aclarar estas interrogantes, son necesarios más estudios al respecto que permitan conocer la etiopatogenia de esta inusual combinación.

Cotard's Syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric condition, initially described by Jules Cotard as a hypochondriacal delusion and then as Delusion of negation, in which the patient denies the existence of parts of his body, his own existence and / or the entire world. The appearance of a Catatonic Syndrome together with Cotard Syndrome is even more infrequent. We present the case of a 72-year-old patient with a psychotic depression, who developed Cotard's Syndrome and later Catatonia. She achieves good response after the addition of Lorazepam and Venlafaxine to the current pharmacological treatment, so the use of Electroconvulsive Therapy is dismissed. Total remission of symptoms and subsequent functional recovery ad integrum was observed, being evaluated through clinical interview, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale and Barthel Index. In addition, other case reports on this comorbidity are reviewed, and unlike most of these, the favorable evolution of the patient stands out without the need for Electroconvulsive Therapy. The relationship between the two syndromes has not been elucidated, although some authors have proposed the hypothesis of shared neurobiological pathways and others have postulated the appearance of catatonic symptoms such as the progression of Cotard's Syndrome. To clarify these questions, more studies are needed in order to know the etiopathogenesis of this unusual combination.

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A partir de questionamentos levantados pelo filme Sinédoque, New York (2008), pretende-se discutir a articulação da angústia hipocondríaca com a temporalidade. Observa-se que no filme o recurso do flashback não é utilizado; a temporalidade, que se instaura diante da angústia relacionada a sintomas hipocondríacos do personagem, calca-se em um presente absoluto. A hipocondria foi considerada por Freud uma neurose atual e a angústia a ela articulada opera como a contrapartida afetiva do encontro com o desamparo gerado pelo desfacelamento da imagem corporal. Estamos, portanto, diante da face traumática desse afeto que torna a ser discutido no contexto das neuroses traumáticas e mediante o conceito de angústia automática em 1926. A partir de então, a questão da atualidade dos sintomas, já indicada nas neuroses atuais, ganha um novo sentido: trata-se de uma problemática que não pôde ser representada e, por isso, insiste, instaurando eterno retorno do presente.

À partir des questions soulevées par le film Synecdoque, New York (2008), nous prétendons discuter l'articulation de l'angoisse hypocondriaque avec la temporalité. On observe que dans le film la fonction flashback n'est pas utilisée ; la temporalité, qui est établie sur l'angoisse liée à des symptômes hypocondriaques du personnage, installe un présent absolu. L'hypocondrie a été considérée par Freud une névrose actuelle et l'angoisse qu'elle articule fonctionne comme une contrepartie affective de la rencontre avec la détresse générée par la fragmentation de l'image corporelle. Nous sommes donc devant la face traumatique de cette affection qui est reprise comme objet de discussion dans le contexte des névroses traumatiques et à travers le concept d'angoisse automatique en 1926. Depuis lors, la question de l'actualité des symptômes, déjà soulignée quant aux névroses actuelles, obtient une nouvelle signification : il s'agit d'une problématique qui n'a pas pu être représentée et qui, de ce fait, insiste, tout en instaurant l'éternel retour du présente.

A partir de cuestiones surgidas de la película Synecdoche, New York (2008), en este texto se pretende discutir la articulación de la angustia hipocondríaca con la temporalidad. Se observa que en la película no se utiliza el mecanismo de flashback; la temporalidad que se establece relacionada con los síntomas hipocondríacos del personaje se articula a un presente absoluto. La hipocondría fue considerada por Freud una neurosis actual y la angustia articulada a ella una contrapartida afectiva del encuentro con la impotencia generada por la fragmentación de la imagen corporal. Estamos, por consiguiente, frente a la faceta traumática de este afecto que vuelve a ser discutido en el contexto de las neurosis traumáticas y a través del concepto de angustia automática en 1926. Desde entonces, el tema de la actualidad de los síntomas, como señalan en las neurosis actuales, logra un nuevo significado: es un problema que no puede ser representado, por lo tanto, insiste, estableciendo un eterno retorno al presente.

It's the intention of this article, based on questions raised by the film Synecdoche, New York (2008), to discuss the articulation of hypochondriacal anxiety with temporality. It is noteworthy that the flashback feature is not used in the film; temporality, presented in light of the anxiety related to the hypochondriacal symptoms of the character, is fixed in an absolute present. Freud considered Hypochondria to be an actual neurosis and the anxiety articulated with it operates as an affective counterpart to the encounter with helplessness generated by the fragmentation of body image. We are, therefore, before the traumatic face of this affection that would once again be discussed, in the context of traumatic neurosis and through the concept of automatic anxiety, in 1926. Since then, the issue of the actuality of the symptoms, as indicated in the actual neurosis, gains a new meaning: it is a problem that could not be represented and therefore persists, establishing an eternal recurrence of the present.

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Both cenestopathies (abnormal body sensations) and hypochondriac symptoms can occur in both acute and chronic psychotic disorders. The present article will brie?y describe some psychotic pictures that may accompanied with cenestopathies and/ or hypochondriacal symptoms. All descriptions will be illustrated with clinical examples to facilitate the understanding and delimitation of these diseases.

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Abstract In Brazil, studies investigating the personality characteristics of chronic pain patients are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the personality characteristics of patients with chronic pain and to compare them with those of patients without this condition. To this end, the Personality Disorders Dimensional Inventory and the Hypochondriasis scale of the Brazilian version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were administered. Two different statistical analyses were carried out: the t - test to determine the differences between the scores for the two groups and the logistic regression analysis to examine the predictive power of the scales for the diagnosis of chronic pain. The results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among the Histrionic, Hypochondriasis, and Sadistic scales as predictors for the groups studied, with larger effect sizes on the Histrionic and Hypochondriasis scales. The authors suggest that the use of these scales in a clinical context may provide important information for health professionals.

Resumo No Brasil, estudos investigando as características da personalidade em pacientes com dor crônica são escassos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar as características da personalidade em pacientes com dor crônica e compará-las com as de pessoas sem esse diagnóstico. Para tanto, foram aplicados o Inventário Dimensional de Transtornos da Personalidade e a Escala de Hipocondria da versão brasileira do Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Duas análises estatísticas distintas foram empregadas, sendo elas o teste t, para verificar diferenças entre as pontuações dos dois grupos, e a análise de regressão logística, para investigar a capacidade preditiva das escalas para o diagnóstico de dor crônica. Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) nas escalas Histriônico, Hipocondria e Sádico como preditores dos grupos estabelecidos, com maiores magnitudes as escalas Histriônico e Hipocondria. Os autores sugerem que o uso das escalas para o contexto clínico pode agregar informações relevantes para o profissional.

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O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a singularidade da dimensão de memória na hipocondria. A angústia corporal que lhe é característica constitui um dos modos mais arcaicos de vivência da experiência de morte, projetando-se na concretude e no imediato do corpo. Na hipocondria, o caráter persecutório que incide sobre o corpo do sujeito implica uma “atualização” no sentido de um retorno demoníaco do mesmo, de um vivido traumático primordial. O perigo iminente de morte, apresentado pela doença grave da qual esses sujeitos estão convencidos de terem sido acometidos, expressa a contínua percepção que eles têm dos estados do corpo. Isso resulta da permanência na vida psíquica de um tempo presentificado, tempo do arcaico, mais próximo do registro da percepção. Desse modo, o ego atualiza seu modo de existência mais elementar e primordial, protegendo-se, paradoxalmente, dos efeitos do traumático.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser le caractère unique de la dimension de la mémoire dans l’hypocondrie. La détresse corporelle caractéristique est l’un des modes les plus archaïques du vécu de l’expérience de la mort, qui se reflète dans la matérialité et l’immédiateté du corps. Dans l’ hypocondrie, le caractère de persécution qui se concentre sur le corps du sujet implique une ® mise à jour ¼ dans le sens d’un retour démoniaque du même, un vécu traumatique primaire. Le danger imminent de mort, présenté par la maladie grave dont ces sujets sont convaincus qu’ils ont été touchés exprime la percepcion continué qu’ils ont de ses états de corps. Ceci résulte de la permanence dans la vie psychique d’un temps présentifié, temps de l’archaïque, plus proche du champs de la perception. Ainsi, le moi met à jour son mode d’existance le plus primordial et fondamental, tout en se protégeant, paradoxalement, des effets traumatisants.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la singularidad de la dimensión de la memoria en la hipocondría. La angustia corporal que es su característica es uno de los modos más arcaicos de la experiencia demuerte, que se proyecta en la concretud y en el inmediato del cuerpo. En la hipocondría, el carácter persecutorio que incide en el cuerpo del sujeto implica una “actualización”, en el sentido de un retorno demoníaco de lo mismo, un vivido traumático primario. El riesgo inminente de muerte, presentado por la enfermedad grave que estos sujetos están convencidos de que les afectan, expresa la continua percepción que tienen de sus estados corporales. Esto resulta la permanencia en la vida psíquica de un tiempo presentificado, tiempo del arcaico, más cerca del registro de la percepción. Así, el ego actualiza su modo de vida más básico y primordial, mientras paradójicamente protege a sí mismo de los efectos del trauma.

The aim of this article is to analyze the uniqueness of the dimension of memory in hypochondria. Its characteristic body distress is one of the most archaic modes of death experience, projecting itself into the concrete and into the immediate of the body. In hypochondria, the persecutory character that affects the subject’s body implies an “updating” in the sense of a devilish return of the same, a primary traumatic experience. The imminent danger of death, presented by the serious illness these subjects are convinced to have been affected by, expresses the continuing perception they have of body states. This comes from how long the time made present, an archaic time, stayed in the psychic life, closer to the level of perception. Thus, the ego updates its most basic and primordial mode of existing, paradoxically protecting itself from the effects of trauma.

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