RESUMO
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Compounds (PPCPs) are contaminants present in wastewater and in the receiving surface waters, which have no regulations and can bring on environmental risks. In this study, we evaluated the presence of six PPCPs in the Oro River Sub-basin (Colombia) and the environmental risk associated with them. We have verified that the monitored rivers show the presence of Ibuprofen, Cephalexin and Carbamazepine; the first ones (Ibuprofen and cephalexin) were those that presented higher concentrations since they are widely prescribed in Colombia. Pharmaceutical compound concentrations in the rivers downstream of the wastewater treatment plants from Floridablanca were higher than in other monitoring sites being a significant point source of contamination. This wastewater treatment plant receives hospital discharges from the city, including internationally recognized clinics accepting patients from different parts of the country. The environmental risk assessment showed that ibuprofen and Cephalexin have a higher impact on aquatic organisms.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Rios/química , Medição de Risco , Colômbia , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Ibuprofeno/análise , Ibuprofeno/toxicidadeRESUMO
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the dissolution properties of ibuprofen solid oral dosage forms commercially available in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to estimate the influence of dissolution medium composition on the drug release. Eight products (A-H) were subjected to in vitro dissolution test using experimental conditions described in USP42-NF37. Dissolution properties of one selected product were examined in the presence of alcohol (22.2% v/v) and fruit juice (22.2% v/v). Products marked B-H complied with the pharmacopeial criteria. Dissolution profile of product B was similar with dissolution profiles of products D, E, F and G and similarity was also found between products A-D, C-G, D-G and E-F. Drug release from most of the examined preparations fitted best to the Weibull kinetic model. In the presence of alcohol in the medium, higher amount of ibuprofen was dissolved. Contrary, ibuprofen dissolved in the presence of fruit juice was significantly lower. Differences in the dissolution profiles of investigated preparations suggest that their interchangeability should be additionally considered and demonstrated with in vivo bioequivalence studies. Presence of different substances in the medium can affect dissolution properties of ibuprofen, emphasizing the importance of the patient's compliance.
Assuntos
Ibuprofeno/análise , Intercambialidade de Medicamentos , Dissolução , Comprimidos , Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A screening for microcontaminants performed by gas chromatography detected several microcontaminants in 12 sediment samples from the eutrophic estuary Guanabara Bay (GB) in southeastern Brazil. Bisphenol A (BPA) ranged from 1.4 to 20.3 ng g-1, 4-octylphenol, from Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos
, Poluentes Químicos da Água
, Disruptores Endócrinos/análise
, Estrona/análise
, Estuários
, Diclofenaco/análise
, Ibuprofeno/análise
, Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise
, Genfibrozila/análise
, Naproxeno
, Brasil
, Baías
, Fenóis/análise
, Estrogênios/análise
, Estradiol/análise
, Estriol/análise
, Preparações Farmacêuticas
, Monitoramento Ambiental
RESUMO
The aim of present study was to evaluate chemical composition and different biological activities viz., pharmacological and antioxidant activities of essential oils. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry while biological activities were evaluated by standard protocols. Essential oils of Hedychium spicatum Sm. from two different ecological niches viz; Nainital (Site-I) and Himachal Pradesh (Site-II) of India revealed the qualitative and quantitative chemo-diversity. Both the oils were dominated by oxygenated terpenoids. Major marker compounds identified were eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, α-eudesmol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and iso-borneol. Both the oils exhibited anti-inflammatory activity suppressing 17.60 % to 33.57 % inflammation at 100mg/kg b. wt. dose levels compared to ibuprofen-treated group (40.06 %). The sub-acute inflammation in oils-treated mice groups (50 and 100 mg/kg b. wt.) increased on day 2 but showed a gradual decrease from day 3 onwards and then recovered to normal by day 10. The antinociception percentage for doses (50 and 100 mg/kg b. wt.) ranged from 33.70-40.46 % in Site-I and 30.34-42.39 % in Site-II compared to standard drug, ibuprofen (43.08 %). The oils also showed a good antipyretic effect by suppressing Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) induced pyrexia after oil dose injection. The oils also exhibited good antioxidant activity.
Assuntos
Ibuprofeno/química , Óleos Voláteis , Zingiberaceae , Animais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Cânfora/análise , Cânfora/farmacologia , Eucaliptol/análise , Ibuprofeno/análise , Ibuprofeno/farmacologia , Inflamação , Camundongos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Rizoma/química , Zingiberaceae/químicaRESUMO
Abstract The administration of medications on the skin through transcutaneous routes is a practice that has been used by mankind for millennia. Some studies have been reporting the use of terpenes and natural oils rich in terpenes as an enhancer of cutaneous penetration. Copaiba oil, due to its rich content of terpenes, presents itself as a great choice of penetration enhancer for drugs administered on the skin. In this study, we developed two cream formulations containing 5% of ibuprofen (IBU) and copaiba oil: IBCO5 and IBCO10 with 5% and 10% of copaiba oil respectively. Ex vivo cutaneous penetration/permeation studies of IBU were performed using pig ear skin as biological membrane in the Franz-type diffusion cells. The steady-state flux of IBU samples, IBCO5 (35.72 ± 6.35) and IBCO10 (29.78 ± 2.41) were significantly higher when compared with control without copaiba oil (10.32 ±1.52) and with a commercial product (14.44 ± 2.39). In the penetration analysis, the amount of IBU found in the samples IBCO5 and IBCO10 was markedly higher in the dermis than epidermis. Our results showed that copaiba oil possesses attracting properties in promoting skin penetration and permeation of IBU when added into cream formulations.
Assuntos
Pele , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Ibuprofeno/análise , Fabaceae/efeitos adversos , Terpenos/efeitos adversos , Óleos/análise , Preparações Farmacêuticas/classificaçãoRESUMO
The combination of arginine and ibuprofen is widely used for pain relief with a faster onset of action than conventional ibuprofen. Therefore, the determination of both compounds in a single run is highly desirable for rapid quality control applications. This paper reports an ultra-fast method (100 injections/h) for simultaneous determination of arginine and ibuprofen using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The separation of arginine as cation and ibuprofen as anion was achieved using a background electrolyte composed by an equimolar mixture of 10 mmol/L of 2-(cyclohexylamino) ethanesulfonic acid and boric acid with pH adjusted to 8.4 using potassium hydroxide. The limits of detections were 5.3 and 10.0 µmol/L for arginine and ibuprofen, respectively. The proposed method is simple, fast (one analysis every 35 s), environmentally friendly (minimal waste generation) and accurate (recovery values between 95 and 98%).
Assuntos
Arginina/análise , Eletroforese Capilar/métodos , Ibuprofeno/análise , Condutividade ElétricaRESUMO
There have been few reports in the peer-reviewed literature on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in municipal wastewater from the Caribbean region. In this study of wastewater collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Barbados, caffeine and ibuprofen were detected at µg/L concentrations, whereas two steroid hormones (i.e. androstenedione, estrone) and several prescription pharmaceuticals were detected at ng/L concentrations. Among drugs of abuse, benzoylecgonine (i.e. metabolite of cocaine), MDMA (i.e. Ecstasy) and MDA (i.e. 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) were present at the highest concentrations in untreated wastewater. Overall, these data show that there is potential impact in the marine environment in Barbados from CECs discharged into the coastal zone.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Águas Residuárias/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , 3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/análise , Androstenodiona/análise , Barbados , Cafeína/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Cocaína/análogos & derivados , Cocaína/análise , Estrona/análise , Ibuprofeno/análise , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The guidelines for the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) recommend the use of standard ecotoxicity assays and the assessment of endpoints at the individual level to evaluate potential effects of PPCP on biota. However, effects at the sub-individual level can also affect the ecological fitness of marine organisms chronically exposed to PPCP. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the environmental risk of two PPCP in marine sediments: triclosan (TCS) and ibuprofen (IBU), using sub-individual and developmental endpoints. The environmental levels of TCS and IBU were quantified in marine sediments from the vicinities of the Santos submarine sewage outfall (Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil) at 15.14 and 49.0 ng g-1, respectively. A battery (n = 3) of chronic bioassays (embryo-larval development) with a sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and a bivalve (Perna perna) were performed using two exposure conditions: sediment-water interface and elutriates. Moreover, physiological stress through the Neutral Red Retention Time Assay (NRRT) was assessed in the estuarine bivalve Mytella charruana exposed to TCS and IBU spiked sediments. These compounds affected the development of L. variegatus and P. perna (75 ng g-1 for TCS and 15 ng g-1 for IBU), and caused a significant decrease in M. charruana lysosomal membrane stability at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.08 ng g-1 for TCS and 0.15 ng g-1 for IBU). Chemical and ecotoxicological data were integrated and the risk quotient estimated for TCS and IBU were higher than 1.0, indicating a high environmental risk of these compounds in sediments. These are the first data of sediment risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products of Latin America. In addition, the results suggest that the ERA based only on individual-level and standard toxicity tests may overlook other biological effects that can affect the health of marine organisms exposed to PPCP.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Ibuprofeno/análise , Triclosan/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Organismos Aquáticos , Brasil , Ecotoxicologia , Perna (Organismo) , Medição de Risco , Esgotos , Testes de Toxicidade/métodosRESUMO
ABSTRACT A matrix system was developed that releases ibuprofen (IB) over a 12-hour period and the influence of the polymer type and concentration on the release rate of the drug was evaluated. Tablets containing different concentrations of Carbopol (CP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), or ethyl cellulose (EC) were prepared using direct compression and the drug content, content uniformity, hardness, friability, dissolution performance, and in vitro release kinetics were examined. Formulated tablets were found to be within acceptable limits for physical and chemical parameters. The release kinetics of the Carbopol(r)971P 8% formulation showed the best linearity (r 2 =0.977) in fitting zero-order kinetics, suggesting the release rate was time independent. The drug release from tablets containing 8% CP was extended over approximately 18 hours and the release kinetics were nearly linear, suggesting that this system has the potential to maintain constant plasma drug concentrations over 12 hours, which could reduce the frequency of administration and the occurrence of adverse effects associated with repeated administration of conventional IB tablets.
Assuntos
Comprimidos/análise , Técnicas In Vitro/instrumentação , Ibuprofeno/análise , Solubilidade , Administração OralRESUMO
Emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals are a class of compounds that are causing great concern due to several environmental problems. Conventional water and wastewater treatments do not achieve high removal efficiencies for many of these drugs. Therefore, the present work investigated the removal of ibuprofen (IBP) by heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 irradiated with artificial UV light or solar radiation. The treated solutions were tested against Daphnia similis and Raphidocelis subcapitata, which are species commonly used as bioindicators of environmental conditions. The results indicated that IBP removal reached 92 % after 1 h of treatment using artificial UV and 1000 mg L(-1) of TiO2, which was the optimum catalyst concentration in the range studied (20-1000 mg L(-1)). TOC removal reached up to 78 % after 60 min of treatment using TiO2/artificial UV. Ecotoxicological bioassays indicated that the treated solutions had acute effects, with 30 % immobilization of D. similis and 40 % growth inhibition of R. subcapitata.