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The effects of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip)and the flavonoid quercetin were tested during the induction of in vivomyocardial ischemia/ reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus. The antioxidant power of the extract and quercetin were chemically determined. The experimental groups were: control, ischemia/reperfusion induction, Iporal treatment, Iporal treatment and ischemia /reperfusion, quercetin oral treatment, and quercetin oral treatment and ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and xylazine via intraperitoneal injection and subsequently underwent 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia was promoted by tying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Areas of risk and infarction were stained by intravenous Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxylradicals, and lipid peroxidation of the myocardium were quantified. A significant reduction in areas of risk and infarction was detected in the ischemic myocardium treated with Ipand quercetin; ROS generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced, and the antioxidant capacity was elevated. Oral administration of Ippromoted antioxidant benefits in the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion, which reduced infarction. We suggest that Mate (a hot drink made from steeped dried leaves of Ip) consumption is a potential cardioprotective habit of indigenous people from southern South American countries, which must be better understood scientifically and ethnographically.

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Abstract This study presents an Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion with important potential as natural iron-chelating. The impact of infusion time and the water volume to obtain an Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion with high phenolic content and iron chelating activity, such as the stability of these proprieties in the storage time and temperature (immediately and after 24 h at 8 and 25 (C) were assessed. The acute consumption effect of this infusion to reduce iron absorption in vivo was also evaluated. A preliminary crossover trial with volunteers that ingested a meal containing non-haem iron (11.4 mg) with the treatments: Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion with the highest phenolic content and iron chelating activity (200 mL) or control (200 mL water). Blood samples were withdrawn before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the meal for serum iron measurement. The highest phenolic content (18.1 mg/mL) and iron chelating activity ((100%) were observed for 10 min infusion time using 30 g leaves/300 mL water. Storage at 8 or 25 (C for 24 h decreased total phenolics and di-caffeoylquinic acids by 23.5% and 25.5%, respectively (p< 0.05), without affecting the iron-chelating activity due to a saturating chelating effect at 3.34 mg/mL phenolic content. Inhibition of the iron absorption in vivo by infusion was 78% considering the iron recovery at peak maximum. The in vitro and preliminary in vivo results showed a functional property of the Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion that may be useful for adjuvant management of iron overload diseases.

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Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) is an arboreal species of great economic and socio-environmental importance, which presents difficulties in the adventitious rooting process. The rhizogenic competence of vegetative propagules of mate can be attained by coppicing, but the factors that influence the success of this technique have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the stock plant, time of shoot collection, treatment with indolebutyric acid (IBA) and diameter of vegetative propagules in the adventitious rooting of cuttings from shoots induced by coppicing of selected adult plants of mate. Shoots produced from coppiced 13SM01 and 13SM05 stock plants were collected at different times of the year to prepare single-bud cuttings. The cuttings were measured as their diameter in the central portion and treated with 0 and 3000 mg L-¹ of IBA. After 60 days, cuttings were evaluated to determine survival and rooting percentages, number of roots, and length of the three largest roots. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 2 × 2 × 13 (collection times x stock plants x IBA treatment x diameter classes) factorial scheme with 15 replications. Competence for adventitious rooting was highest for stock plant 13SM05. Cuttings collected in November and February had the highest rooting percentages, without the need of IBA treatment. Cuttings from 13SM01 and 13SM05 with diameters smaller than 0.636 cm (classes 1 to 6) and smaller than 0.712 cm (classes 1 to 7), respectively, had the highest rooting percentages and differed significantly from cuttings with larger diameters. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that stock plants, time of shoot collection, and diameter of vegetative propagules influence adventitious rooting competence of mate cuttings from coppicing adult plants. Rooting of mate cuttings with lower rhizogenic competence is influenced by the application of 3000 mg L-¹ of IBA.

A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) é uma espécie arbórea de grande importância econômicae socioambiental, que apresenta dificuldades no processo de enraizamento adventício. A competência rizogênica dos propágulos vegetativos de erva-mate pode ser obtida pelo decepa, mas os fatores que influenciam no sucesso dessa técnica ainda não foram elucidados. Assim sendo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência das características genéticas das plantas matrizes, das épocas de coleta, do tratamento com ácido indol-butírico (AIB) e do diâmetro de propágulos vegetativos no enraizamento adventício de estacas de brotações provenientes da decepa de plantas adultas selecionadas de erva-mate. Brotações produzidas a partir da decepa das plantas matrizes 13SM01 e 13SM05 foram coletadas em diferentes épocas e seccionadas em estacas de gema única. As estacas tiveram os diâmetros medidos na porção central e foram tratadas com 0 e 3000 mg L-1 de AIB. Aos 60 dias de cultivo, as estacas foram avaliadas quanto às porcentagens de sobrevivência e enraizamento, número de raízes e comprimento médio das três maiores raízes. O experimento foi um fatorial 4 × 2 × 2 × 13 (época de coleta x planta matriz x tratamento com AIB x classe de diâmetro das estacas) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 15 repetições. A competência ao enraizamento adventício foi maior nas estacas coletadas da planta matriz 13SM05. As estacas coletadas em novembro e fevereiro apresentaram as maiores porcentagens de enraizamento, sem a necessidade de tratamento com AIB. Estacas oriundas de 13SM01 e 13SM05 com diâmetros menores que 0,636 cm (classes 1 a 6) e 0,712 cm (classes 1 a 7),respectivamente, apresentaram os maiores percentuais de enraizamento e diferiram significativamente das estacas com maiores diâmetros. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que as plantas matrizes, a época de coleta das brotações e o diâmetro dos propágulos vegetativos [...].

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Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) is an arboreal species of great economic and socio-environmental importance, which presents difficulties in the adventitious rooting process. The rhizogenic competence of vegetative propagules of mate can be attained by coppicing, but the factors that influence the success of this technique have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the stock plant, time of shoot collection, treatment with indolebutyric acid (IBA) and diameter of vegetative propagules in the adventitious rooting of cuttings from shoots induced by coppicing of selected adult plants of mate. Shoots produced from coppiced 13SM01 and 13SM05 stock plants were collected at different times of the year to prepare single-bud cuttings. The cuttings were measured as their diameter in the central portion and treated with 0 and 3000 mg L-¹ of IBA. After 60 days, cuttings were evaluated to determine survival and rooting percentages, number of roots, and length of the three largest roots. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 2 × 2 × 13 (collection times x stock plants x IBA treatment x diameter classes) factorial scheme with 15 replications. Competence for adventitious rooting was highest for stock plant 13SM05. Cuttings collected in November and February had the highest rooting percentages, without the need of IBA treatment. Cuttings from 13SM01 and 13SM05 with diameters smaller than 0.636 cm (classes 1 to 6) and smaller than 0.712 cm (classes 1 to 7), respectively, had the highest rooting percentages and differed significantly from cuttings with larger diameters. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that stock plants, time of shoot collection, and diameter of vegetative propagules influence adventitious rooting competence of mate cuttings from coppicing adult plants. Rooting of mate cuttings with lower rhizogenic competence is influenced by the application of 3000 mg L-¹ of IBA.(AU)

A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) é uma espécie arbórea de grande importância econômicae socioambiental, que apresenta dificuldades no processo de enraizamento adventício. A competência rizogênica dos propágulos vegetativos de erva-mate pode ser obtida pelo decepa, mas os fatores que influenciam no sucesso dessa técnica ainda não foram elucidados. Assim sendo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência das características genéticas das plantas matrizes, das épocas de coleta, do tratamento com ácido indol-butírico (AIB) e do diâmetro de propágulos vegetativos no enraizamento adventício de estacas de brotações provenientes da decepa de plantas adultas selecionadas de erva-mate. Brotações produzidas a partir da decepa das plantas matrizes 13SM01 e 13SM05 foram coletadas em diferentes épocas e seccionadas em estacas de gema única. As estacas tiveram os diâmetros medidos na porção central e foram tratadas com 0 e 3000 mg L-1 de AIB. Aos 60 dias de cultivo, as estacas foram avaliadas quanto às porcentagens de sobrevivência e enraizamento, número de raízes e comprimento médio das três maiores raízes. O experimento foi um fatorial 4 × 2 × 2 × 13 (época de coleta x planta matriz x tratamento com AIB x classe de diâmetro das estacas) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 15 repetições. A competência ao enraizamento adventício foi maior nas estacas coletadas da planta matriz 13SM05. As estacas coletadas em novembro e fevereiro apresentaram as maiores porcentagens de enraizamento, sem a necessidade de tratamento com AIB. Estacas oriundas de 13SM01 e 13SM05 com diâmetros menores que 0,636 cm (classes 1 a 6) e 0,712 cm (classes 1 a 7),respectivamente, apresentaram os maiores percentuais de enraizamento e diferiram significativamente das estacas com maiores diâmetros. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que as plantas matrizes, a época de coleta das brotações e o diâmetro dos propágulos vegetativos [...].(AU)

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La cafeína (1,3,7-trimetilxantina), es uno de los componentes alimentarios más consumidos y estudiados. Aunque un consumo moderado no implica riesgos para la salud, un ingesta excesiva puede conducir a efectos adversos, tales como ansiedad, irritabilidad, palpitaciones e insomnio. Con el propósito de caracterizar el riesgo para la salud en mujeres adultas de 18 a 70 años en Argentina, se abordaron los siguientes objetivos: determinar el contenido de cafeína en cinco bebidas disponibles en el mercado argentino y con estos datos y otros de fuentes bibliográficas estimar la ingesta media diaria de esta sustancia en dicha población para establecer si existen grupos en riesgo, estudiar la relación de dicha ingesta con el lugar de residencia y determinar el aporte de cada bebida y alimento a la ingesta diaria total. La determinación de cafeína se realizó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). A través de un cuestionario distribuido en la web, se obtuvieron datos de consumo de cafeína de 1947 mujeres que cumplieron el criterio de inclusión. Se encontraron contenidos más altos de cafeína en café expreso (1300 mg/L) y mate cebado (950 mg/L). En el total de la muestra el consumo promedio de cafeína fue de 340 mg/día (5,5 mg/kg/día), excediendo, el 31% de las participantes la ingesta recomendada de 400 mg/día. De las mujeres en edad fértil, el 37% excedió la ingesta de 300 mg/día y el 52% la de 200 mg/día, recomendadas durante la gestación y la lactancia. En el percentil 90 estas mujeres consumieron 851 mg/día y 775 mg/día de cafeína, respectivamente. El mate cebado y el café resultaron los mayores contribuyentes a la ingesta diaria de cafeína en este grupo de mujeres y en la muestra total. Se encontraron diferencias regiona­les en el consumo del mate cebado, resultando Misiones y Corrientes las provincias de mayores ingestas. Si bien el 68% de las personas entrevistadas consumieron dosis moderadas de cafeína, más de un cuarto de las mujeres en edad reproductiva excedió las ingestas recomendadas para el embarazo y la lactancia.

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most consumed and studied food ingredients. Although moderate consumption does not imply health risks, excess intake may lead to adverse effects, such as anxiety, irritability, palpitations and insomnia. In order to characterize the health risk in adult women aged 18 to 70 in Argentina, the following objectives were ad­dressed: to determine the caffeine content in five beverages available in the Argentine market and with these data and others from bibliographic sources estimate the daily intake of caffeine in this population to establish if there are groups at risk; to study the relation of this intake with the place of residence and to determine the contribution of each beverage and food to the total daily intake. The determination of caffeine was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Through a questionnaire distributed on the web, caffeine consumption data were obtained from 1947 women who met the inclusion criteria. Higher caf­feine contents were found in espresso coffee (1300 mg/L) and mate "cebado" (950 mg/L). In the sample, mean caffeine intake was 340 mg/day (5.5 mg/kg/day), with 31% of the participants exceeding the recommended intake of 400 mg/day. Of the women of childbearing age, 37% exceeded the intake of 300 mg/day and 52% the intake of 200 mg/day recommended during gestation and lactation. In the 90th percentile, these women consumed 851 mg/day and 775 mg/day of caffeine, respectively. Mate "cebado" and coffee were the major contributors to daily caffeine intake in this group of women and in the total sample. Regional differences were found in the consumption of mate "cebado", being Misiones and Corrientes the provinces with the highest intakes. Although 68% of the people interviewed consumed moderate doses of caffeine, more than a quarter of the women of reproductive age exceeded the recommended intakes for pregnancy and lactation.

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Regarding 'mate' intake (infusion of Ilex paraguariensis herb, a staple beverage in temperate South American regions), most epidemiologic studies showed positive associations with risk of some cancers, (e.g. upper aerodigestive tract), but evidence on breast cancer (BC) risk is limited to a previous multi-site study, which reported a non significant odds ratio [OR]=0.85, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.67-1.09, p for trend=0.31) for the highest quartile of intake. The present study was conducted in order to further assess associations of 'mate' intake with BC risk. We combined two databases of women belonging to public and private healthcare hospitals. The sample included 572 BC incident cases and 889 controls interviewed with a specific questionnaire featured by socio-demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, and a food frequency questionnaire of 64 items, also analyzing 'mate' intake (consumer status, daily intake, age at start, age at quit, duration of habit, intensity of intake). ORs and their 95%CI were calculated through unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant potential confounders. The highest quartile of 'mate' intake was inversely associated with BC risk (OR=0.40, 95%CI 0.26-0.57, p for trend <0.001). Stratified analyses also displayed strong significant inverse associations for 'mate' in frequent tea drinkers (OR=0.22), high energy intake (OR=0.23), high body mass index (OR=0.29) and in postmenopausal women (OR=0.36), among other results. As conclusions, we found evidence of a significant inverse association for 'mate' intake and BC risk.

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Introducción: el consumo de cafeína es un hábito extendido a nivel mundial, destacándose el mate en los países del cono sur como una fuente importante de ingesta. Objetivos: valorar la ingesta de cafeína en el embarazo, el aporte de las diferentes fuentes de ingesta y su relación con el peso al nacer. Metodología y población: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal que incluyó 240 puérperas y sus recién nacidos sanos de 35 semanas de gestación o mayores. Resultados: la media de edad materna fue de 24,96 (DE=6,01). Estaban casadas o convivían con su pareja 179 mujeres (74,58%). De ellas 67 (28,03%) eran primigestas. La media de controles del embarazo fue 7,31 (DE=3,32) y nacieron por cesárea 70 (29,17%). Las características de los recién nacidos reflejan los criterios de inclusión referidos: 35 semanas de gestación o mayores, vigorosos, internados junto a su madre luego del nacimiento. Durante todo el embarazo la fuente principal de cafeína fue la ingesta de mate. La media de consumo de cafeína fue de 273,99 mg/día; el consumo de mate es la principal fuente de cafeína con una media de 240 mg/día, aportando un 85% de la ingesta diaria de cafeína. Se observó consumo de cafeína mayor de 300 mg/día en 77 embarazadas, 32% de la muestra. La ingesta de cafeína mayor a 300 mg/día se asocia al nacimiento de un niño pequeño para la edad gestacional, la ingesta de 100 mg de cafeína por día disminuye el peso al nacer en 38 g, independientemente del índice de masa corporal y el hábito de fumar. Conclusiones: el consumo de cafeína es elevado en las embarazadas en Uruguay, superando los 300 mg diarios en 32% de la muestra. La ingesta de mate es la fuente principal de cafeína en esta población. El consumo de cafeína mayor a 300 mg diarios se asocia a mayor riesgo de recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. (...)

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