RESUMO
Finding an ideal anesthetic agent for postoperative pain control, with long action and low side effects, is still a challenge. Local anesthetics have potential for such application if their time of action is improved. This work introduces a new hybrid formulation formed by the association of a nanostructured lipid carrier with a biopolymeric system to encapsulate bupivacaine (BVC). The hybrid formulation was physicochemical and structurally characterized by DLS, TEM, DSC, XRD and FTIR-ATR, and it remained stable for 12 months at room temperature. In vivo analgesia and imaging tests showed that the hybrid system was able to modulate the release, and to increase the concentration of BVC at the site of action, by forming a nanogel in situ. Such nanogel improved over 5 times (>24 h) the anesthesia duration, when compared to free BVC at clinical (0.5%) doses. Therefore, this novel in situ-forming nanogel shows great potential to be used in postsurgical pain control, improving the action of BVC, without losing its versatility of (infiltrative) application.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais , Bupivacaína , Nanoestruturas , Alginatos/química , Alginatos/farmacologia , Anestésicos Locais/química , Anestésicos Locais/farmacocinética , Anestésicos Locais/farmacologia , Animais , Bupivacaína/química , Bupivacaína/farmacocinética , Bupivacaína/farmacologia , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Implantes de Medicamento/farmacocinética , Implantes de Medicamento/farmacologia , Géis , Masculino , Nanoestruturas/química , Nanoestruturas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Mounting evidence showing that local nitric oxide (NO) delivery may significantly improve the wound healing process has stimulated the development of wound dressings capable of releasing NO topically. Herein, we describe the preparation of a self-expandable NO-releasing hydrolyzed collagen sponge (CS), charged with the endogenously found NO donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). We show that cold pressed and GSNO-charged CS (CS/GSNO) undergo self-expansion to its original 3D shape upon water absorption to a swelling degree of 2,300 wt%, triggering the release of free NO. Topical application of compressed CS/GSNO on wounds in an animal model showed that exudate absorption by CS/GSNO leads to the release of higher NO doses during the inflammatory phase and progressively lower NO doses at later stages of the healing process. Moreover, treated animals showed significant increase in the mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), murine macrophage marker (F4/80), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase(MMP-9). Cluster differentiation 31 (CD31), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and F4/80 were measured on Days 7 and 12 by immunohistochemistry in the cicatricial tissue. These results indicate that the topical delivery of NO enhances the migration and infiltration of leucocytes, macrophages, and keratinocytes to the wounded tissue, as well as the neovascularization and collagen deposition, which are correlated with an accelerated wound closure. Thus, self-expandable CS/GSNO may represent a novel biocompatible and active wound dress for the topical delivery of NO on wounds.
Assuntos
Colágeno , Óxido Nítrico , S-Nitrosoglutationa , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Ferimentos e Lesões , Animais , Colágeno/química , Colágeno/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Implantes de Medicamento/farmacocinética , Implantes de Medicamento/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/química , Óxido Nítrico/farmacocinética , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , S-Nitrosoglutationa/química , S-Nitrosoglutationa/farmacocinética , S-Nitrosoglutationa/farmacologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/tratamento farmacológico , Ferimentos e Lesões/metabolismo , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the release of simvastatin from scaffolds composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and biphasic ceramic designed for bone engineering and to assess the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds. Samples with 30% and 70% porosity were obtained with 0, 2, 5, and 8 wt %. of simvastatin through the solvent evaporation technique and leaching of sucrose particles. Scaffold degradation and simvastatin release were evaluated in phosphate-buffered saline. Scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and microtomography for two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphological characterization of the porosity, connectivity, and intrinsic permeability. The mechanical characterization was conducted based on the compressive strength and the chemical characterization by differential scanning calorimetry and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Gradual and prolonged simvastatin release from the scaffolds was observed. The release followed the Korsmeyer kinetics model with the predominance of case II transport for 30% porosity scaffolds, and anomalous behavior for the 70% porosity samples. Simvastatin release was also influenced by the slow scaffold degradation due to the strong chemical interaction between simvastatin and PLGA, as observed by differential scanning calorimetry. The scaffolds presented spherical and sucrose crystal-shaped pores that resulted in a homogenous porosity, with a predominance of open pores, ensuring interconnectivity. Simvastatin incorporation into the scaffolds and increased porosity did not influence the mechanical properties. The scaffolds presented gradual and prolonged simvastatin release, with satisfactory physico-chemical and mechanical properties. The scaffolds presented gradual and prolonged simvastatin release, with satisfactory physico-chemical and mechanical properties, a promise for applications in bone regeneration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2152-2164, 2019.
Assuntos
Regeneração Óssea , Cerâmica/química , Hidroxiapatitas/química , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Sinvastatina , Animais , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Implantes de Medicamento/farmacocinética , Humanos , Sinvastatina/química , Sinvastatina/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Etoposide-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) implants were developed for intravitreal application. Implants were prepared by a solvent-casting method and characterized in terms of content uniformity, morphology, drug-polymer interaction, stability, and sterility. In vitro drug release was investigated and the implant degradation was monitored by the percent of mass loss. Implants were inserted into the vitreous cavity of rabbits' eye and the in vivo etoposide release profile was determined. Clinical examination and the Hen Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) method were performed to evaluate the implant tolerance. The original chemical structure of the etoposide was preserved after incorporation in the polymeric matrix, which the drug was dispersed uniformly. In vitro, implants promoted sustained release of the drug and approximately 57% of the etoposide was released in 50 days. In vivo, devices released approximately 63% of the loaded drug in 42 days. Ophthalmic examination and HET-CAM assay revealed no evidence of toxic effects of implants. These results tend to show that etoposide-loaded implants could be potentially useful as an intraocular etoposide delivery system in the future.
Assuntos
Implantes de Medicamento/metabolismo , Etoposídeo/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Ácido Poliglicólico/metabolismo , Corpo Vítreo/metabolismo , Animais , Galinhas , Implantes de Medicamento/administração & dosagem , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Etoposídeo/administração & dosagem , Etoposídeo/química , Injeções Intravítreas , Ácido Láctico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Láctico/química , Masculino , Ácido Poliglicólico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico , Coelhos , Corpo Vítreo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane using two animal models of neovascularization. METHODS: The percentage of blood vessels was evaluated in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane model (n=42) and in the rabbit cornea (n=24) with neovascularization induced by alkali injury. In each model, the animals were randomly divided into the groups treated with the bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane device, phosphate-buffered-saline (negative control) and bevacizumab commercial solution (positive control). Clinical examination, as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, were performed in the rabbit eyes. Microvascular density in hot spot areas was determined in semi-thin sections of corneal tissue by hematoxylin-eosin staining and factor VIII immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical analysis was also performed to evaluate VEGF expression. RESULTS: In the evaluated models, the use of bevacizumab (Avastin®) and the bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane device led to similar results with regard to inhibition of neovascularization. In the chorioallantoic membrane model, the bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane device reduced angiogenesis by 50.27% when compared to the negative control group. In the rabbit model of corneal neovascularization, the mean density of vessels/field was reduced by 46.87% on analysis of factor VIII immunohistochemistry photos in the bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane device group as compared to the negative control (PBS) sections. In both models, no significant difference could be identified between the bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane device and the positive control group, leading to similar results with regard to inhibition of neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that the bevacizumab-loaded polyurethane device may release bevacizumab and inhibit neovascularization similarly to commercial bevacizumab solution in the short-term.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/administração & dosagem , Bevacizumab/administração & dosagem , Neovascularização da Córnea/tratamento farmacológico , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Poliuretanos , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Neovascularização da Córnea/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Composição de Medicamentos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/instrumentação , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Feminino , Poliuretanos/química , CoelhosRESUMO
Recent advances in the treatment of Chagas disease have followed combinations of drugs that act synergistically against infection, predominantly including benznidazole (BNZ) and azoles derivatives. Possible incompatibilities between these drugs, slow dissolution of BNZ and dose adjustment difficulties are technological obstacles to the development of multidrug formulations. Thus, in the present study, BNZ pellets were developed using extrusion spheronization for immediate drug delivery. Preformulation studies were then performed using thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy and compatibility between the drug and selected excipients (polyethylene glycol 6000, sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose) was investigated. No chemical decomposition of BNZ was observed, even in samples submitted to wet granulation and thermal stress. Subsequently, formulations were elaborated according to a simplex lattice experimental design using polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate and sodium croscarmellose as disintegrating agents. In these experiments, BNZ pellets showed appropriate physicochemical characteristics, including high drug load capacity and excellent flow properties. The mixture experimental design allowed identification of adequate compositions of disintegrating agents and achieved rapid disintegration and dissolution of pellets. Optimum performance was achieved using polyethylene glycol and sodium croscarmellose at 5.0% w/w each. The present BNZ pellets are versatile alternatives to treat Chagas disease and provide insights into the preparation of multidrug systems.
Assuntos
Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Nitroimidazóis/química , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/química , Carboximetilcelulose Sódica/química , Celulose/química , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Excipientes/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Solubilidade , Amido/análogos & derivados , Amido/químicaRESUMO
Several studies have shown the potential use of Ilex paraguariensis in developing products with the aim to protect biological systems against oxidative stress-mediated damages. In the same way, technological studies have demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining dry products, by spray-drying process, from aqueous extracts of I. paraguariensis in laboratory. The present work was designed to develop pellets by extrusion/spheronization process, from an I. paraguariensis spray-dried powder. The pellets were characterized with respect to their chemical, physical, and technological properties, and the thermal and the photostability of the main polyphenol constituents were investigated. The pellets exhibited adequate size, shape, and high process yield (78.7%), as well as a good recovery of the total polyphenols (>95%) and a good dissolution in water (89.44 to 100.05%). The polyphenols were stable against light when conditioned in amber glass bottles; unstable against heat when the samples were conditioned either in open glass bottles or in hermetically sealed glass bottles and demonstrated to be hygroscopic and sensible to the temperature, especially when stored in permeable flasks. These findings pointed to the relevance of reducing the residual moisture content of pellets as well as of conditioning them in opaque humidity tight packages under low temperatures. The feasibility of obtaining pellets from an I. paraguariensis spray-dried powder using extrusion/spheronization technique was, for the first time, demonstrated. This finding represents a novelty for the herbal products in both pharmaceutical and food fields.
Assuntos
Implantes de Medicamento/química , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Umidade , Tamanho da Partícula , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/química , Polifenóis/química , Pós/química , Solubilidade , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/métodos , TemperaturaRESUMO
Sustained chronic inflammation induces activation of genes involved in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, thereby causing skeletal muscle degeneration. To investigate in vitro effects of isolated pentacyclic triterpenes from Eugenia punicifolia (Ep-CM) upon signaling pathways involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle cell line proliferation, and in vivo muscular tissue remodeling. C2C12 cells were seeded on eight-well plates and [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, TUNEL assays, mitochondria viability, zymography for matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), Western blot analysis for MAPKinase signaling pathway, NFκB activation and HMGB1 production subsequently determined under basal conditions and after Ep-CM treatment. A polymer containing Ep-CM was implanted on the volar surface of gastrocnemius muscles subjected to acute injury induced by bupivacaine for local slow and gradual release of bioactive compounds, and mice killed 4 days after surgery. Ep-CM inhibited proliferation of C2C12 myoblast cell line in a dose-dependent manner, confirmed by reduction of [(3)H]-thymidine uptake without affecting cell viability or inducing apoptosis. The cytostatic effect of Ep-CM occurred mainly via inhibition of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) activation and DNA synthesis, possibly inhibiting the G1 phase of the cell cycle, since Ep-CM increased pAkt and p27(kip1) but reduced Cyclin D1. Ep-CM in vitro treatment increased MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities of C2C12 myoblast cells, but reduced in vivo MMP-9 activity and acute muscular inflammation. Besides cytostatic and anti-inflammatory effects, Ep-CM pentacyclic triterpenes also contributed to degradation of basement membrane components by activating mechanisms of skeletal muscle remodeling in response to local injury.
Assuntos
Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/administração & dosagem , Syzygium/química , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Mioblastos Esqueléticos/citologia , Mioblastos Esqueléticos/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Fitoterapia , Polímeros/químicaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to develop triamcinolone acetonide-loaded polyurethane implants (TA PU implants) for the local treatment of different pathologies including arthritis, ocular and neuroinflammatory disorders. The TA PU implants were characterized by FTIR, SAXS and WAXS. The in vitro and in vivo release of TA from the PU implants was evaluated. The efficacy of TA PU implants in suppressing inflammatory-angiogenesis in a murine sponge model was demonstrated. FTIR results revealed no chemical interactions between polymer and drug. SAXS results indicated that the incorporation of the drug did not disturb the polymer morphology. WAXS showed that the crystalline nature of the TA was preserved after incorporation into the PU. The TA released from the PU implants efficiently inhibited the inflammatory-angiogenesis induced by sponge discs in an experimental animal model. Finally, TA PU implants could be used as local drug delivery systems because of their controlled delivery of TA.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Implantes de Medicamento , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Neovascularização Patológica/prevenção & controle , Poliuretanos , Triancinolona Acetonida/administração & dosagem , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Feminino , Teste de Materiais , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Poliuretanos/química , Espalhamento a Baixo Ângulo , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The treatment of diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye is limited by the difficulty in transporting effective doses of drugs to the vitreous, retina, and choroid. Topically applied drugs are poorly absorbed due to the low permeability of the external ocular tissues and tearing. The blood-retina barrier limits drug diffusion from the systemic blood to the posterior segment, thus high doses of drug are needed to maintain therapeutic levels. In addition, systemic side effects are common. Intraocular injections could be an alternative, but the fast flowing blood supply in this region, associated with rapid clearance rates, causes drug concentration to quickly fall below therapeutic levels. To obtain therapeutic levels over longer time periods, polymeric sustained-drug release systems implanted within the vitreous are being studied for the treatment of vitreoretinal disorders. These systems are prepared using different kinds of biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers. This review aims to demonstrate the main characteristics of these drug delivery implants and their potential for clinical application.
O tratamento de doenças do segmento posterior do olho é limitado pela dificuldade no transporte de doses efetivas de fármacos para o vítreo, retina e coróide. Os fármacos aplicados topicamente são pouco absorvidos por causa da baixa permeabilidade dos tecidos oculares externos e ao lacrimejamento. Embora a administração sistêmica seja capaz de transportar fármacos para o segmento posterior do olho, as barreiras hemato-aquosa e hematorretiniana dificultam a absorção e, normalmente, são necessárias doses elevadas, as quais estão geralmente associadas a potenciais efeitos adversos. Injeções intravitreais são capazes de transportar fármacos para o segmento posterior do olho, mas é uma técnica invasiva, pouco tolerada pelos pacientes e apresenta riscos de infecções oculares e danos aos tecidos. Visando a obtenção de níveis terapêuticos adequados de fármacos no segmento posterior do bulbo do olho por longos períodos, sistemas de liberação poliméricos implantados diretamente no vítreo estão sendo investigados para o tratamento de várias doenças vítreo-retinianas. Esses implantes podem ser preparados a partir de diferentes polímeros biocompatíveis, biodegradáveis ou não-biodegradáveis. Nesta revisão, as principais características destes implantes transportadores de fármacos são descritas, expondo suas potencialidades de aplicação clínica.