RESUMO
Currently, the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 is related to G clade (including GH, GR, GRY and GV clades), which are associated with more than 98 % of sequenced viral isolates worldwide. The unprecedented velocity of spread of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak represents a critical need for prevention strategies. Vaccines are recently being available and antiviral drugs have shown limited efficacy in COVID-19 patients. Thus, it is needed to know how to reduce the infectivity of the virus by different physicochemical conditions in order to prevent exposure to contaminated material. This work describes heating and irradiating UV-C light procedures to reduce the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 belonging to different three lineages. Results of physicochemical treatment showed no differences among viral lineages. Analytical conditions for efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 were determined.
Assuntos
SARS-CoV-2/efeitos da radiação , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiação , COVID-19/virologia , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
The safety of the tissue transplant recipient is a top priority for tissue banks, and the emergence of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has raised significant concerns about the risks of releasing tissue for clinical use. In the present study, we conducted a literature review about the potential infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in different biological tissues and the influence of various tissue processing and sterilization procedures on viral inactivation. The search revealed that SARS-CoV-2 binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor to penetrate human cells. These receptors are present in skin cells, musculoskeletal tissue, amniotic membranes, cardiovascular tissue and ocular tissues, including the cornea. In general, we found that coronaviruses are stable at low temperatures, and inactivated upon exposure to extreme heat and pH. Notably, gamma irradiation, which has already been employed to inactivate SARS and MERS, could be useful for sterilizing skin, amnion and musculoskeletal tissues against SARS-CoV-2. We conclude that due to the limited information about the effects of physical and chemical tissue processing methods on viral neutralization, rigorous donor screening is still essential for tissue transplant recipient safety.
Assuntos
COVID-19/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Esterilização/métodos , Transplantes/virologia , Inativação de Vírus , COVID-19/transmissão , Criopreservação/métodos , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Radiação Ionizante , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos da radiação , Doadores de Tecidos , Preservação de Tecido/métodos , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Artificial insemination and in vitro embryo production are increasingly used to improve the reproductive efficiency of herds, however success of these techniques depends on the sanitary quality of the semen. Insemination centers commonly use antibiotics in their routine procedure, but they are not able against viruses. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach for disinfecting virus in bovine semen using photoimmunoinactivation, an adaptation of the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) methodology. The photosensitizers (PSs), hematoporphyrin (HP) and zinc tetracarboxy-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) were conjugated to Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) anti-bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and used for PDI against the BoHV-1 viruses in cell culture and compared to the unconjugated PSs. Both treatments proved to be efficient, but a significant decrease in the irradiation time required to completely eliminate the virus was observed in the samples treated with the immunoconjugates. Photophysical measurements help us to understand the coupling between PSs and IgY and the evaluated production of singlet oxygen. Following the cell culture test, the same approach was applied in semen artificially infected with BoHV-1. The immunoconjugates were also efficient for complete virus inactivation up to 5â¯min of irradiation and proved to be safe using several parameters of sperm viability, demonstrating the feasibility of our strategy for disinfection viruses in semen.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/efeitos da radiação , Imunoconjugados/farmacologia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Sêmen/virologia , Inativação de Vírus , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Galinhas , Feminino , Hematoporfirinas/farmacologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/fisiologia , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Isoindóis , Masculino , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Processos Fotoquímicos , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiação , Compostos de ZincoRESUMO
This article provides information on the characteristics of diverse phages of lactic acid bacteria and highlights the incidence of their presence in different dairy fermentations. As it is known, thermal treatments on raw milk and use of sanitizers in the disinfection of surfaces and equipment are strategies usually applied in dairy to prevent bacteriophage infections. In this sense, this review mainly focuses on the existing data about the resistance against thermal treatments and sanitizers usually used in the dairy industry worldwide, and the differences found among bacteriophages of diverse genera are remarked upon. Also, we provide information concerning the problems that have arisen as a consequence of the potential presence of bacteriophages in cheese whey powder and derivatives when they are added in fermented dairy product manufacturing. Finally, some important conclusions on each topic are marked and checkpoints to be considered are suggested.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Laticínios/virologia , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Temperatura Alta , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus thermophilus/virologia , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Herein we demonstrate that ultraviolet light-inactivated Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (UV-HSV-1) stimulates peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to lyse both androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent prostate cancer (PrCA) cell lines, but not the benign prostatic hyperplastic epithelial cell line, BPH-1, and is 1000-10,000-fold more potent at stimulating this killing than ultraviolet light-inactivated Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, adenovirus, reovirus or cytomegalovirus. Among PBMCs, natural killer (NK) cells appear to be a major cell type involved in this killing and UV-HSV-1 appears to directly and potently stimulate NK cell expression of CD69, degranulation, cytokine production, and migration to IL-8 in PC3 conditioned medium. We also found that UV-HSV-1 stimulates glycolysis in PBMCs and NK cells, and that 2-deoxyglucose and the protein kinase C inhibitor, Go6976, and the NFκB inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, all abrogate UV-HSV-1 activated killing of PC3 cells by PBMCs and NK cells. Using neutralizing anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) we found that UV-HSV-1, like HSV-1, activates NK cells via TLR2. Taken together, these results are consistent with Toll-like receptor 2 ligands on UV-HSV-1 stimulating TLR2 on NK cells to activate protein kinase C, leading to enhanced glycolysis and NFκB activation, both of which play a critical role in this anti-PrCA innate immune response. Importantly, UV-HSV-1 synergizes with IL-15 to increase the cytolytic activity of PBMCs against PC3 cells and there was considerable donor-to-donor variation in killing ability. These results support the preclinical development of UV-HSV-1 as an adjuvant, in combination with IL-15, for cell infusions of healthy, preselected NK cells to treat PrCA.
Assuntos
Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Herpesvirus Humano 1/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos da radiação , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Raios Ultravioleta , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiação , Biomarcadores , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citocinas/metabolismo , Glicólise , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/imunologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
The global situation of diseases transmitted by arthropod-borne viruses such as Dengue (DENV), Yellow Fever (YFV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses is alarming and treatment of human infection by these arboviruses faces several challenges. The discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral molecules, able to inactivate different groups of viruses, is an interesting approach. The viral envelope is a common structure among arboviruses, being a potential target for antivirals. Porphyrins are amphipathic molecules able to interact with membranes and absorb light, being widely used in photodynamic therapy. Previously, we showed that heme, Co-protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX) and Sn-protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX) directly inactivate DENV and YFV infectious particles. Here we demonstrate that the antiviral activity of these porphyrins can be broadened to CHIKV, ZIKV, Mayaro virus, Sindbis virus and Vesicular Stomatitis virus. Porphyrin treatment causes viral envelope protein loss, affecting viral morphology, adsorption and entry into target cells. Also, light-stimulation enhanced the SnPPIX activity against all tested arboviruses. In summary, CoPPIX and SnPPIX were shown to be efficient broad-spectrum compounds to inactivate medically and veterinary important viruses.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Arbovírus/fisiologia , Vírus Chikungunya/fisiologia , Metaloporfirinas/farmacologia , Protoporfirinas/farmacologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/metabolismo , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Zika virus/fisiologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Arbovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Arbovirus/virologia , Arbovírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Febre de Chikungunya/tratamento farmacológico , Febre de Chikungunya/virologia , Vírus Chikungunya/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus Chikungunya/efeitos da radiação , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Luz , Metaloporfirinas/uso terapêutico , Protoporfirinas/uso terapêutico , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiação , Zika virus/efeitos dos fármacos , Zika virus/efeitos da radiação , Infecção por Zika virus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção por Zika virus/virologiaRESUMO
Herein we present the excited state dynamic of zinc and aluminum tetracarboxy-phthalocyanines (ZnPc and AlPc) and its application in the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) in vitro. The excited state dynamic provides valuable data to describe the excited state properties of potential optical limiters and/or photosensitizers (PSs), such as: the excited state cross-sections, fluorescence lifetime and triplet state quantum yield. The excited state characterization was performed using three different Z-scan techniques: Single Pulse, White Light Continuum and Pulse Train. Considering the photodynamic inactivation of BoHV-1, an initial viral suspension containing 105.75TCID50/mL was incubated with the PSs for 1h at 37°C under agitation and protected from light. The samples were placed in microtiter plates and irradiated (180mW/cm2). During irradiation, a sample was taken every 15min and the viability of the virus was evaluated. The results show that both phthalocyanines were efficient against viruses. However, a higher photodynamic efficiency was observed by ZnPc, which can be attributed to its higher triplet and singlet quantum yields. The results presented here are important for animal health (treatment of BoHV-1) and also open up a field of studies to use AlPc and ZnPc as potential agents against a wide range of microorganisms of veterinary interest.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Bovino 1/fisiologia , Indóis/química , Compostos Organometálicos/química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bovinos , Indóis/farmacologia , Luz , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Teoria Quântica , Oxigênio Singlete/química , Oxigênio Singlete/metabolismo , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Entre as bactérias patogênicas vinculadas a doenças transmitidas por alimentos destaca-se a Escherichia coli, sendo a espécie predominante na microbiota do trato intestinal dos humanos e animais de sangue quente e que está associada diretamente com a má higienização dos manipuladores. Com a necessidade de aplicar processos inovadores sem a geração de resíduos, o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para o controle e redução de carga microbiana nos alimentos vem sendo estudado, destacando- se a irradiação por micro-ondas. Com a intenção de testar o efeito bactericida de um forno micro-ondas (2450 MHz) sob cepas de E. coli, diferentes tempos de irradiação foram utilizados, sendo estes 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 e 60s tendo como controle, uma amostra não irradiada. Ainda, imagens termográficas e mapeamento do forno foram realizados para verificar a distribuição da temperatura das amostras irradiadas, demonstrando a heterogeneidade da incidência das ondas no interior da cavidade do mesmo. Após a realização dos testes, verificou-se que em 20s de irradiação, as cepas de Escherichia coli foram inativadas, demonstrando a relevância do método para a ciência e tecnologia dos alimentos uma vez que o processo mostrou-se eficaz no controle microbiano, de fácil operação, sem a geração de resíduos, rápido e econômico, quando comparado aos métodos convencionais de inativação e destruição microbiana.(AU)
Among the pathogenic bacteria transmitted to foodborne illness there is the Escherichia coli, being the predominant species in the microflora of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals and is directly associated with poor hygiene of food handlers. With the need to apply innovative processes without waste generation, the development of new technologies for the control and reduction of microbial load in food has been studied, highlighting irradiation by microwave. With the intention of testing the bactericidal effect of a microwave oven (2450 MHz) as strains of E. coli different irradiation times were used, these being 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 as having s control, a sample not irradiated. Further, thermographic images and oven mapping were performed to verify the temperature distribution of the irradiated samples, demonstrating the heterogeneity of incidence of the waves within the cavity thereof After the tests, it was found that in 20 seconds irradiation, strains of Escherichia coli were inactivated, demonstrating the relevance of the method for science and technology of food once the process has been shown to be effective in microbial control, easy operation with no waste generation, quickly and cost when compared to conventional methods of microbial inactivation and destruction.(AU)
Assuntos
Micro-Ondas , Escherichia coli/efeitos da radiação , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiação , AntibacterianosRESUMO
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) is the most common cause of croup in infants. The aim of this study was to describe molecular mechanisms associated with IL-8 production during HPIV-1 infection and the role of viral replication in MAPK synthesis and activation. An in vitro model of HPIV-1 infection in the HEp-2 and A549 cell lines was used; a kinetic-based ELISA for IL-8 detection was also used, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was identified by Western blot analysis, and specific inhibitors for each kinase were used to identify which MAPK was involved. Inactivated viruses were used to assess whether viral replication is required for IL-8 production. Results revealed a gradual increase in IL-8 production at different selected times, when phosphorylation of MAPK was detected. The secretion of IL-8 in the two cell lines infected with the HPIV-1 is related to the phosphorylation of the MAPK as well as viral replication. Inhibition of p38 suppressed the secretion of IL-8 in the HEp-2 cells. No kinase activation was observed when viruses were inactivated.
Assuntos
Epitélio/metabolismo , Epitélio/virologia , Interleucina-8/biossíntese , Vírus da Parainfluenza 1 Humana/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interleucina-8/genética , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Raios Ultravioleta , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos da radiação , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Reversible pressure-induced disassembly of several viruses has suggested the idea of using hydrostatic pressure to suppress virus infectivity. In this study, the effects of high hydrostatic pressure and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were investigated on classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in an attempt to eliminate residual infectivity. The structural modifications were followed by intrinsic fluorescence and biological activity assays. The kinetics of CSFV inactivation showed that pressure-induced inactivation was not enough to eliminate viral infectivity. However, when pressure was applied in association with UV irradiation no infectious focus was observed. The application of these two methods against CSFV can be an attractive inactivation strategy for the development of a vaccine.