RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of antibiotic usage for the treatment of puerperal metritis (PM) and its association with reproductive performance, a retrospective cohort study including a total of 9168 records of cows from a dairy farm in Argentina was run. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cows having a PM3 (metricheck, scale 0-3) and treated with ceftiofur (ceftiofur crystalline free acid, 6.6 mg/kg) at 0-21 days postpartum (p. p.) (n = 2688), and cows having a PM 1-2 and not treated with an antibiotic at 0-21 days p. p. (n = 6480) were included in the study. All cows were reexamined with metricheck to assess the clinical cure (vaginal discharge [VD] score 0), partial cure (VD score similar or lower than previous), no cure (VD score higher than previous). Cows with a metricheck VD1-3 after 0-21 days p. p. were diagnosed as clinical endometritis (CE) 1-3. The occurrence of PM1-3, cure rate, calving to conception interval, the hazard of pregnancy, odds for non-pregnancy, and odds for CE were analyzed using SAS software. RESULTS: A total of 8876 PM1-3 records were included, 2435 records of PM3 treatments with ceftiofur (27.43 %), and 6441 records of PM1-2 (72.57 %) with no treatment. Cows having PM1 and PM2 became pregnant 14 and 12 days earlier than cows with PM3 (p < 0.001). The PM3 ceftiofur treated cows had a clinical cure of 24.85 % (PM0); 53.63 % had a partially cure; and 18.52 % no cure. Conversely, cows with PM1-2 had a 51.96 %, 20.70 %, and 24.53 % cure rate, respectively (p < 0.001). Cows having complete cure became pregnant 13 and 11 days earlier than cows having partial cure and no cure (p < 0.001). Cows that had PM3 during the first 21 days p. p. had twice the chances of developing CE compared to cows having PM1-2 (41.28 % vs. 24.14 %, p < 0.001). After 21 days p. p., less than 1 % of cows with clinical cure developed CE compared to 63.32 % that developed CE with partial cure, and 38.21 % with no cure (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After ceftiofur treatment, 78 % of cows were cured when measured by disappearance of fetid VD but only 25 % of cows had clinical cure when measured by appearance of a clear VD. The cows that remained with clinical metritis had more chances of having CE after 21 days p. p. and had more days open than cows with clear normal VD.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Bovinos , Gravidez/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecção Puerperal , Doenças Uterinas , Animais , Argentina , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Indústria de Laticínios , Endometrite , Feminino , Infecção Puerperal/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças Uterinas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Uterinas/epidemiologia , Doenças Uterinas/veterinária , Descarga VaginalRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reproductive and productive performance of dairy cows with and without puerperal metritis and to evaluate the effectiveness of using a long-acting ceftiofur preparation. Dairy cows in one dairy farm, calving from July 2009 to January 2010, were examined between 3 and 14 days postpartum and classified on the basis of vaginal discharge into three groups: cows with normal discharge (control; C); cows with a bloody mucus purulent or pathologic nonfetid discharge (PnFD), and cows with bloody mucopurulent or purulent fetid discharge (PFD). Cows in C and PnFD groups were not treated, whereas those in the PFD group were randomly allocated to receive 2.2 mg/kg of ceftiofur subcutaneously behind the ear (PFD-T) or remain untreated (PFD-No T). From the 640 cows examined, 58.2% formed the C group, 13.4% formed the PnFD group, and 28.4% formed the PFD group. Survival curves differed between cows in the C group and PFD-No T group (P = 0.0013) and between PFD-No T versus PFD-T group (P = 0.0006). Survival curves of PnFD were intermediate and did not differ from those in the C group (P = 0.2) and PFD-T group (P = 0.1) but tended to be different from the PFD-No T group (P = 0.056). The postpartum interval to achieve a 25% pregnancy rate was 72 days for cows in the C group, 73 days for the PFD-T group, 83 days for PnFD group, and 95 days for the PFD-No T group. The chance of pregnancy in a cow in the C group was 1.98 times higher (95% confidence interval = 1.33, 3.08) and in cows in the PFD-T group was 2.16 times higher (95% confidence interval = 1.37, 3.50) than that in the PFD-No T group. Finally, the chance of pregnancy in cows in the PnFD group tended to be higher (P = 0.08) than that in the PFD-No T group but did not differ from the other two groups. Cumulative 305-day milk production was higher (P < 0.0001) in C group than those with vaginal discharge, regardless of fetidness and regardless of treatment. It is concluded that puerperal metritis affects the reproductive and productive performance of dairy cows and the treatment with ceftiofur was effective in reducing the adverse effects on reproductive performance but not on milk production.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/fisiopatologia , Bovinos , Endometrite/fisiopatologia , Lactação/fisiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Infecção Puerperal/fisiopatologia , Reprodução/fisiologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Indústria de Laticínios/estatística & dados numéricos , Endometrite/complicações , Endometrite/epidemiologia , Feminino , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Taxa de Gravidez , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Descarga Vaginal/complicações , Descarga Vaginal/epidemiologia , Descarga Vaginal/fisiopatologia , Descarga Vaginal/veterináriaRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to assess the risk factors for metritis, its effects on milk yield and on reproductive performance, and the efficacy of ceftiofur therapy in Holstein dairy cows. Cows (n=303) from a commercial dairy herd in Argentina were studied. Cows were scored for body condition, and blood samples were collected on d -14, 7, 21, 31, 41, and 50 relative to parturition. Cows having a watery, purulent, or brown, and fetid vaginal discharge (VD) and rectal temperature ≤ 39.2°C were diagnosed as having clinical metritis, and those having a similar VD and rectal temperature >39.2°C were diagnosed as having puerperal metritis. Both clinical and puerperal metritis cows were randomly assigned to control (no treatment) or ceftiofur group (2.2mg/kg×3 consecutive days). Cure was declared if clear VD was observed at 21 d in milk (DIM). Blood samples were analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxybutyrate, and blood urea nitrogen using commercial kits, and for insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, and leptin by RIA. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED, GENMOD, PHREG, and LIFETEST from SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The risk for metritis increased with dystocia, retained fetal membranes, and dead calf [AOR (adjusted odds ratio)=2.58, 95% CI: 1.189-5.559], and as prepartum nonesterified fatty acids levels increased (AOR=1.001, 95% CI: 0.999-1.002). Conversely, risk decreased as prepartum insulin-like growth factor-1 increased (AOR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.349-1.219). Cows having either clinical or puerperal metritis produced less milk by 90 DIM than did healthy cows (2,236 ± 172 vs. 2,367 ± 77 vs. 2,647 ± 82 kg, respectively). Cows with puerperal metritis had lower risk for pregnancy by 100 DIM (AOR=0.189, 95% CI: 0.070-0.479) and a lower hazard rate for pregnancy by 150 DIM (hazard rate: 0.753, 95% CI: 0.621-0.911), and took longer to get pregnant (129 vs. 111 vs. 109 d, for puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, and healthy cows, respectively). Ceftiofur treatment was not associated with cure rate or milk yield but was related to increased risk for pregnancy at timed artificial insemination (AOR=2.688, 95% CI: 0.687-10.832), and for lower risk of reproductive cull (AOR=0.121, 95% CI: 0.014-1.066). In conclusion, abnormal calving and negative energy balance are associated with increased risk for metritis. Metritis, especially puerperal metritis, correlates with reduced milk production and poor reproductive performance. Finally, the likelihood for having a normal VD (indicative of cure) increased 2.6% for every day of increase in postpartum time and was 2 times higher for cows with clinical metritis than for those with puerperal metritis.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Endometrite/veterinária , Reprodução , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Argentina , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/fisiopatologia , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Indústria de Laticínios , Endometrite/diagnóstico , Endometrite/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Lactação , Gravidez , Infecção Puerperal/diagnóstico , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Fatores de Risco , Descarga VaginalRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate whether season, lactation number, breed standard and milk production were risk factors relating to occurrences of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cows during the peripartum period. Eighty-four cows were randomly selected through proportional stratified sampling. In order to analyze the fecal egg per gram (EPG) count, the data were subjected to the Spearman test, Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance and linear regression. At the time of calving, the cows showed high EPG counts in relation to all variables analyzed. Among the animals studied, we observed that purebred Holstein cows at their first lactation and with high milk production showed high EPG counts (600) and comprised the group most at risk within the herd studied. In this group, the animals showed moderate EPG during the prepartum period (300) and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in EPG count from the time of calving (900), i.e. an increase of the order of 300%. Selection of animals for milk production in tropical countries should be based not only on productive potential, but also on adaptive features.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate whether season, lactation number, breed standard and milk production were risk factors relating to occurrences of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cows during the peripartum period. Eighty-four cows were randomly selected through proportional stratified sampling. In order to analyze the fecal egg per gram (EPG) count, the data were subjected to the Spearman test, Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance and linear regression. At the time of calving, the cows showed high EPG counts in relation to all variables analyzed. Among the animals studied, we observed that purebred Holstein cows at their first lactation and with high milk production showed high EPG counts (600) and comprised the group most at risk within the herd studied. In this group, the animals showed moderate EPG during the prepartum period (300) and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in EPG count from the time of calving (900), i.e. an increase of the order of 300%. Selection of animals for milk production in tropical countries should be based not only on productive potential, but also on adaptive features.
O objetivo foi investigar a estação do ano, número de lactações, padrão racial e produção de leite como fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de helmintos gastrintestinais em vacas durante o periparto. Foram selecionadas randomicamente 84 vacas através de amostragem estratificada proporcional. Para análise dos resultados da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), foram utilizados os testes de Spearman , Kruskal-Wallis a 5% de significância e regressão linear. Entre os fatores de risco avaliados, o parto esteve associado à elevada contagem de OPG em todos os grupos estudados. Por ocasião do parto, as vacas apresentaram alta contagem de OPG em relação a todas as variáveis analisadas. Dentre os animais estudados, observou-se que vacas holandesas puras de primeira lactação e de alta produção leiteira apresentaram elevada contagem de OPG (600), constituindo o grupo de maior risco dentro do rebanho estudado. Nesse grupo, observou-se que os animais apresentaram contagem de OPG moderada no pré-parto (300), com aumento significativo (p < 0.01) na contagem de OPG a partir do parto (900), na ordem de 300%. A seleção de animais para produção de leite, nos países tropicais, deve ser baseada não somente no potencial produtivo, mas também nas características adaptativas.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate whether season, lactation number, breed standard and milk production were risk factors relating to occurrences of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cows during the peripartum period. Eighty-four cows were randomly selected through proportional stratified sampling. In order to analyze the fecal egg per gram (EPG) count, the data were subjected to the Spearman test, Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance and linear regression. At the time of calving, the cows showed high EPG counts in relation to all variables analyzed. Among the animals studied, we observed that purebred Holstein cows at their first lactation and with high milk production showed high EPG counts (600) and comprised the group most at risk within the herd studied. In this group, the animals showed moderate EPG during the prepartum period (300) and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in EPG count from the time of calving (900), i.e. an increase of the order of 300%. Selection of animals for milk production in tropical countries should be based not only on productive potential, but also on adaptive features.(AU)
O objetivo foi investigar a estação do ano, número de lactações, padrão racial e produção de leite como fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de helmintos gastrintestinais em vacas durante o periparto. Foram selecionadas randomicamente 84 vacas através de amostragem estratificada proporcional. Para análise dos resultados da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), foram utilizados os testes de Spearman , Kruskal-Wallis a 5% de significância e regressão linear. Entre os fatores de risco avaliados, o parto esteve associado à elevada contagem de OPG em todos os grupos estudados. Por ocasião do parto, as vacas apresentaram alta contagem de OPG em relação a todas as variáveis analisadas. Dentre os animais estudados, observou-se que vacas holandesas puras de primeira lactação e de alta produção leiteira apresentaram elevada contagem de OPG (600), constituindo o grupo de maior risco dentro do rebanho estudado. Nesse grupo, observou-se que os animais apresentaram contagem de OPG moderada no pré-parto (300), com aumento significativo (p < 0.01) na contagem de OPG a partir do parto (900), na ordem de 300%. A seleção de animais para produção de leite, nos países tropicais, deve ser baseada não somente no potencial produtivo, mas também nas características adaptativas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Prevalence of intramammary infections at prepartum and postpartum in primigravid heifers from five dairy herds located in the central dairy area of Argentina was determined. Mammary secretion samples from 140 heifers (560 mammary quarters) were obtained 14 days prior to the expected calving day and within 7 days after parturition and subjected to bacteriological analysis. No clinical mastitis cases were detected during the study. The number of infected heifers in at least one mammary quarter at pre and postpartum was 87 (62.2%) and 53 (37.8%), respectively. The most prevalent mastitis pathogens at prepartum among samples yielding a positive bacteriological culture were coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.07%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.71%) and Streptococcus uberis (4.42%). A decrease on isolation frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci (53.41%) and S. uberis (2.27%) was observed at postpartum, while that of S. aureus showed an increase (21.59%). Presence of intramammary infections appeared to be associated with some management conditions. These results highlighted the need to improve diagnosis and control measures in replacement heifers.
Assuntos
Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Infecção Puerperal/veterinária , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Coagulase/análise , Colostro/microbiologia , Feminino , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Prevalência , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Infecção Puerperal/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/enzimologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Prevalence of intramammary infections at prepartum and postpartum in primigravid heifers from five dairy herds located in the central dairy area of Argentina was determined. Mammary secretion samples from 140 heifers (560 mammary quarters) were obtained 14 days prior to the expected calving day and within 7 days after parturition and subjected to bacteriological analysis. No clinical mastitis cases were detected during the study. The number of infected heifers in at least one mammary quarter at pre and postpartum was 87 (62.2%) and 53 (37.8%), respectively. The most prevalent mastitis pathogens at prepartum among samples yielding a positive bacteriological culture were coagulasenegative staphylococci (69.07%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.71%) and Streptococcus uberis (4.42%). A decrease on isolation frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci (53.41%) and S. uberis (2.27%) was observed at postpartum, while that of S. aureus showed an increase (21.59%). Presence of intramammary infections appeared to be associated with some management conditions. These results highlighted the need to improve diagnosis and control measures in replacement heifers.
Se determinó la prevalencia al preparto y posparto de infecciones intramamarias causadas por organismos patógenos de mastitis en vaquillonas primíparas de cinco establecimientos lecheros ubicados en la cuenca central santafesina. Se tomaron muestras de secreción mamaria de 140 vaquillonas (560 cuartos mamarios) aproximadamente 14 días antes de la fecha probable de parto y dentro de los 7 días posparto, y se procesaron bacteriológicamente. No se detectaron casos de mastitis clínicas durante el estudio. El número de vaquillonas infectadas en al menos un cuarto mamario al preparto y posparto fue de 87 (62,2%) y 53 (37,8%), respectivamente. Los organismos patógenos más prevalentes al preparto entre las muestras con cultivo bacteriológico positivo fueron estafilococos coagulasa negativos (69,07%), Staphylococcus aureus (12,7%) y Streptococcus uberis (4,42%). Al posparto se observó un descenso en la frecuencia de aislamiento de estafilococos coagulasa negativos (53,41%) y S. uberis (2,27%), mientras que la de S. aureus mostró un aumento (21,59%). La presencia de infecciones intramamarias pareció estar asociada con algunas prácticas de manejo. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de hacer extensivo el diagnóstico y control de la enfermedad a las vaquillonas de reemplazo antes de su ingreso al rodeo en ordeño.