RESUMO
Introduction: Half of the episodes of neonatal sepsis are acquired in the community with a high percentage of mortality and complications. Objective: To estimate the direct costs of hospitalizations due to systemic neonatal infection acquired in the community in low-risk newborns. Materials and methods: For the estimation of costs, we used the perspective of the health systems and the microcosting technique and we established the duration of hospitalization as the time horizon. We identified cost-generating events through expert consensus and the quantification was based on the detailed bill of 337 hospitalized newborns diagnosed with neonatal infection. The costs of the medications were calculated based on the drug price information system (SISMED) and the ISS 2001 rate manuals adjusting percentage, and the mandatory insurance rates for traffic accidents (SOAT). We used the bootstrapping method for cost distribution to incorporate data variability in the estimate. Results: We included the medical care invoices for 337 newborns. The average direct cost of care per patient was USD$ 2,773,965 (Standard Deviation, SD=USD$ 198,813.5; 95% CI: $ 2,384,298 - $ 3,163,632). The main cost-generating categories were hospitalization in intensive care units and health technologies. The costs followed a log-normal distribution. Conclusions: The categories generating the greatest impact on the care costs of newborns with infection were hospitalization in neonatal units and health technologies. The costs followed a log-normal distribution.
Introducción. El 50 % de los episodios de sepsis neonatal se originan en la comunidad, con un gran porcentaje de mortalidad y complicaciones. Objetivo. Estimar los costos directos de la hospitalización por infección neonatal adquirida en la comunidad en neonatos a término con bajo riesgo al nacer. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la perspectiva del tercer pagador y la técnica de microcosteo; el horizonte de tiempo fue la duración de la hospitalización. La determinación de las situaciones generadoras de costos se obtuvo por medio de un consenso de expertos y se cuantificaron con base en la factura detallada de la atención de 337 neonatos hospitalizados. Los costos de los medicamentos se calcularon con base en el Sistema de Información de Precios de Medicamentos (SISMED) y, el de los procedimientos, según los manuales tarifarios ISS 2001 con porcentaje de ajuste y el seguro obligatorio de accidentes de tráfico (SOAT). Para incorporar la variabilidad de la información en la estimación, se obtuvo una distribución de los costos usando el método de bootstrapping. Resultados. Se incluyeron las facturas por la atención de 337 recién nacidos. El promedio de costos directos de la atención por paciente fue de COL$ 2'773.965 (desviación estándar, DE=$ 198.813,5; IC95%: $ 2'384.298 - $ 3'163.632). Las principales categorías generadoras de costos fueron la internación en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y las tecnologías en salud. Los costos siguieron una una distribución logarítmica normal (log-normal). Conclusiones. Las categorías con mayor impacto en los costos fueron la internación en la unidad neonatal y las tecnologías en salud. Los costos se ajustaron a una distribución logarítmica normal.
Assuntos
Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/terapia , Custos Diretos de Serviços , Hospitalização/economia , Colômbia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Pneumococcal pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. The study's main aim was to evaluate the in-hospital mortality and related costs of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used medical records of adult patients with pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalized in a university hospital in Brazil from October 2009 to April 2017. All patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia were included. Risk factors, intensive care unit admission, length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and direct and indirect costs were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 186 patients were selected. The mean in-hospital mortality rate was 18% for adults aged < 65 years and 23% for the elderly (≥ 65 years). Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia affected 20% of patients in both groups, mainly through chronic respiratory disease (adjusted OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.23-7.65, p < 0.01). Over 7 years, annual total direct and indirect costs were USD 28,188 for adults < 65 years (USD 1,746 per capita) and USD 16,350 for the elderly (USD 2,119 per capita). CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among adults, significantly affecting direct and indirect costs. These results suggest the need for prevention strategies for all adults, especially for patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
OBJETIVO: A pneumonia pneumocócica é uma causa significativa de morbimortalidade entre adultos. Desta maneira, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a mortalidade intra-hospitalar e os custos relacionados à doença adquirida em adultos. MÉTODOS: Este estudo transversal utilizou prontuários de pacientes adultos com pneumonia pneumocócica internados em um hospital universitário no Brasil, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2017. Todos os pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos e diagnosticados com pneumonia pneumocócica foram incluídos. Dados como os fatores de risco, a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, o tempo de internação, a mortalidade hospitalar e os custos diretos e indiretos foram analisados. RESULTADOS: No total, 186 pacientes foram selecionados. A taxa média de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 18% para adultos com idade < 65 anos e 23% para os idosos (≥ 65 anos). A pneumonia pneumocócica bacterêmica acometeu 20% dos pacientes em ambos os grupos, principalmente por doença respiratória crônica (OR ajustada: 3,07; IC95%: 1,237,65; p < 0,01). Após levantamento das internações ocorridas no período de sete anos de tratamento, verificou-se que os custos diretos e indiretos totais anuais foram de US$ 28.188 para adultos < 65 anos (US$ 1.746 per capita) e US$ 16.350 para os idosos (US$ 2.119 per capita). CONCLUSÃO: A pneumonia pneumocócica continua sendo uma importante causa de morbimortalidade entre adultos, afetando significativamente os custos diretos e indiretos. Esses resultados sugerem a necessidade de estratégias de prevenção para todos os adultos, especialmente para pacientes com doenças respiratórias crônicas.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Hospitalar , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/economia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo A pneumonia pneumocócica é uma causa significativa de morbimortalidade entre adultos. Desta maneira, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a mortalidade intra-hospitalar e os custos relacionados à doença adquirida em adultos. Métodos Este estudo transversal utilizou prontuários de pacientes adultos com pneumonia pneumocócica internados em um hospital universitário no Brasil, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2017. Todos os pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos e diagnosticados com pneumonia pneumocócica foram incluídos. Dados como os fatores de risco, a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, o tempo de internação, a mortalidade hospitalar e os custos diretos e indiretos foram analisados. Resultados No total, 186 pacientes foram selecionados. A taxa média de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 18% para adultos com idade < 65 anos e 23% para os idosos (≥ 65 anos). A pneumonia pneumocócica bacterêmica acometeu 20% dos pacientes em ambos os grupos, principalmente por doença respiratória crônica (OR ajustada: 3,07; IC95%: 1,23‐7,65; p < 0,01). Após levantamento das internações ocorridas no período de sete anos de tratamento, verificou-se que os custos diretos e indiretos totais anuais foram de US$ 28.188 para adultos < 65 anos (US$ 1.746 per capita) e US$ 16.350 para os idosos (US$ 2.119 per capita). Conclusão A pneumonia pneumocócica continua sendo uma importante causa de morbimortalidade entre adultos, afetando significativamente os custos diretos e indiretos. Esses resultados sugerem a necessidade de estratégias de prevenção para todos os adultos, especialmente para pacientes com doenças respiratórias crônicas.
ABSTRACT Objective Pneumococcal pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. The study's main aim was to evaluate the in-hospital mortality and related costs of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Methods This cross-sectional study used medical records of adult patients with pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalized in a university hospital in Brazil from October 2009 to April 2017. All patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia were included. Risk factors, intensive care unit admission, length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and direct and indirect costs were analyzed. Results In total, 186 patients were selected. The mean in-hospital mortality rate was 18% for adults aged < 65 years and 23% for the elderly (≥ 65 years). Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia affected 20% of patients in both groups, mainly through chronic respiratory disease (adjusted OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.23-7.65, p < 0.01). Over 7 years, annual total direct and indirect costs were USD 28,188 for adults < 65 years (USD 1,746 per capita) and USD 16,350 for the elderly (USD 2,119 per capita). Conclusion Pneumococcal pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among adults, significantly affecting direct and indirect costs. These results suggest the need for prevention strategies for all adults, especially for patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/economia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/mortalidade , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Fatores de Tempo , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Hospitalização/economiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of universal vs targeted approach to obtaining blood cultures in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision tree to compare 2 approaches to ordering blood cultures in children hospitalized with CAP: obtaining blood cultures in all children admitted with CAP (universal approach) and obtaining blood cultures in patients identified as high risk for bacteremia (targeted approach). We searched the literature to determine expected proportions of high-risk patients, positive culture rates, and predicted bacteria and susceptibility patterns. Our primary clinical outcome was projected rate of missed bacteremia with associated treatment failure in the targeted approach. Costs per 100 patients and annualized costs on the national level were calculated for each approach. RESULTS: The model predicts that in the targeted approach, there will be 0.07 cases of missed bacteremia with treatment failure per 100 patients, or 133 annually. In the universal approach, 118 blood cultures would need to be drawn to identify 1 patient with bacteremia, in which the result would lead to a meaningful antibiotic change compared with 42 cultures in the targeted approach. The universal approach would cost $5178 per 100 patients or $9,214,238 annually. The targeted approach would cost $1992 per 100 patients or $3,545,460 annually. The laboratory-related cost savings attributed to the targeted approach would be projected to be $5,668,778 annually. CONCLUSIONS: This decision analysis model suggests that a targeted approach to obtaining blood cultures in children hospitalized with CAP may be clinically effective, cost-saving, and reduce unnecessary testing.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Pneumonia/economia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/economia , Criança , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/sangue , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Análise Custo-Benefício , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Hospitalização , Humanos , Pneumonia/sangue , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the direct and indirect costs of diagnosing and treating community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), correlating those costs with CAP severity at diagnosis and identifying the major cost drivers. METHODS: This was a prospective cost analysis study using bottom-up costing. Clinical severity and mortality risk were assessed with the pneumonia severity index (PSI) and the mental Confusion-Urea-Respiratory rate-Blood pressure-age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65) scale, respectively. The sample comprised 95 inpatients hospitalized for newly diagnosed CAP. The analysis was run from a societal perspective with a time horizon of one year. RESULTS: Expressed as mean ± standard deviation, in Euros, the direct and indirect medical costs per CAP patient were 696 ± 531 and 410 ± 283, respectively, the total per-patient cost therefore being 1,106 ± 657. The combined budget impact of our patient cohort, in Euros, was 105,087 (66,109 and 38,979 in direct and indirect costs, respectively). The major cost drivers, in descending order, were the opportunity cost (lost productivity); diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities; and administration of medications, oxygen, and blood derivatives. The CURB-65 and PSI scores both correlated with the indirect costs of CAP treatment. The PSI score correlated positively with the overall frequency of use of health care services. Neither score showed any clear relationship with the direct costs of CAP treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical severity at admission appears to be unrelated to the costs of CAP treatment. This is mostly attributable to unwarranted hospital admission (or unnecessarily long hospital stays) in cases of mild pneumonia, as well as to over-prescription of antibiotics. Authorities should strive to improve adherence to guidelines and promote cost-effective prescribing practices among physicians in southeastern Europe.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar os custos médicos diretos e indiretos de diagnóstico e tratamento para pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC), correlacionando-os com a gravidade da PAC ao diagnóstico e identificando os principais fatores de custo. MÉTODOS: Análise de custos prospectiva utilizando custo bottom-up. A gravidade clínica e o risco de mortalidade foram determinados através de pneumonia severity index (PSI) e a escala mentalConfusion-Urea-Respiratory rate-Blood pressure-age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65), respectivamente. A amostra foi composta por 95 pacientes hospitalizados devido a PAC recém-diagnosticada. A análise foi realizada em uma perspectiva social com um horizonte de tempo de um ano. RESULTADOS: Expressos em média ± desvio-padrão em euros, os custos médicos diretos e indiretos por paciente com PAC foram de 696 ± 531 e 410 ± 283, respectivamente, sendo, portanto, o custo total por paciente de 1.106 ± 657. O impacto orçamentário combinado deste grupo de pacientes em euros foi de 105.087 (66.109 e 38.979 nos custos diretos e indiretos, respectivamente). Os principais fatores de custo, em ordem descendente, foram custo de oportunidade (perda de produtividade); diagnóstico e tratamento de comorbidades; e administração de medicamentos, oxigênio e derivados do sangue. Os escores CURB-65 e PSI correlacionaram-se com os custos indiretos do tratamento da PAC. O escore PSI correlacionou-se positivamente com a frequência global no uso de serviços médicos. Nenhum dos escores mostrou uma relação clara com os custos diretos do tratamento da PAC. CONCLUSÕES: A gravidade clínica na admissão parece não se correlacionar com os custos do tratamento da PAC. Esses custos são principalmente causados por internações hospitalares desnecessárias (ou por internação desnecessariamente prolongada) em casos de pneumonia leve, assim como pela prescrição exagerada de antibióticos. As autoridades devem se esforçar para melhorar a adesão às diretrizes e promover práticas de prescrição custo-efetivas entre os médicos do sudeste da Europa.
Assuntos
Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Hospitalização/economia , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/economia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sérvia/epidemiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in adults is related to pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. Its care costs in adults are not well documented in Colombia and it has a greater impact in people over 45 years old. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to analyze the associated costs of pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis in invasive S. pneumoniae infection in Colombia among hospitalized adults and to estimate outpatient costs for community-acquired pneumonia. Additionally, we wanted to serve as a starting point for future economic evaluations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a direct cost study associated with S. pneumoniae outpatient community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis costs confirmed by cultures. A cohort of hospitalized adults treated between January 2010 and June 2011 in three third level hospitals in Bogotá was analyzed. We evaluated 107 records and 60 bills charged to the payer. The data were classified according to care and treatment costs. We performed an estimate of direct costs for community-acquired pneumonia for outpatient cases through Delphi methodology using expert clinicians. RESULTS: The average direct costs associated with pneumococcal disease were US$ 6,283, US$ 3,886, and US$ 4,768 for pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia, respectively (exchange rate 1 US$ = Col$ 1,938.34; average variation between 2010 and 2011). Pneumonia cases were 70% men and 30% women; the distribution for meningitis was the same for both genders (50%); and for bacteremia we had 67% men and 33% women. Outpatient cost of community-acquired pneumonia was estimated at US$ 82.2 ( Col $ 159,280 ) in adults. For special cases, direct cost increased to US$ 142 ( Col $ 274,427). CONCLUSIONS: The management of S. pneumoniae infection in people over 45 years old represents a high cost due to the use of drugs and hospitalization, which has a direct impact on health resources. Prevention and early treatment for pneumonia can reduce the cost and the burden of the disease.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/economia , Bacteriemia/terapia , Hospitalização , Meningite Pneumocócica/economia , Meningite Pneumocócica/terapia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/economia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/economia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/terapia , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colômbia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/terapia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción. Las infecciones por Streptococcus pneumoniae en adultos se relacionan con neumonía, meningitis y bacteriemia. El costo de la atención en personas adultas no está bien documentado en Colombia, pero puede ser significativo. Objetivo. Analizar los costos asociados con la neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae en adultos hospitalizados en Colombia y estimar el costo de la atención ambulatoria de esta neumonía. Servir de base para futuras evaluaciones económicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de costos directos asociados a neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae confirmado por cultivos. Se tomó una muestra de conveniencia de adultos hospitalizados entre enero de 2010 y junio de 2011 en tres hospitales de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Se analizaron 107 registros y se obtuvieron 60 facturas cobradas al pagador. La información se clasificó por costos de atención y tratamiento. Para los casos ambulatorios de neumonía, el estimativo de costos se hizo utilizando metodología Delphi con expertos clínicos. Resultados. El promedio de los costos directos totales asociados con neumonía fue de Col$ 12´178.949, Col$ 7´533.187 para meningitis y Col$ 9´242.806 para bacteriemia. La neumonía se presentó en 70 % de los hombres y 30 % de las mujeres; la meningitis se distribuyó igual en ambos sexos (50 %) y la bacteriemia se presentó en 67 % de los hombres y 33 % de las mujeres. El costo por adulto de la atención ambulatoria de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad se estimó en Col$ 106.174. Para casos especiales se incrementó a Col$ 164.695. Conclusión. La enfermedad neumocócica en adultos, especialmente mayores de 45 años, representa un alto costo por el empleo de medicamentos y la estancia hospitalaria, que causan un impacto en los recursos del sistema. La prevención y el tratamiento temprano de las neumonías pueden disminuir costos y reducir la carga de enfermedad.
Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in adults is related to pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. Its care costs in adults are not well documented in Colombia and it has a greater impact in people over 45 years old. Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the associated costs of pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis in invasive S. pneumoniae infection in Colombia among hospitalized adults and to estimate outpatient costs for community-acquired pneumonia. Additionally, we wanted to serve as a starting point for future economic evaluations. Materials and methods: We performed a direct cost study associated with S. pneumoniae outpatient community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis costs confirmed by cultures. A cohort of hospitalized adults treated between January 2010 and June 2011 in three third level hospitals in Bogotá was analyzed. We evaluated 107 records and 60 bills charged to the payer. The data were classified according to care and treatment costs. We performed an estimate of direct costs for community-acquired pneumonia for outpatient cases through Delphi methodology using expert clinicians. Results: The average direct costs associated with pneumococcal disease were US$ 6,283, US$ 3,886, and US$ 4,768 for pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia, respectively (exchange rate 1 US$ = Col$ 1,938.34; average variation between 2010 and 2011). Pneumonia cases were 70% men and 30% women; the distribution for meningitis was the same for both genders (50%); and for bacteremia we had 67% men and 33% women. O utpatient cost of community-acquired pneumonia was estimated at US$ 82.2 ( Col $ 159,280 ) in adults. For special cases, direct cost increased to US$ 142 ( Col $ 274,427). Conclusions: The management of S. pneumoniae infection in people over 45 years old represents a high cost due to the use of drugs and hospitalization, which has a direct impact on health resources. Prevention and early treatment for pneumonia can reduce the cost and the burden of the disease.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Bacteriemia/economia , Bacteriemia/terapia , Hospitalização , Meningite Pneumocócica/economia , Meningite Pneumocócica/terapia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/economia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/economia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/terapia , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Colômbia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes community-acquired pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis, with higher incidences at the extremes of life. PPV-23 vaccine is widely used in prevention of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults in developed countries. We developed an evaluation of cost-effectiveness of implementing PPV-23 in Colombian population over 60 years. METHODS: The number of cases of pneumonia and meningitis in patients over 60 years and the proportion by S. pneumoniae was estimated based on a review of literature. A decision tree model with a 5-year time horizon was built to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of the PPV-23 in this population. Direct health care costs of out- and in-patients were calculated based on expenditure records from the Bogota public health system. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios per life saved and per year of life gained were estimated based on the decision tree model. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Without vaccination 4460 (range 2384-8162) bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonias and 141 (range 73-183) pneumococcal meningitis would occur among people over 60 years old in Colombia. In the first year, vaccination with PPV-23 at US$8/dose would save 480 (range 100-1753) deaths due to Invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease. Vaccination would results in US$3400/deaths averted (range US$1028-10,862) and US$1514/life years gained (range US$408-5404). CONCLUSION: Vaccination with PPV-23 in over 60 years is a highly cost-effective public health measure in Colombia. Despite some limitations, the results are robust, and may help developing countries to perform informed decisions about the introduction of the vaccine.
Assuntos
Infecções Pneumocócicas/economia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/economia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/prevenção & controle , Análise Custo-Benefício , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/economia , Meningites Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Meningites Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Estatísticos , Otite Média/economia , Otite Média/epidemiologia , Otite Média/prevenção & controle , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/economia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/prevenção & controleRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Community acquired pneumonia in children remains an important cause of childhood deaths throughout the world that can be prevented by the use of antibiotics and access to medical care. Both were reduced in 2001 when Argentina suffered a severe social crisis. Among the responses to the crisis, the Remediar Program provided free essential medicines to the socially vulnerable population. OBJECTIVES: Assess the health impact and costs of the provision of free medicines at the first level of public attention for childhood pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three designs: 1. Ecological study with cross comparisons of diagnoses, prescriptions, beneficiaries by individual provinces of Remediar forms. TARGET POPULATION: children under 15 years old attended at 6 thousand health centres in Argentina, encompassing 24 Argentine provinces from March 2005 until February 2006. 2. Counterfactual approach. 3. Calculation of drug costs per unit of outcome. RESULTS: Over 15 million prescriptions were identified, 2,420 children under 1 year, 19,205 of 1 to 4 years and 15,977 from 5 to 14 years old with pneumonia. 90% of beneficiaries received antibiotics, most often amoxicillin. In children's under 5 years of age, Remediar coverage was 27.8%, with greater impact in the poorest provinces. The likely impact was 4,322 lives saved or 310,325 years of life lost avoided if mortality without antibiotics was 20%. Indigents who had children with pneumonia saved by medicines 14.3% of their income. Each life saved could have cost US $ 6.46 and each year of life lost averted US $ 0.09. CONCLUSION: This work highlights the impact of a low-cost health program for the treatment of vulnerable populations with childhood pneumonia in Argentina.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/economia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia/economia , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Adolescente , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/economia , Custos e Análise de Custo , Humanos , Lactente , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Setor PúblicoRESUMO
This is a prospective 12 month (July 2003-June 2004) cohort study in one large tertiary hospital of Santiago, Chile aimed to describe clinic features and calculate the direct costs of hospitalization associated to community-acquired (n = 78) and nosocomially-acquired (n = 52) rotavirus infection. A gastroenteritis severity score after Rennels 1996, (0 to 17 points) was applied and costs where calculated based on those assigned by the Chilean National Funds for Health (FONASA). Severe gastroenteritis manifested by a score > 14 occurred in 26.9% and 9.6% of community and nosocomially-acquired cases respectively (p < 0.015). The former had lower bicarbonate levels (p < 0.001), and required more volume expansion compared to the latter (p < 0.023). The average cost was US 277 per case for community acquired rotavirus and US 268 for nosocomial infection. In this hospital the cost of nosocomial rotavirus infection was approximately 13,900 US dollars for a 12 month period. These results should stimulate the implementation of active prevention and control programs.