RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The antimicrobial resistance is a global problem, probably due to the indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics, prescriptions for incorrect medicines or incorrect determinations of dose, route and/or duration. Another consideration is the uncertainty of patients receiving antibiotics about whether the quality of a generic medicine is equal to, greater than or less than its equivalent brand-name drug. The antibiotics behaviors must be evaluated in vitro and in vivo in order to confirm their suitability for therapeutic use. METHODS: The antimicrobial activities of Meropenem and Piperacillin/Tazobactam were studied by microbiological assays to determine their potencies (content), minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), critical concentrations and capacity to produce spontaneous drug-resistant mutants. RESULTS: With respect to potency (content) all the products fulfill USP requirements, so they should all be considered pharmaceutical equivalents. The MIC values of the samples evaluated (trade marks and generics) were the same for each strain tested, indicating that all products behaved similarly. The critical concentration values were very similar for all samples, and the ratios between the critical concentration of the standard and those of each sample were similar to the ratios of their specific antibiotic contents. Overall, therefore, the results showed no significant differences among samples. Finally, the production of spontaneous mutants did not differ significantly among the samples evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: All the samples are pharmaceutical equivalents and the products can be used in antimicrobial therapy.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Campylobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Campylobacter/metabolismo , Resistência a Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Injeções Intravenosas , Meropeném , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ácido Penicilânico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Penicilânico/farmacologia , Ácido Penicilânico/uso terapêutico , Piperacilina/farmacologia , Piperacilina/uso terapêutico , Tazobactam , Tienamicinas/farmacologia , Tienamicinas/uso terapêutico , Distribuição Tecidual , Inibidores de beta-LactamasesRESUMO
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of infection with Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv) on the pattern of lectin binding in the uterus and oviduct of heifers. Cfv persistence was demonstrated by bacterial isolation and immunofluorescence. Infected animals showed variations in the lectin binding pattern when compared with control animals. Cfv-infected heifers showed an increased expression of galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine in the endometrial glands (PNA and SBA binding, respectively). The oviductal epithelium of infected heifers was strongly positive for Con A, which indicated the presence of alpha-D-mannose and alpha-D-glucose. The results of this study showed that Cfv-infection modifies the lectin binding pattern in the reproductive system of heifers. Modifications in glycoconjugates may be involved in failures of fertility and/or implantation.